RevolutionRevolutionYou say you want a revolutionYou say you want a revolution

Well, you know, we all want to change the worldWell, you know, we all want to change the world

You tell me that itYou tell me that it’’s evolutions evolution

Well, you know, we all want to change the worldWell, you know, we all want to change the world

But when you talk about destructionBut when you talk about destruction

DonDon’’t you know that you can count me outt you know that you can count me out

DonDon’’t you know itt you know it’’s going be alright, . . s going be alright, . . alright . . alrightalright . . alright

You say you got a real solutionYou say you got a real solution

Well, you know, weWell, you know, we’’d all love to see the pland all love to see the plan

You ask me for a contributionYou ask me for a contribution

Well, you know, weWell, you know, we’’re all doing what we canre all doing what we can

RevolutionRevolutionBut if you want money for people with minds that But if you want money for people with minds that

hatehate

All I can say is – brother you will have to waitAll I can say is – brother you will have to wait

DonDon’’t you know itt you know it’’s going be alright . . s going be alright . . alright . . .alrightalright . . .alright

You say youYou say you’’ll change the Constitutionll change the Constitution

Well you know, we all want to change your headWell you know, we all want to change your head

You tell me itYou tell me it’’s the institutions the institution

Well, you know, you better free your mind insteadWell, you know, you better free your mind instead

But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman MaoBut if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao

You ainYou ain’’t going make it with anyone anyhowt going make it with anyone anyhow

DonDon’’t you know itt you know it’’s gonna be alrights gonna be alright

Alright . . .alrightAlright . . .alright

French French RevolutionRevolution

How the world viewed France…How the world viewed France…

Most Advanced CultureMost Advanced Culture EnlightenmentEnlightenment Great economy via tradeGreat economy via trade Large populationLarge population

Problems in FranceProblems in France taxes taxes high prices, high prices,

- Enlightenment causing - Enlightenment causing discontent with the discontent with the governmentgovernment

The Old RegimeThe Old Regime Divided into 3 social classes or EstatesDivided into 3 social classes or Estates 11stst Estate Estate (less than 1% of the people) – clergy (less than 1% of the people) – clergy

from the Roman Catholic Church, paid little taxes; from the Roman Catholic Church, paid little taxes; owned 10% of the landowned 10% of the land

22ndnd Estate Estate (2%) – rich nobles – paid almost no (2%) – rich nobles – paid almost no taxes; owned 20% of the landtaxes; owned 20% of the land

33rdrd Estate Estate (98%) – (98%) – bourgeoisiebourgeoisie (educated (educated merchants and artisans); paid high taxes & lacked merchants and artisans); paid high taxes & lacked privileges/ privileges/ Workers of France Workers of France (cooks & servants) / (cooks & servants) / peasants peasants = 80 % of the 3= 80 % of the 3rdrd Estate; paid half their Estate; paid half their income to nobles; tithes to the church; taxes to the income to nobles; tithes to the church; taxes to the kingking’’s agentss agents

Who was paying the taxes?Who was paying the taxes?

The Government & Social The Government & Social StructureStructure

The Estates GeneralThe Estates GeneralNobles, approx. 2%, paid little taxes

80 % of the 3rd Estate were poor – peasants and servants with little income.

1st Estate2nd Estate

3rd Estate

Middle Class – Bourgeoisie, merchants & artisans

All other people

General Workers

Each estate got one vote in the Estates General. The vote was always 2 to 1, with the first two estates voting together.

What motivated the 3What motivated the 3rdrd Estate?Estate?*Enlightenment Ideas*Enlightenment Ideas

Answer: New words (Answer: New words (equalityequality, , libertyliberty, , brotherhoodbrotherhood) and ) and new views about power; radical ideas from Voltaire and new views about power; radical ideas from Voltaire and RousseauRousseau

**French Problems Included

1. Population & taxes were rising1. Population & taxes were rising

2. Bad weather meant Crop failures – led to bread 2. Bad weather meant Crop failures – led to bread shortagesshortages

3. King Louis XVI & Maria Antoinette - overspending 3. King Louis XVI & Maria Antoinette - overspending causing rising debtcausing rising debt

((some of this $$ went to support the Americansome of this $$ went to support the American colonies colonies against Britain.)against Britain.)

Why did France help America?Why did France help America?The combination of Enlightenment and problems The combination of Enlightenment and problems

led France toward a crisisled France toward a crisis..

