Review Chapter 1 and 2True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false.____1.Genetic drift is more likely to occur in small populations.____2.Mentalism refers to the view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it.____3.Mental experiences are easily separable from brain activity.____4.Solipsism is the idea that consciousness can be explained in physical terms.____5.Psychiatrists are medical doctors.____6.A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of RNA molecules.____7.If both parents are heterozygous, then all of their children should be homozygous.____9.When chromosomes cross over, it is more likely to affect genes that are on separate chromosomes than genes that are on the same chromosome.____10.To determine the contributions of heredity and environment, researchers rely mainly on studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.____11.The multiplier effect refers to genetic influences that are magnified by environmental influences.____12.Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success.____14.Axons are covered with an insulating material called a myelin sheath.____15.An efferent axon carries information away from a structure.____16.The general rule among neurons is that the wider the branching, the fewer connections with other neurons.____17.The greater the surface area of a dendrite, the more information it can receive from other neurons.____18.Glia serve many functions.____20.Glial cells transmit information across long distances.____21.Oligodendrocytes in the periphery are specialized types of glia.____22.Schwann cells build the myelin sheaths in the periphery of the body.____23.Most chemicals can easily cross the cell membrane of a neuron.____24.The blood-brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells.____25.One disadvantage of the blood-brain barrier is that it keeps out most forms of nutrition.____26.At rest, the inside of a neuron's membrane is more negative than the outside.____27.Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium would reduce the tendency for potassium ions to exit the neuron.____28.If a drug was given that temporarily inactivated the sodium-potassium pumps, action potentials would cease immediately.____29.A prolonged increase in the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions would interfere with a neuron's ability to have an action potential.Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____31. Animals roots of behavior the primary interests of::a.psychologists

b.neurologists

c.biological psychologists

d.anatomists

____33.The primary difference between neuroscientists and biological psychologists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying:a.chemistry.

b.anatomy.

c.neurology.

d.behavior.

____34.Jill is interested in studying how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats. Jill is most likely a:a.biological psychologist.

b.neuroscientist.

c.clinical psychologist.

d.psychiatrist.

____35.How are biological psychology and cosmology related?a.they both explain evolution

b.cosmologists ask why matter exists and biological psychologists ask how it relates to behavior

c.cosmologists predict future events, while biological psychologists explain past events

d.there is no relationship between them

____36.Cosmology is to universe as biological psychology is to:a.neuroscience.

b.chemistry.

c.consciousness.

d.astrology.

____37.A ____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.a.functional

b.ontogenetic

c.physiological

d.evolutionary

____38.Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops?a.physiological

b.ontogenetic

c.evolutionary

d.functional

____40.Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.a.ontogenetic

b.physiological

c.evolutionary

d.functional

____41.Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) ____ explanation.a.ontogenetic

b.evolutionary

c.behavioral

d.physiological

____42.An evolutionary explanation of why we get goose bumps when cold is that:a.the sympathetic nervous system is activated.

b.we inherited the mechanism from our remote ancestors who had more hair.

c.it keeps us warm.

d.children are often raised in cold environments.

____43.Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?a.physiological

b.ontogenetic

c.evolutionary

d.solipsistic

____44.A ____ explanation of human behavior is often controversial, because many behaviors alleged to be part of our evolutionary heritage could have been learned instead.a.physiological

b.ontogenetic

c.evolutionary

d.functional

____45.Which of the following would be a functional explanation for why birds sing?a.Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.

b.Birds sing due to instinct.

c.Birds sing because they hear their song early in life and form a template which controls later singing.

d.Birds sing to defend territories and attract mates.

____47.Dualism is the belief that:a.mind and body are one and the same.

b.mind is an accidental byproduct of brain functioning.

c.mind and body are different in substance.

d.the mind does not exist.

____48.Descartes suggested that the mind and brain interact in the:a.mamillary bodies

b.pineal gland

c.hypothalamus

d.medulla

____49.Descartes thought that the most problematic issue facing dualism was:a.finding two parts of the brain that were connected to each other.

b.discovering how neurons work.

c.how an immaterial mind could influence a physical brain.

d.finding the smallest unpaired structure in the brain.

