review japan and the meiji restoration. what was the tokugawa era? power shifted to edo (tokyo), the...
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Review
Japan and the Meiji Restoration
What was the Tokugawa era?
Power shifted to Edo (Tokyo), the home of the Tokugawa familyEmperor stayed in KyotoIsolation from the WestSamurai the elite but becoming administratorsDaimyo lords rule regions (han)
Japanese feudalism
Personal loyalty to emperor, daimyo, family
Four class system – samurai, farmers, craftsmen, merchants
1.9 million Samurai
bushido “way of the warrior” – a mix of Confucian and Buddhist values
Strict rules for each class
How did the Tokugawa govern?
They were the dominant Shogun (supreme General) familyDaimyo families stayed in Edo – under control of Tokugawa--Tokugawa family - Owned 20% of Japan - Lived in Edo - Power to reassign daimyoDaimyo - Autonomy over domains - Alternate Attendance
IDs/Definitions
The bakufu = the Shogun system The Bakuhan - the Tokugawa system of shogun (bakufu) and domains (han)Daimyo = Lord of a han or a distict. Controlled his own personal army of samuraiShogun – Supreme General or Warlord with political control over the Daimyos and thusJapanAlternate attendance: the system of compulsory residence by Daimyo in Edo/Tokyo during alternate years. Abandoned in 1862.Hostage system – the families of the Dailmyo lived in Edo. This was one way the Shogun could them.The Great Peace – the 250 years of Tokugawa rule until from 1603-1868
The Samurai, with too much time on their hands
The gate at Edo, centre of Tokugowa rule
The period is also call the Edo Period
Characteristics
PeaceFlourishing of arts- Simple but beautiful artifacts Sophisticated cuisine Literate populace with newssheets, novels, woodblock printsEntertainment - sports, public baths, tea houses, Kabuki theatreEconomic and population growth- urban culture early stages industrialisation & spread of money economy.
Threats to the system
- Foreigners - Russia, Britain, France. - Perry and commercial treaties. - Financial strain of Samurai and Daimyo
Rising power and wealth of merchants
Commodore Mathew Perry
Arrived in Edo 1853 – told to go to NagasakiRefused – threatened Edo with bombardmentTokugawa threatened by the “black ships”Presented letter from US govt demanding trade treatyReturned 2 years later with double the fleet – gunboat diplomacy
1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry
“Opens Up” Japan to “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Western Trade!
1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry
“Opens Up” Japan to “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Western Trade!
What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??
Coaling stations.
More trading partners.
A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.
Perry’s Perry’s “Black “Black Ships”Ships”
Perry’s Perry’s “Black “Black Ships”Ships”
Signed Convention of Kanagawa 1854 – diplomatic relationsFive years later – treaties with most European nationsSome Japanese resentment at “unequal” treaties forced on the nation
The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854
The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854
Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!
In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…
The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.
China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”
After the Opium War of 1839-1842, Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.
The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”)
The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”) Highly idealistic Highly idealistic samuraisamurai who felt that the who felt that the
arrival of Westerners was an attack on arrival of Westerners was an attack on thethe traditional values of Japan. traditional values of Japan.
They believed that:They believed that:
Japan was sacred ground.Japan was sacred ground.
The emperor, now a figurehead inThe emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God. Kyoto, was a God.
Were furious at the Shogun for signing Were furious at the Shogun for signing treatiestreaties with the West without the Emperor’s with the West without the Emperor’s consent.consent.
Their sloganTheir slogan Revere the Emperor, ExpelRevere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians! the Barbarians!
The Satsuma and Chosu Clans
The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868 A powerful A powerful groupgroup of of samuraisamurai overthrow the overthrow the Shogun. Shogun.
Sakamoto Sakamoto RyomaRyoma,, the hero. the hero.
He helped He helped JapanJapan emerge from emerge from feudalism into feudalism into aa unified modern unified modern state. state.
The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown!
The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown! The last
Shogun.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu.
The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower
The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower
MEIJI “Enlightened Rule”
Review: Tokugawa to Meiji
Satsuma and Choshu clans united by Ryoma to rebel against Tokugawa
“expel the barbarian, restore the emperor”
1867 the Emperor is “restored” to power
Emperor Meiji moves to Tokyo
Civil war between supporters of Tokugawa and Sat-Cho forces
Sat-Cho clans win 1868 – ironically they accelerate modernisation!
The Meiji emperor moving from Kyoto to Tokyo.
Source:"Le Monde Illustre", February 20th, 1869.
Emperor Meiji
Iwakura Mission 1871-73
The first Meiji investigation of European and American institutionsThe mission included a number of Meiji government ministersSought info on technology, education, the armyWere very impressed with Europe and USA – increased pressure for modernisation
What was the Meiji restoration?
By 1871 the daimyo domains had been surrendered to the throne and turned into prefectures with governorsMass education based on German systemmilitary conscription was introducedWestern experts were imported to create new railways, armies, fleets, and industriesThe Bank of Japan was establishedAn authoritarian constitution based on German model 1889, establishing the Diet (parliament) Real power exercised by an informal Choshu and Satsuma oligarchy (elite)
Meiji Restoration1868 -1912
Chronology1573-1600, “Warring States” - Transitional Era1635, Shogunate forbids Japanese to travel overseas1639, Portugese ships forbidden; Japan closed to outside world1641, Dutch Trading Mission is moved to Nagasaki1600-1868, Tokugawa Period - Centralized Feudalism era1853-54, Perry Mission to “open” Japan1854, Japan concludes friendship treaties with U.S., Britain, France & Netherlands; three ports open to foreign trade1868, Meiji Restoration1877, Satsuma Rebellion1881, Sale of government industries to new zaibatsau1889, Meiji Constitution1894-5,Sino-Japanese War, Japan becomes imperialist power1904-5, Russo-Japanese War1910, colonization of Korea1912, emperor Meji dies
MeijiEmperorReceivingOrderOfTheGarter1906
bakufu
ReviewReview
Samurai replaced by modern conscript army
Abolished hereditary rights 1871
rapid industrialisation
built a modern nation-state.
ended feudal divisions in society
Real power in the hand of Sat-Cho elders – the genro
Oligarchy
Power was informally concentrated in the hands of a few powerful families
They controlled politics and big business
The Sat-Cho elite = oligarchs
The Emperor “reigned but did not rule” despite the constitution
Satsuma Rebellion 1877 – the revolt of the last samurai…
some samurai dissatisfied with increasing Westernisation
abolition of their feudal privileges
Forbidden to wear swords,
No stipends (pensions)
Samurai from Satsuma domain rebelled
To protect bushido and Japanese values
Saigo Takamori
He led the last samurai revolt
Defeated by the new Japanese Imperial Army at battle of Shiroyama
Saigo committed seppuku
Saigo now a Japanese hero
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VX6xsIrZfdo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8F_1wgjBUvY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UND_K_f6l0&feature=related
Zaibatsu
Family businesses with close links with the government and military
Mitsubishi
Diversified conglomerates
Eventually the big 4 dominated over 50% of stock exchange
Japan did not rely on foreign investment
Imperialism – war with China
1894-05 dispute over Korea
"Enrich the country, strengthen the military"
Easy Japanese victories
Demonstrated success of Japanese modernisation
Korea became Japanese protectorate
China lost Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Also dispute over Korea and Manchuria
First victory of Asian nation over western nation
Japan became a great power
Korea eventually annexed