Louis XVI and M. AntoinetteLouis XVI and M. Antoinette

Louis XVI Marie Antoinette

King Louis XVI and Marie King Louis XVI and Marie AntoinetteAntoinette Strong leadership could have solved this crisis, but Louis Strong leadership could have solved this crisis, but Louis

XVI took NO action to prevent the crisis. France was XVI took NO action to prevent the crisis. France was bankrupt. Louis preferred to hunt and tinker with locks. bankrupt. Louis preferred to hunt and tinker with locks. He married Marie Antoinette, when he was 15 and she He married Marie Antoinette, when he was 15 and she was 14. She was a member of the royal family of was 14. She was a member of the royal family of Austria, FranceAustria, France’’s long-time enemy. s long-time enemy.

Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles…Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles… Nobles forced the king to call the Estates Nobles forced the king to call the Estates

General for approval to raise taxesGeneral for approval to raise taxes

The The Estates GeneralEstates General met for the 1 met for the 1stst time in time in 175 years!175 years!

The Estates-GeneralThe Estates-General

The National AssemblyThe National Assembly Louis XVI called the E. GeneralLouis XVI called the E. General

To raise taxes on aristocratsTo raise taxes on aristocrats Third Estate insisted that all estates meet to Third Estate insisted that all estates meet to

discuss taxes discuss taxes Third Estate proposed that each delegate Third Estate proposed that each delegate

have one votehave one vote Louis XVI said Louis XVI said NO NO (the advantage would shift to (the advantage would shift to

the ordinary people)the ordinary people) With some support from the First Estate, the With some support from the First Estate, the

Third Estate withdrew to become the National Third Estate withdrew to become the National Assembly.Assembly.

The National AssemblyThe National Assembly

The National Assembly – June 17, 1789The National Assembly – June 17, 1789

* worked to end the absolute monarchy* worked to end the absolute monarchy

* declared their intention to establish a * declared their intention to establish a

representative form of governmentrepresentative form of government

The Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath The National Assembly met 3 days The National Assembly met 3 days

later:later: Locked out of the meeting roomLocked out of the meeting room Moved to a tennis courtMoved to a tennis court Swore to keep meeting until they wrote Swore to keep meeting until they wrote

a new constitution.a new constitution.

Storming of BastilleStorming of Bastille In response: Louis XVI tried to In response: Louis XVI tried to

make peace with Third Estatemake peace with Third Estate Order nobles & clergy to join Third Estate Order nobles & clergy to join Third Estate

in the Nat. Assemblyin the Nat. Assembly Stationed Swiss Guard in ParisStationed Swiss Guard in Paris Based on rumor citizens gathered arms Based on rumor citizens gathered arms

out of fear of the Swiss Guardout of fear of the Swiss Guard Mobs broke into the Bastille (prison in Mobs broke into the Bastille (prison in

Paris) in order to get gun powder.Paris) in order to get gun powder. The storming of Bastille became the The storming of Bastille became the

symbol of the revolution. This day, July symbol of the revolution. This day, July 1414thth has been a French national holiday, has been a French national holiday, similar to the U.S. Fourth of July.similar to the U.S. Fourth of July.

The Storming of Bastille - ArtThe Storming of Bastille - Art

The Great FearThe Great FearA wave of panic, based on A wave of panic, based on

rumor rolled, through rumor rolled, through ParisParis

Rumors of nobles out to Rumors of nobles out to terrorize peasants spread.terrorize peasants spread.

When it didnWhen it didn’’t happen, t happen, peasants broke into nobles peasants broke into nobles estates destroying legal estates destroying legal documents and burning the documents and burning the estatesestates

Bread RiotsBread Riots Oct. 1789: 6,000 Parisian Oct. 1789: 6,000 Parisian

women rioted over bread women rioted over bread pricesprices

Men and women marched to Men and women marched to VersaillesVersailles

Broke into the palace and Broke into the palace and killed two guardskilled two guards

Demanded Louis, Marie Demanded Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their children Antoinette, and their children go to Parisgo to Paris

[ THIS SIGNALED A CHANGE[ THIS SIGNALED A CHANGE

OF POWER]OF POWER]

2: REVOLUTION = TERROR & 2: REVOLUTION = TERROR & REFORMREFORM

Feudal privilege of the 1Feudal privilege of the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Estates were swept awayEstates were swept away