____51.The reason nearly all neuroscientists reject dualism is that:a.it conflicts with the law of conservation of matter and energy.

b.the mind and brain interact, but not in the ways that interest neuroscientists.

c.the mind exists only in our imagination.

d.it conflicts with the all-or-none law of the axon.

____52.A monist believes that mind and body are:a.the same thing.

b.separate but overlapping.

c.separate but they interact.

d.two distinct entities, with no connection whatsoever.

____53.Dualism is to bicycle as monism is to:a.unicycle.

b.tricycle.

c.skateboard.

d.scooter.

____54.Which of the following positions would most likely be considered the opposite of materialism?a.monism

b.mentalism

c.identity position

d.solipsism

____55.Chocolate can be described in terms of the chemicals that comprise it or in terms of how good it tastes. These different descriptions of the same thing are comparable to how differently some people describe mental processes and brain activities, according to:a.mentalism.

b.dualism.

c.identity position.

d.materialism.

____56.Questioning whether other people (or animals) possess consciousness is known as:a.solipsism.

b.the problem of other minds.

c.the easy problems.

d.mentalism.

____57.If you are unsure whether or not the physical world really exists outside of your mind, you would be considered a(n):a.universalist.

b.dualist.

c.materialist.

d.mentalist.

____58.Believing that you, alone, are conscious (and no one else) is known as:a.solipsism.

b.mentalism.

c.monism.

d.dualism.

____59.Two people arguing over whether or not a rat has conscious experiences are arguing about:a.mentalism.

b.the problem of other minds.

c.Descartism.

d.artificial intelligence.

____60.According to David Chalmers, consciousness is:a.a fundamental property of matter.

b.not necessary for brain functioning.

c.easy to observe.

d.independent of the brain.

____61.Chalmers' fundamental hard problem is:a.knowing why we sleep.

b.understanding how neurotransmitters are created.

c.wondering how someone could be a dualist.

d.why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness.

____62.The fundamental hard problem according to Chalmers is:a.knowing why we sleep.

b.understanding how neurotransmitters are created.

c.wondering how someone could be a dualist.

d.why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness.

____63.A researcher is interested in how the nervous system responds when the organism is in a certain emotional situation. This researcher might be identified as a(n):a.neuroscientist.

b.neurosurgeon.

c.sociobiologist.

d.comparative psychologist.

____64.Which of the following describes a neuropsychologist?a.has an M.D. and specializes in the treatment of brain damage

b.conducts research on animal behavior (similar to an ethologist)

c.is more often a teacher than a practitioner

d.tests the abilities and disabilities of brain-damaged people

____65.Which of the following specialists would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam?a.neurologist

b.sociobiologist

c.psychophysiologist

d.neuroscientist

____66.Of the following, which person is MOST likely to deal exclusively with brain disorders?a.social worker

b.physical therapist

c.clinical psychologist

d.neurologist

____67.Which of the following careers is MOST different than the others?a.Behavioral neuroscientist

b.Neuropsychologist

c.Psychophysiologist

d.Psychiatrist

____68.Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are:a.enzymes.

b.mutations.

c.nucleic acids.

d.genes.

____69.Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of:a.deoxyribonucleic acid.

b.ribonucleic acid.

c.autosomal genes.

d.recombination genes.

____70.Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body are called?a.enzymes

b.DNA

c.RNA

d.nuclei

____71.Suppose "A" is a dominant gene and "a" is a recessive gene. One parent has genes Aa and the other parent has genes aa. What genes will the children probably have?a.All will be AA.

b.All will be aa.

c.Three-fourths will be Aa, one-fourth aa.

d.Half will be Aa, half aa.