Declaration of the Rights of Man was Declaration of the Rights of Man was written, reflecting the natural rights written, reflecting the natural rights of man and closely following the of man and closely following the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

State Controlled ChurchState Controlled Church National AssemblyNational Assembly

took over church landstook over church lands church officials were to be church officials were to be

elected by property owners and elected by property owners and paid with state fundspaid with state funds

Church LostChurch Lost IndependenceIndependence Wealth in landsWealth in lands

{the delegates felt it was better {the delegates felt it was better to take from the church than to take from the church than the bourgeoisie who were the bourgeoisie who were supporters of the revolution}supporters of the revolution}

The ChurchThe Church

National AssemblyNational Assembly- hoped to sell church - hoped to sell church lands to pay debtlands to pay debt- angered the poor who - angered the poor who supported the churchsupported the church- eventually the - eventually the peasants failed to peasants failed to support the support the revolutionary actions of revolutionary actions of the National Assembly the National Assembly

Split of the Legislative Split of the Legislative AssemblyAssemblyThe Legislative The Legislative

AssemblyAssembly

- created a limited monarchy- created a limited monarchy

- stripped the king of power- stripped the king of power

- gave the assembly power - gave the assembly power to make lawsto make laws

Old Problems Still ExistedOld Problems Still Existed

- food shortages- food shortages

- government debt- government debt

Legislative Assembly SplitsLegislative Assembly Splits

RadicalsRadicals (left) – sans-coulottes(left) – sans-coulottes Opposed the king and monarchyOpposed the king and monarchy Wanted sweeping changesWanted sweeping changes Power to the peoplePower to the people

ModeratesModerates (centrists)(centrists) Wanted some changesWanted some changes Not as extreme as radicalsNot as extreme as radicals

ConservativesConservatives (right) – emirges (right) – emirges Supported limited monarchySupported limited monarchy Wanted few changes in governmentWanted few changes in government

War And Extreme MeasuresWar And Extreme MeasuresWar At Home & Foreign WarWar At Home & Foreign War

Radicals hoped to spread war Radicals hoped to spread war throughout Europethroughout Europe

Austria & Prussia proposed putting Austria & Prussia proposed putting the king back on the thronethe king back on the throne

Leg. Assembly declared war on Leg. Assembly declared war on Prussia, later joined by AustriaPrussia, later joined by Austria

Prussia threatened to destroy Paris Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if the king was harmed!if the king was harmed!

20,000 French stormed the palace 20,000 French stormed the palace and imprisoned the royal familyand imprisoned the royal family

Changes in the Legislative Changes in the Legislative AssemblyAssemblyLegislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly

- set aside the constitution- set aside the constitution

- deposed the king- deposed the king

- called for new electionscalled for new elections- (assembly)(assembly)

- new assembly called - new assembly called National National ConventionConvention

Execution Of The KingExecution Of The King Mob mentality in ParisMob mentality in Paris Political clubs formedPolitical clubs formed Most radical club – JacobinsMost radical club – Jacobins Paul Marat – newspaper editor stirred Paul Marat – newspaper editor stirred

the fires of revolutionthe fires of revolution

- - stabbed by a member of stabbed by a member of

a rival faction as hea rival faction as he

bathedbathed

Execution Of The KingExecution Of The KingNational ConventionNational Convention

-- abolished the abolished the monarchymonarchy

- declared France a - declared France a republicrepublic

- Louis XVI became - Louis XVI became common citizen & common citizen & prisonerprisoner

- - then tried for treason – then tried for treason – guiltyguilty

- Louis is executed by - Louis is executed by

the guillotine on Jan. 21,the guillotine on Jan. 21,

1793. 1793.

Terror BeginsTerror BeginsFranceFrance Drafted 300,000 men, 18 – 40Drafted 300,000 men, 18 – 40 By 1794, 800,000 men & women By 1794, 800,000 men & women

in the armyin the army

Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre Wanted to build a republic of Wanted to build a republic of

virtuevirtue Destroy every trace of former Destroy every trace of former

FranceFrance Became the leader of the Became the leader of the

Committee of Public Safety in the Committee of Public Safety in the summer of 1793. summer of 1793.

From 1793 to 1794 he governed From 1793 to 1794 he governed France like a dictator; decided France like a dictator; decided who were enemies of the republicwho were enemies of the republic

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of TerrorMaximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre He justified the Reign of Terror explaining He justified the Reign of Terror explaining

that it enable French citizens to remain true that it enable French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution.to the ideals of the Revolution.