____72.Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide and "a" is a recessive gene for inability to taste it. Which of the following couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not?a.father AA, mother aa

b.father Aa, mother AA

c.father Aa, mother Aa

d.father AA, mother AA

____73.Suppose both the father and the mother are "heterozygous" for the gene that controls ability to curl the tongue lengthwise, and this gene is dominant. What can we predict about their children?a.All will be heterozygous for the ability to curl.

b.All will be homozygous for the ability to curl.

c.All will be homozygous for the inability to curl.

d.They may be homozygous or heterozygous for ability to curl, or homozygous for inability.

____74.Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which of the following would be true?a.Heritability of this trait is high.

b.Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment.

c.Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected.

d.Heritability of this trait is low.

____75.An autosomal gene is a gene:a.on the X chromosome.

b.on the Y chromosome.

c.on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.

d.that shows no evidence of crossing over.

____76.In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s)fewgenes?a.All human chromosomes contain few genes.

b.Both the X and Y chromosomes contain few genes.

c.The X chromosome contains few genes.

d.The Y chromosome contains few genes.

____77.In general, when biologists speak of sex-linked genes they are referring to genes on:a.autosomal chromosomes.

b.more than one chromosome.

c.the X chromosome.

d.the Y chromosome.

____78.Color vision deficiency is more common in males than in females because it is controlled by a:a.sex-limited gene.

b.Y-linked gene.

c.dominant X-linked gene.

d.recessive X-linked gene.

____79.Males are more likely than females to exhibit color vision deficiency because of a gene that is:a.sex-limited.

b.recessive and sex-linked.

c.crossing over.

d.dominant and sex-linked.

____80.Sex-limited genes are present?a.in males only

b.in females only

c.in both sexes

d.on enzymes

____81.What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?a.25%

b.50%

c.75%

d.100%

____82.If a trait has high heritability:a.hereditary differences account for none of the observed variations in that characteristic within that population.

b.the environment cannot influence that trait.

c.it is still possible for the environment to influence that trait.

d.the trait is not influenced by heredity.

____83.Which of the following would contribute to an overestimation of heritability?a.increasing the genetic similarity between people

b.eliminating the multiplier effect

c.overestimating the effect of the environment

d.ignoring the effect of the prenatal environment

____84.Which of the following factors, if overlooked, may lead to an overestimation of heritability?a.prenatal environment

b.low IQ

c.sex-linked genes

d.RNA

____85.Being born with long fingers may make it more likely that you'll be invited to play a stringed instrument, which would increase amount of time you practice the instrument, which would increase the chance of you playing in a famous orchestra. The magnification of this genetic advantage (having long fingers) by the environment is known as the:a.zoom effect.

b.multiplier effect.

c.division effect.

d.Beethoven effect.

____86.Individuals afflicted with PKU need to avoid:a.foods high in phenylalanine.

b.foods high in vitamin K.

c.alcohol.

d.sunlight.

____87.Why do children with PKU become mentally retarded?a.Unmetabolized amino acids accumulate and affect the brain.

b.Essential axons lack myelin sheaths.

c.Dendrites and synapses fail to form in associative areas of the cortex.

d.Their immune systems do not fight off brain infections.

____88.Which of the following is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimized by following a particular diet?a.Down syndrome

b.color-blindness

c.epilepsy

d.phenylketonuria (PKU)

____89.Someone claims that if genes control a condition, it can be controlled only by drugs or surgery, but not by changes in the environment. Which of the following is the strongest example to CONTRADICT that claim?a.color-blindness

b.eye color

c.phenylketonuria (PKU)

d.Down syndrome

____90.For children with PKU on an ordinary diet, the heritability of PKU would be virtually ____.a.zero

b..5

c.1.0

d.impossible to calculate

____91.Changes in single genes are called?a.alterations

b.mutations

c.mendelians

d.enzymes

____92.Most mutations produce:a.dominant genes.

b.recessive genes.

c.sex-linked genes.

d.sex-limited genes.

____93.Mutations are:a.a common occurrence in most single genes.

b.guided by the needs of the organism in its environment.

c.almost always beneficial to the organism.

d.changes in single genes.