Marie Antoinette was executed; she Marie Antoinette was executed; she apologized when she accidentally stepped on apologized when she accidentally stepped on the executionerthe executioner’’s foot.s foot.

Executed other revolutionary leaders who Executed other revolutionary leaders who were were ““less radicalless radical”” (Georges Danton) (Georges Danton)

Thousands of citizens were executedThousands of citizens were executed 85% of those killed were poor or middle class 85% of those killed were poor or middle class

– those the revolution were supposed to help – those the revolution were supposed to help (a tavern keeper for serving sour wine to (a tavern keeper for serving sour wine to ““defenders of the Revolution) defenders of the Revolution)

Victims: 3,000 in Paris; 40,000 killed all Victims: 3,000 in Paris; 40,000 killed all together together

End Of The TerrorEnd Of The TerrorNational ConventionNational Convention

MembersMembers Were afraid of RobespierreWere afraid of Robespierre No one was safe from executionNo one was safe from execution Joined together to have him Joined together to have him

arrestedarrested Executed on July 28, 1794Executed on July 28, 1794 Drafted a new constitution (3Drafted a new constitution (3rdrd) )

that placed power in the upper that placed power in the upper middle class; had a two-house middle class; had a two-house legislature; it was called the legislature; it was called the DirectoryDirectory, the executive body , the executive body of 5 who appoint of 5 who appoint NapoleonNapoleon as as head of the militaryhead of the military

Execution of Robespierre

3: Napoleon3: Napoleon Napoleon : achieved great status Napoleon : achieved great status

in only 4 yrs (1795-1799)in only 4 yrs (1795-1799) Born in CorsicaBorn in Corsica Was sent to military school at 9 yrsWas sent to military school at 9 yrs In 1785 at 16 he became a lieutenant In 1785 at 16 he became a lieutenant

in the artilleryin the artillery When revolution started he joined the When revolution started he joined the

new governmentnew government Successfully defended the delegates of Successfully defended the delegates of

the National Convention against the National Convention against royalistsroyalists

National hero and savior of the republicNational hero and savior of the republic Victories against AustriaVictories against Austria Suffered defeat in Egypt, but did not Suffered defeat in Egypt, but did not

harm his careerharm his career

Coup dCoup d’’EtatEtat After returning from Egypt, Abbe Sieyes urged After returning from Egypt, Abbe Sieyes urged Napoleon to seize political power.Napoleon to seize political power.

Troops drove out members of one chamber of theTroops drove out members of one chamber of the national legislature.national legislature. The Directory was dissolved!The Directory was dissolved!

Replaced by a consul of 3 (one of them was Replaced by a consul of 3 (one of them was Napoleon)Napoleon)

Napoleon assumed dictatorial powerNapoleon assumed dictatorial power

Led a coup, (Coup dLed a coup, (Coup d’’ Etat) sudden take over of the Etat) sudden take over of the governmentgovernment

Britain, Austria, & Russia formed and alliance against Britain, Austria, & Russia formed and alliance against France (Napoleon)France (Napoleon)

Through war & diplomacy, eventually all three nations Through war & diplomacy, eventually all three nations signed a peace agreement.signed a peace agreement.

Napoleon – Government Napoleon – Government ChangesChanges

Popular vote Popular vote ((plebiscite)plebiscite)approved a new constitutionapproved a new constitution Gave real power to NapoleonGave real power to Napoleon NapoleonNapoleon’’s Reformss Reforms

Established national banksEstablished national banks EconomicEconomic Created a more efficient tax collection systemCreated a more efficient tax collection system Fired corrupt officialsFired corrupt officials GovGov’’tt Established Established lyceeslycees, gov, gov’’t run public schoolst run public schools Signed a Signed a concordat concordat with pope giving some with pope giving some

power back to the churchpower back to the church ChurchChurch

- GovGov’’t would appoint bishops, who would t would appoint bishops, who would

appoint priestsappoint priests- Establishment of the Establishment of the Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code, a , a

uniform set of laws for the lands of Franceuniform set of laws for the lands of France LawsLaws

Napoleon Crowned EmperorNapoleon Crowned EmperorDec. 2, 1804Dec. 2, 1804

French voters supported French voters supported NapoleonNapoleon’’s desire to become s desire to become emperor.emperor.