____94.Which of the following is NOT one of the many ways that genes can affect behavior?a.Genes may affect neurotransmitter levels or receptors.

b.Genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment.

c.Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment.

d.Genes produce proteins that may make it more likely for a person to become addicted.

____95.Which of the following BEST describes the concept of evolution?a."Survival of the fittest"

b."Reproduction of the fittest"

c."If you don't use it, you lose it."

d."Always look for ways to improve."

____96.Which of the following is TRUE with respect to evolution?a."If you don't use it, you lose it."

b.Evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce.

c.Evolution benefits the species, in the long run.

d.Evolution benefits the individual.

____97.Breeding particular cows together to create offspring that produce more milk is an example of:a.natural selection.

b.artificial selection.

c.evolution.

d.mutation.

____98.The primary difference between artificial selection and natural selection is:a.artificial selection results in fewer mutations.

b.natural selection is faster.

c.artificial selection is ineffective.

d.the factor that determines who will survive and reproduce.

____99.When a dog is bred for a particular trait, this is called:a.artificial selection.

b.evolution.

c.natural selection.

d.group selection.

____100.Which of the following theories would support the idea that by taking out a peoples' wisdom teeth, eventually fewer people will be born with them?a.Lamarckian evolution

b.Darwinism

c.natural selection

d.artificial selection

____101.What supports the argument that humans have NOT stopped evolving?a.Medicine and technology are keeping more people alive these days.

b.More mutations will occur because of increased use of pesticides.

c.Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread.

d.Humans are no longer subject to "survival of the fittest."

____102.Evolution improves thefitnessof the population, which is defined as:a.the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations.

b.survival of the individual.

c.ability to adapt to a variety of environments.

d.overall health and well-being.

____103.An evolutionary psychologist would likely be most interested in studying:a.altruistic behavior of meerkats.

b.cardiovascular function across species.

c.anatomy of the rat brain.

d.neurotransmitters in primates.

____104.Altruistic behavior is?a.the idea that individuals help those who will return the favor

b.the selection for a gene that benefits an individual's relatives

c.an action that benefits the actor only

d.an action that benefits someone other than the actor

____105.Which of the following would be the BEST example of altruistic behavior?a.bullying other kids in the lunch line

b.spreading rumors about your boss

c.picking up your room

d.helping an elderly person across the street

____106.When organisms help those they recognize as capable of returning the favor, this is termed:a.kin selection.

b.group selection.

c.reciprocal altruism.

d.Sociobiology.

____107.Helping your neighbors (who are unrelated to you) rake their leaves because they helped you fix your car is an example of:a.kin selection.

b.reciprocal altruism.

c.natural selection.

d.group selection.

____108.Which of the following provides the strongest rationale for how altruistic genes could spread in a population?a.Altruistic behaviors cost very little.

b.Altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative ones.

c.Animals help those who help them in return.

d.Animals feel better when they help others.

____109.Which of the following explanations for a genetic basis for altruism is most favored by the text?a.Altruism benefits the species.

b.kin selection

c.group selection

d.Altruism involves little individual cost.

____110.According to the text, in the control of behavior, genes are ____.a.all important and difficult

b.are irrelevant

c.neither all important nor irrelevant

d.all important

____111.Which of the following is an argument for animal research?a.Animal research is beneficial.

b.Animals cannot give informed consent to participate.

c.Animals have the same rights as humans.

d.Killing animals for scientific gain is murder.

____112.What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?a.neurons and glia

b.dendrites and axons

c.ribosomes and lysosomes

d.neurons and axons

____113.Who was the first researcher to demonstrate that neurons are separate from one another?a.Curt P. Richter

b.Santiago Ramon y Cajal

c.Charles S. Sherrington

d.Jose Delgado

____114.Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?a.Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light.

b.Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon.

c.The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron.

d.All neurons were of similar size and shape.

____115.Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their:a.temperature.

b.shape.

c.osmotic pressure.

d.mitochondria.

____116.What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another?a.the endoplasmic reticulum

b.a ribosome

c.a mitochondrion

d.the membrane

____117.Which chemicals flow most freely across a cell membrane?a.proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

b.positively charged ions

c.water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

d.calcium and magnesium

____118.Chemicals than cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:a.a Golgi complex.

b.specialized protein channels.

c.the endoplasmic reticulum.

d.gaps in the myelin sheath.

____119.Which of the following is most likely to cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion?a.large proteins

b.small, charged ions

c.small, uncharged molecules

d.large, charged ions

____120.Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through:a.diffusion.

b.ribosomes.

c.mitochondria.

d.protein channels.

____121.Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:a.performs metabolic activities.

b.breaks down harmful chemicals.

c.transports proteins.

d.synthesizes new proteins.

____122.The endoplasmic reticulum is a:a.network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins.

b.site where the cell synthesizes new protein molecules.

c.structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.

d.structure that contains the chromosomes.

____123.One of the most distinctive features of neurons compared to other types of cells is their:a.shape.

b.number of mitochondria.

c.lack of a cell membrane.

d.size.

____124.The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called:a.motor neurons.

b.dendrites.

c.sensory neurons.

d.axons.

____125.The surface of a dendrite is lined with specialized junctions through which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. What are these junctions called?a.synaptic receptors

b.axons

c.synaptic hillocks

d.glia

____126.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dendrite?a.It tapers as it gets further from the cell body.

b.It is in contact with the dendrites of other neurons.

c.Its surface may be lined with synaptic receptors.

d.It receives information from other neurons or the environment.

____127.The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called:a.axons.

b.dendrites.

c.soma.

d.myelin.

____128.Some dendrites contain additional short outgrowths. What are these outgrowths called?a.hillocks

b.dendritic spines

c.dendritic roots

d.myelin sheaths

____129.Dendrites often contain additional short outgrowths. These are believed to:a.increase the surface area available for synapses.

b.increase the speed of transmission.

c.eliminate cell waste products.

d.help the cell maintain its shape.

____130.Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?a.cell body, dendrite, axon

b.dendrite, axon, cell body

c.axon, cell body, dendrite

d.dendrite, cell body, axon

____131.Myelin covers:a.all axons

b.most dendrites

c.some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates

d.all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons

____132.What does myelin cover?a.all axons

b.most dendrites

c.some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates

d.all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons

____133.Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:a.interpeduncular nuclei.

b.nodes of Ranvier.

c.myelin synapses.

d.presynaptic terminals.

____134.Which of the following is NOT true of axons?a.They can vary greatly in length.

b.They carry information toward the soma.

c.They release chemicals that cross the synapse.

d.Some of them are covered with myelin sheaths.

____135.What is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?a.the myelin sheath

b.the presynaptic terminal

c.a dendritic spine

d.the endoplasmic reticulum

____136.Chemicals are released by axons:a.into the presynaptic terminal.

b.into the junction between neurons.

c.through the efferent terminals.

d.to the mitochondria.

____137.Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.a.dendrite; axons

b.axon; dendrites

c.cell body; axons

d.dendrite; cell bodies

____138.As a general rule, where do axons convey information?a.toward dendrites of their own cell

b.toward their own cell body

c.away from their own cell body

d.to surrounding glia

____139.If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by:a.efferent neurons.

b.afferent neurons.

c.intrinsic neurons.

d.sensory neurons.

____140.What would a neuron in the pons be called that receives information only from other cells in the pons and sends information only to other cells in the pons?a.afferent

b.efferent

c.intrinsic

d.inter-synaptic

____141.Which function is NOT performed by glia?a.removing waste materials

b.building myelin sheaths

c.transmitting information

d.guiding the growth of axons and dendrites

____142.One type of glia helps synchronize the activity of axons. They are called:a.oligodendrocytes.

b.astrocytes.

c.radial glia.

d.Schwann cells.

____143.What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?a.oligodendrocytes

b.Schwann cells

c.radial glia

d.astrocytes

____144.Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons?a.astrocytes.

b.Schwann cells.

c.oligodendrocytes.

d.radial glia.

____145.____ in the brain and spinal cord and____in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.a.oligodendrocytes; schwann cells

b.schwann cells; oligodendrocytes

c.microglia; oligodendrocytes

d.radio glia; schwann cells

____147.The risk of having part of the brain unprotected by the blood-brain barrier is:a.it is invisible to brain imaging techniques.

b.it takes longer for drugs to work.

c.viruses or toxic chemicals are more likely to damage it.

d.the blood is poorly oxygenated.

____148.What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?a.a threshold

b.a blood-brain barrier

c.an endoplasmic wall

d.a differential-drug inhibitor

____149.In the brain, an arrangement of endothelial cells:a.has gaps large enough to allow the passage of molecules.

b.synthesizes neurotransmitters.

c.does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed.

d.has gaps that are filled with enzymes that attack most blood chemicals.

____150.What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain?a.It is destroyed by natural killer cells.

b.It gets trapped in a neuron, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells.

c.It gets trapped in a glial cell, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells.

d.It stays in the nervous system throughout the person's life.

____151.Which would be MOST likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?a.small, uncharged molecules

b.large, charged molecules

c.molecules that are not fat soluble

d.viruses

____152.What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?a.fats

b.glucose

c.sodium

d.complex carbohydrates

____154.Why does the brain need thiamine?a.to enable glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier

b.as a source of fuel in case there is not enough glucose

c.as a building block for making proteins

d.to enable it to metabolize glucose

____155.Who is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?a.alcoholics

b.heroin addicts

c.diabetics

d.infants

____156.Korsakoff's syndrome:a.is marked by severe memory impairments.

b.results from too much thiamine.

c.results from lack of oxygen to the brain.

d.is due to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.

____157.When you state that the neuron's membrane is polarized, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between:a.the axons and the dendrites.

b.the axon hillock and the cell body.

c.sodium ions and potassium ions.

d.the inside and the outside of the membrane.

____158.The resting potential is mainly the result of?a.negatively charged proteins inside the cell

b.positively charged proteins inside the cell

c.negatively charged proteins outside the cell

d.positively charged proteins outside the cell.

____159.The resting potential of a neuron refers to:a.the net positive charge on the inside of the neuron.

b.ions which rest in one place in the cell.

c.the movement of ions to the outside of the neuron.

d.the net negative charge on the inside of the neuron.

____161.The resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane is approximately?a.0 millivolts

b.+10 millivolts

c.-70 millivolts

d.+90 millivolts

____163.Allowing only certain people to cross the street, and only at certain times. is comparable to a neuron's ____ with respect to ions.a.threshold of excitation

b.all-or-none law

c.resting potential

d.selective permeability

____164.When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the potassium channels:a.permit potassium ions to pass quickly and easily.

b.permit potassium ions to pass slowly.

c.prohibit any movement of potassium ions.

d.help to open up the sodium channels.

____165.When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the sodium channels:a.permit sodium ions to pass quickly and easily.

b.permit potassium ions to cross instead of sodium.

c.are closed.

d.fluctuate rapidly between open and closed.

____166.When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.a.into, into

b.into, out of

c.out of, into

d.out of, out of

____167.The sodium-potassium pump, repeatedly transports three ____ ions out of the cell while drawing two ____ ions into it.a.calcium; potassium

b.potassium; calcium

c.potassium; sodium

d.sodium; potassium

____168.Electrical gradients lead to what kind of movements?a.the general movement of ions into the neuron

b.the general movement of ions out of the neuron

c.the movement of ions to areas having the same electrical charges

d.the movement of ions to areas having the opposite electrical charges

____169.The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to:a.decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell.

b.increase the number of positively charged ions within the cell.

c.decrease the number of positively charged ions outside the cell.

d.increase the number of negatively charged ions within the cell.

____170.The sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium ions ____ and potassium ions ____.a.into the cell; into the cell

b.into the cell; out of the cell

c.out of the cell; out of the cell

d.out of the cell; into the cell

____171.The concentration gradient for potassium tends to:a.draw potassium into the cell.

b.push chloride out of the cell.

c.push sodium out of the cell.

d.push potassium out of the cell.

____172.When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving potassium ions OUT of the cell?a.a concentration gradient

b.an electrical gradient

c.both a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient

d.the sodium-potassium pump

____173.When a membrane is at rest, what attracts potassium ions to the inside of the cell?a.an electrical gradient

b.a concentration gradient

c.both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

d.neither an electrical gradient nor a concentration gradient

____174.When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?a.an electrical gradient

b.a concentration gradient

c.both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

d.neither an electrical gradient nor a concentration gradient

____175.When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving sodium ions out of the cell?a.a concentration gradient

b.an electrical gradient

c.both a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient

d.the sodium-potassium pump

____176.Which of the following is an advantage of having a resting potential?a.The toxic effects of sodium are minimized inside the cell.

b.No energy is required to maintain it.

c.The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus.

d.All of the ions are maintained in equal concentrations throughout the cytoplasm.

____177.Negatively charged ions like ____ are mostly located outside the cell.a.Sodium

b.Chloride

c.Calcium

d.Potassium

____178.Ordinarily, stimulation of a neuron takes place:a.through hyperpolarization.

b.at the synapse.

c.in the mitochondria.

d.in the endoplasmic reticulum.

____179.What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?a.hyperpolarization

b.depolarization

c.an action potential

d.a threshold

____180.Hyperpolarization is:a.increased polarization.

b.decreased polarization.

c.the threshold of the cell.

d.the resting potential of the cell.

____181.Which of the following would produce a hyperpolarization of a neuron?a.applying a negative charge inside the neuron with a microelectrode

b.applying a positive charge inside the neuron with a microelectrode

c.increasing the membrane's permeability to sodium

d.decreasing the membrane's permeability to potassium

____182.What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a potential slightly closer to zero?a.hyperpolarization

b.depolarization

c.selective permeability

d.a refractory period

____183.A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches what level?a.the resting potential

b.-90 mV

c.the threshold of excitation

d.the refractory period

____184.Stimulus A depolarizes a neuron just barely above the threshold. Stimulus B depolarizes a neuron to 10 mV beyond threshold. What can we expect to happen?a.Stimulus B will produce an action potential that is conducted at a faster speed than A.

b.Stimulus B will produce an action potential of greater magnitude than stimulus A.

c.Stimulus B will produce an action potential but stimulus A will not.

d.Stimulus A and stimulus B will produce the same response in the neurons.

____185.If depolarization is less than the cell's threshold:a.sodium is prevented from crossing the membrane.

b.potassium is prevented from crossing the membrane.

c.sodium crosses the membrane only slightly more than usual.

d.the cell will still produce an action potential.

____186.Which of the following actions would depolarize a neuron?a.decreasing membrane permeability to calcium

b.increasing membrane permeability to potassium

c.decreasing membrane permeability to sodium

d.increasing membrane permeability to sodium

____187.Stimulation of a neuron beyond a certain level is called the?a.firing threshold

b.hillock threshold

c.threshold of excitation

d.threshold of inhibition

____188.In the normal course of an action potential:a.sodium channel remain open for long periods of time.

b.the concentration of sodium equalizes across the membrane.

c.sodium remains much more concentrated outside than inside the neuron.

d.subthreshold stimulation intensifies the action potential.

____189.Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their:a.permeability.

b.length.

c.number.

d.threshold.

____190.When the potential across a membrane reaches threshold, the sodium channels:a.open to let sodium enter the cell rapidly.

b.close to prevent sodium from entering the cell.

c.open to let sodium exit the cell rapidly.

d.close to prevent sodium from exiting the cell.

____191.Suppose we applied a drug to a neuron that caused its sodium gates to suddenly open wide. What would happen?a.hyperpolarization of the membrane

b.an increase in the threshold

c.an action potential

d.nothing, because potassium gates would compensate

____192.A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane would:a.decrease the threshold.

b.block the action potential.

c.cause repeated action potentials.

d.eliminate the refractory period.

____194.Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?a.Sodium ions enter the cell.

b.Potassium ions enter the cell.

c.Potassium ions leave the cell.

d.Sodium ions travel down the axon.

____195.Scorpion venom attacks the nervous system by:a.opening sodium and potassium channels.

b.closing sodium and potassium channels.

c.inactivating the sodium-potassium pump.

d.opening sodium channels and closing potassium channels.

____196.Local anesthetic drugs, such as Novocain, work by:a.opening the potassium gates.

b.blocking the sodium gates.

c.inactivating the sodium-potassium pump.

d.decreasing blood flow to certain areas of the brain.

____197.The all-or-none law applies to:a.cell bodies of neurons.

b.dendrites.

c.axons.

d.all parts of a neuron.

____198.The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurons can only convey different messages by changing their:a.rate or pattern of action potentials.

b.size of action potentials.

c.speed of action potentials.

d.sodium-potassium pump activity.

____199.According to the all-or-none law:a.all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all.

b.all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all.

c.once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time.

d.neurons are either active all the time or not at all.

____200.The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the:a.concentration gradient.

b.refractory period.

c.sodium potassium pump.

d.phospholipid bilayer.

____201.Under what conditions is it impossible for a stimulus to produce an action potential?a.if the membrane is in its absolute refractory period

b.if it occurs at the same time as a hyperpolarizing stimulus

c.if sodium ions are more concentrated outside the cell than inside

d.if the potassium gates have been blocked

____202.A neuron's sodium gates are firmly closed and the membrane cannot produce an action potential during:a.the absolute refractory period.

b.the relative refractory period.

c.depolarization.

d.saltatory conduction.

____203.During the relative refractory period:a.the sodium gates are firmly closed.

b.the sodium gates are reverting to their usual state.

c.the sodium gates are wide open.

d.the potassium gates are firmly closed.

____205.Which two factors will affect the speed of an action potential?a.the strength and frequency of the stimulus

b.the location of the cell body and the length of the axon

c.the length and diameter of the axon

d.the presence of myelin and the diameter of the axon

____206.What are the nodes of Ranvier?a.gates in the membrane that admit all ions freely

b.gaps in the myelin sheath

c.branching points in an axon

d.places where dendrites join the cell body

____207.In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant?a.in the areas covered by myelin

b.at the nodes of Ranvier

c.throughout the axon

d.only in the axon hillock

____208.Saltatory conduction ____ the velocity of action potentials, and ____ the amount of energy used by the neuron.a.decreases; decreases

b.decreases; increases

c.increases; decreases

d.increases; increases

____209.How does saltatory conduction affect energy use in a neuron?a.It eliminates the need for action potentials.

b.It increases the duration of the refractory period.

c.It reduces the frequency of action potentials.

d.It reduces the work load for the sodium-potassium pump.

____210.What disease is related to the destruction of myelin sheaths?a.multiple sclerosis

b.cystic fibrosis

c.myasthenia gravis

d.Parkinson's disease

____211.Multiple sclerosis is one of several:a.blood-brain disorders

b.neuron diseases

c.demyelinating diseases

d.movement disorders

____213.Why are local neurons more difficult to study?a.There are so few of them, they are difficult to find.

b.They are so small.

c.They exist only in humans, so there are ethical considerations.

d.They die if separated from other neurons.

____214.Which of the following is TRUE of local neurons?a.They exchange information with distant neurons.

b.They abide by the all-or-none principle.

c.The change in membrane potential increases as it travels.

d.They have short dendrites and axons.

____215.A local neuron:a.has an axon approximately a meter long.

b.conveys information to other neurons across great distances.

c.is a small neuron with no axon or a very short one.

d.has an axon with many branches far from the cell body.

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