Walked down the long aisle of Walked down the long aisle of Notre Dame Cathedral in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris…Paris…

Napoleon took the crown from Napoleon took the crown from the pope and crowned the pope and crowned himself emperor of France!himself emperor of France!

With this arrogant gesture, With this arrogant gesture, Napoleon signaled that he Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the was more powerful than the church.church.

Napoleon Builds An EmpireNapoleon Builds An EmpireAmerica bought French Louisiana for America bought French Louisiana for

15,000,000 dollars15,000,000 dollars- Napoleon needed the cash- Napoleon needed the cash- Wanted to cut his losses in the Americas- Wanted to cut his losses in the Americas

Conquering EuropeConquering Europe- - already conquered Austrian Netherlandsalready conquered Austrian Netherlands

and Northern Italy; set up a puppet and Northern Italy; set up a puppet government in Switzerlandgovernment in Switzerland

- Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden - Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden joined in a third coalition against Francejoined in a third coalition against France

- Napoleon crushed the opposition. The commanders of the - Napoleon crushed the opposition. The commanders of the coalition could never predict Napoleoncoalition could never predict Napoleon’’s next move and s next move and took heavy losses.took heavy losses.- Eventually, all but Britain signed a peace agreement with - Eventually, all but Britain signed a peace agreement with NapoleonNapoleon

Trafalgar – Battle at SeaTrafalgar – Battle at Sea Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar

- - naval battle off of the coast of Spainnaval battle off of the coast of Spain

- British fleet commander Horatio Nelson- British fleet commander Horatio Nelson

- British outmaneuvered the French & Spanish - British outmaneuvered the French & Spanish fleetsfleets

OutcomeOutcome

- supremacy of the British- supremacy of the British

navy for the next 100 yearsnavy for the next 100 years

- forced Napoleon to give up- forced Napoleon to give up

plans for invading Britainplans for invading Britain

This is a test question!This is a test question!

4: Napoleon4: Napoleon’’s Empire s Empire Collapses Collapses

1.Continental System1.Continental System- Napoleon ordered a blockade of Napoleon ordered a blockade of

ports to stop all European ports to stop all European nations from trading with Britainnations from trading with Britain

- Intended to make the continent Intended to make the continent of Europe self-sufficient.of Europe self-sufficient.

- Lots of smuggling/blockade Lots of smuggling/blockade running made the Continental running made the Continental System ineffective. (Even his System ineffective. (Even his own brother, Luis-King of own brother, Luis-King of Holland, defied the policy)Holland, defied the policy)

- Some damage to the British Some damage to the British economy was sustained.economy was sustained.

NapoleonNapoleon’’s Continental s Continental SystemSystem

NapoleonNapoleon’’s Three Mistakess Three Mistakes

2. Peninsular Wars2. Peninsular Wars- Portugal ignored the blockade of the Portugal ignored the blockade of the

Continental SystemContinental System- Napoleon sent an army through Napoleon sent an army through

Spain to attack PortugalSpain to attack Portugal- Spaniards protestedSpaniards protested- Spanish king deposed, NapoleonSpanish king deposed, Napoleon’’s s

brother, Joseph, made the king of brother, Joseph, made the king of SpainSpain

- Spanish guerrillas attacked Spanish guerrillas attacked NapoleonNapoleon’’s troops for 5 yearss troops for 5 years

- Napoleon lost 300,000 men, Napoleon lost 300,000 men, weakening the French empireweakening the French empire

NapoleonNapoleon’’s Three Mistakess Three Mistakes33. Invasion of Russia. Invasion of Russia- invaded Russia for ignoring the - invaded Russia for ignoring the

blockadeblockade- as Napoleon entered Russia, - as Napoleon entered Russia,

Russian troops pulled back Russian troops pulled back toward Moscow toward Moscow

- burned the land in retreat, know burned the land in retreat, know as as scorched-earth policyscorched-earth policy

- Russian troops burned Moscow Russian troops burned Moscow as Napoleon entered the cityas Napoleon entered the city

- French troops were caught in French troops were caught in Russian winter stormsRussian winter storms

- French lost 500 of the 600 French lost 500 of the 600 thousand troopsthousand troops

- Napoleon left his troops to get Napoleon left his troops to get back to France on their ownback to France on their own

Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia

NapoleonNapoleon’’s Downfalls Downfall

Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Sweden joined forces Sweden joined forces against Napoleonagainst Napoleon

- quickly defeated him- quickly defeated him

- April - April (1814)(1814) Napoleon gave Napoleon gave up the throneup the throne- Napoleon exiled to Elba - Napoleon exiled to Elba (off (off the Italian coast)the Italian coast)

NapoleonNapoleon’’s Downfalls Downfall

NapoleonNapoleon- - on Elba under British watchon Elba under British watch- heard Louis XVIII was losing - heard Louis XVIII was losing favor with the French people favor with the French people for failure to keep for failure to keep revolutionary reformsrevolutionary reforms- when left unguarded, - when left unguarded, escaped escaped - quickly assembled an army- quickly assembled an army- marched on Paris- marched on Paris- Louis XVIII fled- Louis XVIII fled- once again became Emperor- once again became Emperor

The Last 100 DaysThe Last 100 DaysEuropean allies gathered against NapoleonEuropean allies gathered against Napoleon

- last battle in Waterloo, Belgium- last battle in Waterloo, Belgium- hard fought battle- hard fought battle- late in the battle Prussians arrived to help - late in the battle Prussians arrived to help the British defeat the Frenchthe British defeat the French- exiled to the remote south Atlantic island of - exiled to the remote south Atlantic island of St. Helena, Napoleon died St. Helena, Napoleon died (6 years later)(6 years later)

5: Congress of Vienna5: Congress of ViennaGoalGoal: : To establish long lasting peaceTo establish long lasting peace in Europein Europe- Foreign ministers from Britain & Foreign ministers from Britain &

FranceFrance- Frederick William III – PrussiaFrederick William III – Prussia- Alexander I – RussiaAlexander I – Russia- Francis I – AustriaFrancis I – Austria

Klemens von MetternichKlemens von Metternich – –foreign minister of foreign minister of AustriaAustria

1.1. Prevent future French Prevent future French aggressionaggression

2.2. Create a balance of powerCreate a balance of power3.3. Restore EuropeRestore Europe’’s royal families s royal families

to the thrones they held before to the thrones they held before NapoleonNapoleon’’s conquests conquest

- -

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna OutcomeOutcome

Make weak Make weak countries around countries around France strongerFrance stronger

France had to France had to give up give up territories taken territories taken by Napoleonby Napoleon

Allow former Allow former royal families to royal families to be restoredbe restored

Other Changes and LegacyOther Changes and Legacy Holy AllianceHoly Alliance

Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into a loosely Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into a loosely binding military alliancebinding military alliance

Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe Series of alliances allowing European nations to help Series of alliances allowing European nations to help

each other in case of revolution outbreakseach other in case of revolution outbreaks LegacyLegacy

Congress of Vienna influential for the next 100 yearsCongress of Vienna influential for the next 100 years Balance of power maintainedBalance of power maintained Rise of nationalismRise of nationalism

Global ImpactGlobal Impact Revolutions in Haiti: The French colony Revolutions in Haiti: The French colony

called St. Domingue, today known as Haiti, called St. Domingue, today known as Haiti, was the first Latin American territory to was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule. free itself from European rule.

Nearly 500,000 African slaves, under the Nearly 500,000 African slaves, under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture led a leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolution against Napoleon’s France.revolution against Napoleon’s France.

Haiti won its independence and declared Haiti won its independence and declared the colony free on January 1, 1804.the colony free on January 1, 1804.

First Black colony to free itself from Europe First Black colony to free itself from Europe control.control.

Global Impact: Global Impact: Spanish Colonies Spanish Colonies Gain Gain Freedom Freedom Class conflicts had begun in Spain’s American colonies. Class conflicts had begun in Spain’s American colonies. Peninsulares, colonists who had been born in Spain, Peninsulares, colonists who had been born in Spain, dominated over the Creoles, those born in the colonies dominated over the Creoles, those born in the colonies themselves, that were denied power.themselves, that were denied power.

When Napoleon forced the Spanish king to abdicated, When Napoleon forced the Spanish king to abdicated, Creole leaders in the colonies saw the collapse of the Creole leaders in the colonies saw the collapse of the Spanish government as an opportunity to take over Spanish government as an opportunity to take over colonial governments and gain independence from Spain. colonial governments and gain independence from Spain.

Simon Bolivar lead Venezuela to independence from Simon Bolivar lead Venezuela to independence from Spain. Spain.

Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom.Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom.