review article a review of hepatoprotective plants used in...

Review ArticleA Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used inSaudi Traditional Medicine

Abdulrahman K Al-Asmari1 Abdulrahman M Al-Elaiwi2 Md Tanwir Athar1

Mohammad Tariq1 Ahmed Al Eid3 and Saeed M Al-Asmary4

1Department of Research Prince Sultan Military Medical City PO Box 7897 (775s) Riyadh Saudi Arabia2Department of Urology Prince Sultan Military Medical City PO Box 7897 (775s) Riyadh Saudi Arabia3Department of Clinical Pharmacy Prince Sultan Military Medical City PO Box 7897 (775s) Riyadh Saudi Arabia4Department of FCM Prince Sultan Military Medical City PO Box 7897 (775s) Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Abdulrahman K Al-Asmari abdulrahmanalasmarigmailcom

Received 3 June 2014 Revised 17 September 2014 Accepted 18 September 2014 Published 18 December 2014

Academic Editor Mohammed Rahmatullah

Copyright copy 2014 Abdulrahman K Al-Asmari et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Liver disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality across the world According to WHO estimates about 500million people are living with chronic hepatitis infections resulting in the death of over one million people annually Medicinalplants serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of effective therapy to combat liver problemsMoreover herbal products have the advantage of better affordability and acceptability better compatibility with the human bodyand minimal side effects and is easier to store In this review attempt has been made to summarize the scientific data publishedon hepatoprotective plants used in Saudi Arabian traditional medicine The information includes medicinal uses of the plantsdistribution in Saudi Arabia ethnopharmacological profile possible mechanism of action chemical constituents and toxicity dataComprehensive scientific studies on safety and efficacy of these plants can revitalise the treatment of liver diseases

1 Introduction

Since the dawn of history plants have played an importantrole in the treatment of human ailments By trial and errorthe ancient population was relieving their sufferings by usingherbs in a very primitive way The history of many drugswhich are in practice today could be traced back to theHellenic civilization drugs like castor oil opium olive anisepeppermint saffron henbane acacia and yeast are men-tioned in Egyptian Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) Babyloniansand Assyrians have mentioned a large number of herbalmedicines for example coriander cinnamon liquorice andso forth Thya written by the Chinese physician Chou Kungin about 1100 BC describes the use of a number of plantdrugsThebooks of Sustruta written in India at the beginningof the Christian era describe some seven hundred herbalmedicines According to the recent analysis man is recycledplant and plants fulfill a variety of human needs as they arethe source of nourishment health and pleasure [1] Even

the lowest form of plant life can be vital and penicillin is onlyonemdashno doubtmdashthe most famous antibiotics

11 Greeko-Arab System of Medicine Greeko-Arab system ofmedicine is a well-documented system of traditional medi-cine which was originated by Greek physicians and philoso-phers and enriched by Arabs It was the work of the Greekphilosopher-physician Hippocrates (460ndash377 BC) whofreed herbal supplements from the realm of superstition andmagic and gave it the status of science He considered illnessto be natural rather than a supernatural phenomenon andhe strongly suggested that herbal supplements should beadministered without ritual ceremonies or magic [1] AfterHippocrates Galen (131ndash200 AD) stands out for his contri-bution to traditional medicine Galen introduced and prac-ticed herbal medicine in preIslamic Egypt serving as royalcourt physician to the king of Egypt [2] Under his patron-age hundreds of new herbal supplements were researchedexperimented and developed for the treatment of almost all

Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014 Article ID 890842 22 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014890842

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

types of diseases Galenrsquos contributions in herbal remediesis highly regarded even today the term galenical is appliedto simple vegetable extractives Arabs like Rhazes (850ndash932AD) Avicenna (980ndash1037 AD) Al-Bitar (1180ndash1248 AD)and Al-Antaki (1510ndash1587) constructed an imposing edificeof Arab traditional medicine ldquoAvicennardquo (the western namefor Abu Sina) an Arab philosopher and physicist who wroteldquoKitab-al-shifardquo (The Canon of Medicine) is highly notewor-thy According to Greeko-Arab system of medicine diseaseis a natural process resulting from the imbalance of varioushumors in the body The humoral theory presupposes thepresence of four humors dam (blood) balgham (phlegm)safra (yellow bile) and sauda (black bile) in the body Thetemperaments of persons are expressed by the words san-guine phlegmatic choleric andmelancholic according to thepreponderance of the following four humors in their bodynamely blood phlegm yellow bile and black bile respec-tively The humors themselves are assigned temperamentsBlood is hot and moist phlegm is cold and moist and yellowbile is hot and dry According to the Greeko-Arab systemherbsmay restore humor imbalance and cure the diseases [3]

Greeko-Arab physicians identified the liver as one of thethree principal organs of the body along with the heart andthe brain According to Galen the liver is the ldquomaster organrdquoof the human body arguing that it emerges before all otherorgans in the fetus formation In his book entitled ldquoOn theUsefulness of the Parts of the Bodyrdquo Galen described theliver as warm and moist organ involved in blood formationand principle instrument of sanguification According toAvicenna liver is ldquothe seat of nutritive or vegetative facultiesrdquoand ldquothe seat of manufacture of the dense part of the humorsrdquoAccording to Arab physicians malfunction of liver may leadto a variety of diseases whichmay be corrected by appropriateherbal intervention

12 Liver Diseases and Their Global Burden Liver is thelargest and most vital organ of the human body Besides itscrucial role in themetabolism of nutrients liver is responsiblefor biotransformation of drugs and chemicals thereby pro-tecting body against toxic foreign materials In this processthe liver is exposed to high concentration of toxic chemicalsand their metabolites which may cause liver injury There aremore than hundred well known liver diseases with diversifiedetiopathology The most frequent causes of hepatic diseaseinclude infectious agents (especially hepatitis viral A B andC) obesity related fatty liver disease xenobiotics (alcoholdrugs and chemicals) induced liver injury inherited andgenetic defects related liver diseases autoimmune hepatitisliver cirrhosis and primary or secondary liver cancer

Liver diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidityand mortality across the world Around 13 million deathsworldwide are due to chronic viral hepatitis Many clinic-ledresearchers have found that liver related mortality is as highas fourth for some age group and eighth overall According toWHO estimates about 14 million cases of hepatitis A occurannually and 2 billion people worldwide are infected withthe hepatitis B virus About 350 million live with chronicinfection and 600000 persons die each year due to theacute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B About 130ndash170

million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virusand more than 350000 people die from hepatitis C-relatedliver diseases each year [4] The recent statistics clearly showthat global burden of liver disease has increased over timewith a huge impact on overall world population

13 A Tilt towards Herbal Drugs The treatment options forcommon liver diseases are limited due to the lack of hepato-protective drugs in allopathic medicine Moreover therapiesdeveloped along the principle of western medicine are oftenlimited in efficacy carry the risk of adverse effects and areoften too costly especially for the habitants of developingworld For example the effectiveness of treatments such asthose using corticosteroids and interferon is inconsistent car-ried the risk of adverse events and is often too costly [5] Onthe other hand plant derived compounds are easily accessibleand affordable There is a deep belief that herbal remediessymbolize safety because they are ldquonaturalrdquo and fit into theimage of a gentle and therefore harmless alternative tosynthetic drugs No doubt that herbs are staging a comebackand herbal ldquorenaissancerdquo is happening all over the world Sev-eral recent surveys from Europe and the United States havedemonstrated a sharp rise in the popularity and use of botan-ical drugs within a few years with up to 65 of liver patientstaking herbal preparations The fact is that reliable hepato-protective drugs are explicitly inadequate and the searchfor natural herbal drugs has intensified in the recent decades

In this review we summarized the scientific data pub-lished on thirty-five hepatoprotective plants used in SaudiArabian traditional medicine description of the plants andtheir distribution in Saudi Arabia medicinal uses exper-imental pharmacological studies possible mechanism ofaction chemical constituents and toxicity studies

2 Methodology

A list of hepatoprotective plants used in Saudi Arabia wasprepared based on a nationwide survey of herbal drug usedin traditional medicine for liver ailment by

(a) interviewing the patients visiting primary care centresof military hospitals of different regions of SaudiArabia

(b) review of traditional medicinal bookspublicationsand folklore information

A thorough of survey of literature on the pharmacologicalprofile of these plants was undertaken to collect the publisheddata for the period between 1975 and 2014 AD by usingldquoPubmedrdquo and ldquoGoogle Scholarrdquo search engines Attempt wasmade to determine if these plants have been tested for hepato-protective activity using well-established experimental mod-els including carbon tetrachloride (CCl

4) thioacetamide

paracetamol ethanol and morphine induced liver damageThe liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase (AST)alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (APT)total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were used as a markerof liver injury Literature search also included reversal of toxininduced histopathological changes by plant drugs

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

An attempt has been made to illustrate possible mech-anism of hepatoprotective herbs with special reference totheir antioxidant (ability to normalize oxidative stress mark-ers) and inflammatory mediators Available data about thechemical constituent of the hepatoprotective plants and theirtoxicity has also been presented

Briefly this review summarises the information about35 hepatoprotective herbal drugs used in Saudi traditionalmedicine (Table 1) for the treatment of liver diseases includ-ing their botanical name family and part of the plant useddistribution of plants in Saudi Arabia and their use in tra-ditional medicine The results of hepatoprotective studies oneach plant possible mechanism of action and their chemicalcomposition and toxicity data have been presented

3 Results

31 Apium graveolens Linn Apium graveolens Linn (familyApiaceae) locally known as ldquoKarfasrdquo is a biennial or perennialglabrous herb with a heavy aromatic smell found in Najdregion of Saudi Arabia [6] Seeds of A graveolens have beenwidely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liverand spleen disorders jaundice [7] rheumatism gout andother inflammatory diseases [8 9]

The hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extractof A graveolens seed has been studied against CCl

4[10 11]

and paracetamol [11 12] induced liver damage A grave-olens extract dose dependently attenuated the toxin inducedbiochemical (serum AST ALT APT TP and albumin) andhistopathological changes in liver tissues The protectiveactivity of A graveolens was comparable with silymarin awell-established hepatoprotective herbal drug [10 12] Acutetoxicity studies on A graveolens extract in rats showed noadverse symptoms Lethal dose in 50 of rats (LD

50) was

found to be of 75 gkg body weight (bw) clearly suggestingits large margin of safety [12] Chronic toxicity studies on theextract also revealed no delirious effect or mortality over aperiod of 14 days [13]

The hepatoprotective effect of A graveolens Linn maybe attributed to its anti-inflammatory [14] and antioxidantactivities [15] Phytochemical screening showed the pres-ence of flavonoids tannins volatile oils alkaloids sterolsand triterpenes Detailed chemical studies also showed thepresence of limonene p-dimethyl styrene N-pertyl benzenecaryophyllene 120572-selinene N-butyl phthalide and sedaneno-lide [13]

32 Artemisia scoparia Waldstet Kit Artemisia scopariaWaldstet Kit (family Compositae) locally known as ldquoBaeit-eranArsquoweejanrdquo is an annual herbmostly found in eastern andNajd region of Saudi Arabia [6]The aerial part of A scopariahas long been used in folk medicine for the treatment ofjaundice and other liver disorders [16 17]

The hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extractof aerial parts A scoparia was investigated against CCl

4

[18 19] and paracetamol [20] induced liver damage Theextract dose dependently attenuated hepatotoxin inducedbiochemical parameters (rise in serum AST and ALT) andprolongation of phenobarbital induced sleeping time clearly

indicating its hepatoprotective actionHepatotoxins likeCCl4

and paracetamol significantly reduced the activity of drugmetabolizing enzymes in liver leading to the slowing ofdrug metabolism resulting in increased level of drugs suchas barbiturates which results in prolongation of their phar-macological activity (sleeping time) Reversal of barbiturateinduced sleeping time suggests hepatoprotective effect ofA scoparia [18] A scoparia also has a potent cholereticactivity as evident from significant increase in bile volumebile acid and bile salt [21] Recent pharmacological studiesalso showed anti-inflammatory [22] and antioxidant [23]activities of A scoparia which may contribute to its hep-atoprotective activity Although the plant is recognised asantihelmintic its mammalian toxicity is negligible [24]Some cases of dermatitis and allergic reaction have beenreported [25] Phytochemical studies on aerial part of Ascoparia showed the presence of hyperin eupafolin pedalitin572101584041015840-tetrahydroxy-651015840-dimethoxyflavone camphor 18-beta-caryophyllene cirsilineol cirsimaritin arcapillin andcirsiliol [26]

33 Bacopa monnieri Linn Bacopa monnieri Linn (familyPlantaginaceae) locally known as ldquoFarfakhrdquo is a small creep-ing glabrous perennial herb In Saudi Arabia the plant growsin Tabuk Al Jauf Sakakah northern Hejaz and easternregion [6] B monnieri is largely treasured as a revitalizingherb In traditional medicine it has been used for more than3000 years for the treatment of jaundice liver diseases spleendisorders and digestive problems [27 28]

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of wholeplant of B monnieri has been studied against nitroben-zene [29] and morphine [30] induced liver toxicity Theextract significantly attenuated hepatotoxin induced changesin biochemical parameters (sera AST ALT and APT) andhistopathological changes in liver tissues Ethanolic extractof B monnieri also showed significant antioxidant [30] andanti-inflammatory [31] activities which may contribute to itshepatoprotective activity Acute toxicity studies showed nodeterious effect in pharmacological doses The single doseLD50

was found to be 2400mgkg bw in rats In a chronictoxicity study in rats B monnieri was found to be welltolerated up to the dose of 500mgkg bw for 3 months [32]Phytochemical analysis on plant of B monnieri showed thepresence of alkaloid (brahmine) bacosides nicotine herpes-tine D-mannitol hersaponin stigmosterol beta-sitosteroland bacosaponins [30 33] Bacoside a major constituent ofbrahmi has been shown to possess significant anticanceractivity against liver tumors in rats [34]

34 Balanites aegyptiaca Linn Balanites aegyptiaca Linn(family Zygophyllaceae) locally known as ldquoSidrul Kajjabrdquo isa small shrub with thorn on stem In Saudi Arabia it isabundant in southern part of Hejaz ranging from Jeddah toYemen border [6] The bark unripe fruits and leaves of theB aegyptiaca are used in folk medicine for the treatment ofjaundice liver disorders and spleen problems [35]

The effect of ethanolic extracts of bark of B aegyptiacahas been investigated against paracetamol [36] and CCl

4[37]

induced hepatotoxicity in rats The extract dose dependently


Table 1 Saudi herbal drug with hepatoprotective activity

Plant name Traditional uses Chemical constituent Reference

Apium graveolens Liver and spleen disorders jaundice rheumatismgout and inflammatory diseases

Limonene p-dimethyl styrene n-pertyl benzenecaryophyllene a-selinene n-butyl phthalide andsedanenolide

[7ndash9 13]

Artemisia scoparia Jaundice and liver disordersHyperin eupafolin pedalitin572101584041015840-tetrahydroxy-651015840-dimethoxyflavonecamphor and 18- and beta-caryophyllene

[16 17 26]

Bacopa monnieri Jaundice liver diseases spleen disorders anddigestive problems

Brahmine bacosides-a nicotine herpestined-mannitol and hersaponin [27 28 34]

Balanites aegyptiaca Jaundice liver disorders and spleen problemsQuercetin 3-glucoside quercetin-3-rutinoside3-glucoside 3-rutinoside 3-7-diglucoside and3-rhamnogalactoside

[35 41]

Beta vulgaris Spleen liver problems and inflammatorydisorders

Betacyanins betaxanthins oxalic acid andascorbic acid [42ndash44 47]

Boerhavia diffusaJaundice and other liver diseases internalinflammation gall bladder problem and spleendisorders

Punarnavine boeravinones flavonoids aminoacids lignans and tetracosanoic esacosanoicstearic and ursolic acids

[48]

Camellia sinensis Obesityweight loss arthritis and otherinflammatory conditions Caffeine theophylline and theobromine [54 62]

Clitoria ternatea Liver diseases Taraxerol taraxerone ternatins flavonoidssaponins and tannins [63 64 66 69]

Commiphoraopobalsamum

Stomach jaundice liver diseases joint pain andinflammatory disorders

Flavonoids saponins volatile oil sterol andortriterpenes [72 73]

Curcuma longa Loss of appetite jaundice liver problems gallbladder disorders and arthritis

Curcumin demethoxycurcumin andbis-demethoxycurcumin [76ndash78]

Eruca sativa General tonic liver and intestinal disorders Glucosinolates quercetin and erucic acid [82ndash84 86]

Ficus carica Liver disease stomach ailments digestiveproblems obesity and inflammatory diseases

Psoralen mucilages flavonoids vitaminsnicotinic acid tyrosine ficusin bergaptenestigmasterol taraxasterol beta-sitosterol rutinand sapogenin

[89ndash93 97]

Grewia mollis Liver disease abdominal problems arthritis andinflammatory conditions

Luteolin tetrahydroxyflavone7120573-hydroxy-23-enedeoxojessic acid7120573-hydroxy-23-deoxojessic acid 120573-sitosterol and120573-sitosterol-3-o-glucoside

[99ndash102]

Grewia tenax Liver disorders jaundice and inflammatorycondition

Betulin triacontan-1-ol 120572-amyrin 120573-amyrin120573-sitosterol lupenne erythrodiol andtetratriacont-21-ol-12-one

[4 104 105]

Haloxylonsalicornicum

Jaundice gall bladder stones liver diseasesdigestive disorders inflammatory disorder andjoint diseases

Ursolic acid 7-hydroxy-4-triacontanone24-hydroxy-4-octacosanone 1-triacontanol120573-amyrin 24-ethylcholesta-35-diene24-nor-12-ursene 120573-sitosterol and 120573-sitosterol

[106ndash111]

Hypericumperforatum

Jaundice liver diseases gall bladder stonesrheumatoid arthritis and inflammatoryconditions

Rutin hypericin pseudohypericin hyperforinadhyperforin quercetin hyperoside campferolmyricetin amentoflavone i3 kielcorin andnorathyriol

[112ndash115]

Juniperus procera Liver disease jaundice digestive problemsinflammatory diseases and ulcers

120573-peltatin a methyl ether anddeoxypodophyllotoxin and totarol [115ndash117]

Lepidium sativumJaundice liver problems spleen diseasesgastrointestinal disorders arthritis andinflammatory disorders

Alkaloids saponins anthracene glycosidescarbohydrates proteins amino acids flavonoidsand sterols

[53 118]

Moringa oleifera(seed oil)

Liver disease lipid disorders arthritis andinflammatory disorders 120573-carotene protein and vitamin c [119ndash122]

Nigella sativa Liver tonics digestive anti-inflammatoryimmunostimulant and remedy for jaundice

Thymoquinone thymohydro quininedithymoquinone p-cymene carvacrol and4-terpineol

[123ndash125]

Peganum harmala Jaundice digestive disorders liver disease andarthritis

Harmaline harmine harmalol andtetrahydroharmine [126ndash131]


Table 1 Continued


Pergularia daemia Jaundice liver diseases and inflammatorydisorders

Cardenolides alkaloid saponins triterpenes andsteroidal compounds [132ndash135]

Petroselinum crispum Liver diseases constipation flatulence jaundicecolic pain and rheumatism Flavone glycosides [136ndash140]

Phyllanthusmaderaspatensis

Emetic and purgative constipation digestion andabdominal pain liver disorders rheumatism andinflammatory diseases

Essential oil mandarin mucilage and 120573-sitosterol [141ndash144]

Pimpinella anisum Digestive carminative antispasmodic and forliver disorders Trans-anethole and palmitic and oleic acids [145ndash147]

Portulaca oleracea Liver disorders gastrointestinal problems andinflammatory disorders

Omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid andvitamins a b and c [82 148ndash151]

Rhazya stricta Stomach problems liver diseases andinflammatory disorders Akuammidine bhimberine rhazimol [36 152ndash155]

Smilax regelii Liver diseases arthritis and inflammatoryconditions

Saponins flavonoids tannins sterols andtriterpenes [156ndash160]

Solanum nigrumLiver disorders jaundice and cirrhosisinflammatory disorders rheumatism and swellenjoints

Glycoalkaloids glycoproteins polysaccharidesgallic acid catechin protocatechuic acid caffeicacid epicatechin rutin and naringenin

[161ndash165]

Suaeda maritima Liver heart and lipid disorders Alkaloid flavonoid and tannins [166ndash168]

Tamarix nilotica Liver stomach and inflammatory problems

Kaempferol syringaresinol isoferulic acidniloticol 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamaldehydemethyl and ethyl esters of gallic acidpara-methoxygallic acid quercetin3-oglucuronides 3-o-sulphated kaempferol and741015840-dimethyl ether

[169ndash171]

Tephrosia purpurea Jaundice liver biliary and splenic disease andinflammatory disorders

120573-sitosterol quercetin lupeol rutin delphinidinchloride cyanidin chloride isolonchocarpinlanceolatins a and b pongamol karanginkangone 57-dimethoxy-8-flavanone2-methoxy-39-dihydroxycoumestone

[172ndash176]

Teucrium polium Liver diseases inflammatory disorders stomachand intestinal troubles and rheumatism

Caryophyllene cedrol a-epi-cadinol ande-g-bisabolol [177ndash181]

TrianthemaPortulacastrum Liver diseases and pain Flavonoid steroids fats terpenes carbohydrates

tannins and alkaloids [182 183]

Tribulus terrestris Tonic diuretic and aphrodisiac Tigogenin neotigogenin terrestrosid F andgitonin [184 185]

attenuated the hepatotoxin induced biochemical (serumASTALT ALP and bilirubin) and histopathological changes inliver which was comparable with silymarin The extractalso reversed toxin induced prolongation of pentobarbitalsleeping time in rats The purified fractions of B aegyptiacapossess significant antioxidant [38] and anti-inflammatory[39] activities which may contribute to its hepatoprotectiveaction Administration of 5 seed oil in diet produced mildtoxicity in rats [40] Phytochemical studies on B aegyptiacashowed the presence of flavonoids saponins quercetin 3-glucoside quercetin-3-rutinoside 3-glucoside 3-rutinoside3-7-diglucoside and 3-rhamnoglucoside [41]

35 Beta vulgaris Linn Beta vulgaris Linn (family Amaran-thaceae) locally known as ldquoshahyardquo is an annual or biennialherb found mostly in North Hejaz and Eastern Najd regionof Saudi Arabia [6] Beta vulgaris is extensively cultivated asan article of food and the roots are used for the production of

sugarTheplant root has been used in traditionalmedicine fora wide range of diseases including spleen and liver problemsand inflammatory disorders [42ndash44]

Oral administration of the ethanolic extract of Betavulgaris roots exhibited significant and dose dependent hep-atoprotective activity against CCl

4induced liver damage in

rats [45] The hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris maybe attributed to its antioxidant [46] and anti-inflammatory[14] activities The plant is safe to use even in large dosesPhytochemical studies on roots of Beta vulgaris Linn haveshown the presence of betaine betacyanins betaxanthinsoxalic acid and ascorbic acid [47]

36 Boerhavia diffusa Linn Boerhavia diffusa Linn (familyNyctaginaceae) locally known as ldquomaddadrdquo is a tall glabrousplant with a forked herbaceous stem widely distributed inAbha Bisha Najran and Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia [6]Boerhavia diffusa has been widely used in traditional system


of medicine for the treatment of jaundice and other liverdiseases internal inflammation gall bladder problem andspleen disorders [48]

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B diffusa significantlyattenuated acetaminophen [49] and ethanol [50] inducedbiochemical (rise of serumASTALTAPT and bilirubin) andhistopathological changes in liver suggesting its hepatopro-tective action The extract has been shown to possess signif-icant antioxidant [49] and anti-inflammatory [51] activitieswhich may contribute to its hepatoprotective activity Theoral LD

50for B diffusa leaves in mice and rats was found

to be 2000mgkg bw [52] The aerial part of B diffusa isa rich source of flavonoids steroids and alkaloids Detailedphytochemical analysis showed the presence of campes-terol daucosterol sitosterols punarnavine boeravinonesA-F borhavone amino acids lignans and tetracosanoicesacosanoic stearic and ursolic acids [48]

37 Camellia sinensis Linn Camellia sinensis Linn (familyTheaceae) locally known as ldquoShairdquo The leaves and buds ofthis plant are used to produce the popular tea beverageOur survey showed that Camellia sinensis is the second mostcommonly used herb by Saudi population for liver problems[53] The decoction is used for obesityweight loss arthritisand other inflammatory conditions and as anticancer [54]

The hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract ofC sinensis has been studied against experimentally inducedliver damage in ratsThe extract significantly attenuated CC1

4

induced biochemical (serum ALT AST ALP total proteinand albumin) and histopathological changes in liver [55] Teadecoction has been shown to possess significant antioxidantanti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities [5657] whichmay contribute to its hepatoprotective activityTheantioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of tea has beenattributed to saponin contents of C sinensis [58] High dosesof tea may cause convulsionstimulation of central nervoussystem (CNS) due to its caffeine contents [59] Some cases ofgreen tea induced liver toxicity have been reported [60 61]Phytochemical studies on aerial part ofC sinensishave shownthe presence of saponins flavonoids quercetine quercitrinrutin catechin caffeine theophylline and theobromine [62]

38 Clitoria ternatea Linn Clitoria ternatea Linn (familyFabaceae) locally known as ldquoAl-clitoriardquo is a perennial plantwith big 5ndash7 elliptic to lanceolate leaflets abundant in south-ern Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia [6] The leaves seeds andflowers are used in traditional medicine for liver diseases[63 64]

Methanolic extract of C ternatea (200mgkg) signifi-cantly attenuated CCl

4[65] and paracetamol [66] induced

biochemical (serum ALT AST and bilirubin levels) andhistopathological alterations in liver ldquoAyush-Liv04rdquo a poly-herbal formulation consisting of 20C ternatea leaves as oneof its constituents also showed significant hepatoprotectiveactivity against ethanol andCCl

4induced liver damage in rats

[67] C ternatea possess significant anti-inflammatory [68]and antioxidant [69 70] activities which may contribute toits hepatoprotective effects Roots of C ternatea did not showany toxicological signs or deaths up to doses of 3000mgkg

bw [71] Phytochemical studies on leaves of C ternateashowed the presence of flavonoids saponins tannins glyco-sides quercetin steroids taraxerol taraxerone ternatins andtaraxerol [66 69]

39 Commiphora opobalsamum Linn Commiphora opobal-samum Linn (family Burseraceae) locally known as Ood-e-Balsan Behsan or Balessan is medicinal plant with smallthorny tree which grows widely in Mecca region of SaudiArabia Local folk healer uses it for the treatment of stomachjaundice and liver diseases joint pain and inflammatorydisorders [72 73]

The hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Copobalsamum was studied using an experimental model ofhepatotoxicity in rats [72]The extract dose dependently pro-tected liver against CCl

4induced biochemical (serum AST

ALT and APT) and prolongation of the barbiturate sleepingtimeThe extract also showed significant antioxidant [72] andanti-inflammatory [74] activities which may contribute to itshepatoprotective effects Even the large doses of ethanolicextract ofC opobalsamum did not show adverse effects in rats[75] Phytochemical studies on aerial part ofC opobalsamumshowed the presence of saponins volatile oil sterol andortriterpenes friedelin flavonoids mearnsetin and quercetin[72]

310 Curcuma longa Linn Curcuma longa Linn (family Zin-giberaceae) locally known as ldquocurcumrdquo is a small rhizomatousperennial herb [6]The genus namedCurcuma is the latinizedform of the Arabic Al-Kurkum For over 4000 years it hasbeen widely used in Asian traditional medicine for loss ofappetite jaundice liver problems gall bladder disorders andarthritis [76 77] Experimental studies have substantiated itsuse as hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic [78]

Hepatoprotective effect of turmeric has been attributedto its antioxidant [79] and anti-inflammatory [80] proper-ties Sodium curcuminate a salt of curcumin also exertscholeretic effects by increasing biliary excretion of bile saltscholesterol and bilirubin supporting its use for the treatmentof cholelithiasis Toxicity studies on C longa in animalsshowed no adverse effect up to 25 gkg bw [81] In humanslarge doses may cause gastric irritation The healing effect ofC longa is attributed to polyphenolic curcuminoids includingcurcumin I curcumin II and curcumin III [78]

311 Eruca sativaMill Eruca sativaMill (family Cruciferae)locally known as ldquoJarjeerrdquo is a hairy plant having oblong leavesgrows in northern Hejaz Najd and eastern region of SaudiArabia [6] In Greeko-Arab medicine E sativa is consideredas general tonic [82] It has been used for treatment of liverand intestinal disorders [83] E sativa has gained greaterimportance as a salad vegetable and spice especially amongMiddle Eastern populations and Europeans The leaves andseeds have been investigated for their hepatoprotective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [84]

The ethanolic extract of E sativa leaves and seeds showedsignificant hepatoprotective activity against CCl

4[84] and

ethanol [85] induced liver injury The E Sativa extract alsoshowed significant cytoprotective effect against liver cancer


cells [86] The hepatoprotective activity of E Sativa maybe attributed to its antioxidant [87] and anti-inflammatory[88] activities It is an edible plant with no reported toxicityPhytochemical studies on leaves of E sativa have shown thepresence of large amount of polyphenols flavonoids erucinerysolin glucosinolates quercetins erucic acid and phenyl-ethyl isothiocyanate [84 86]

312 Ficus carica Linn Ficus carica Linn (family Moraceae)locally known as ldquoHammat teenrdquo is a shrub with milky bigpalmately lobed leaves found mostly in southern Hejaz andNajd region of Saudi Arabia [6] The fig is cultivated as anedible fruit The plant has been widely used in Greeko-Arabtraditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases stom-ach ailments digestive problems obesity and inflammatorydisorders [89ndash92]

The hepatoprotective activity of various extracts of Fcarica leaves and fruits have been experimentally confirmedagainst CCl

4[93 94] and rifampicin [95] induced hepa-

totoxicity The hepatoprotective activity of F carica maybe attributed to its marked anti-inflammatory [96] andantioxidant [97] activities F carica being an edible fruit isgenerally considered safe however the unripe fruit may causetoxic effect and its sapmay cause contact dermatitis [98] Phy-tochemical studies on leaves and fruits of F carica have shownthe presence of flavonoids vitamins nicotinic acid tyrosineficusin bergaptene stigmasterol furocoumarin psoralentaraxasterol beta-sitosterol rutin and sapogenin [93 97]

313 Grewia mollis Juss Grewia mollis Juss (family Mal-vaceae) locally known as ldquoNabrsquoaardquo is a shrubtree foundmostly in Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia [6] The leaves andbark of G mollis have been used in traditional medicine forthe treatment of liver diseases abdominal problems arthritisand inflammatory conditions [99ndash101]

Methanolic extract of G mollis leaves showed significanthepatoprotective activity against CCl

4induced liver injury

[102] G Mollis extract possesses significant antioxidant [102]and anti-inflammatory [99] activities which may contributeto its hepatoprotective effects The pharmacological effectof G mollis may be attributed to its steroidal andor triter-penoidal constituent which have proven to be anti-inflam-matory activity [99] High doses of G mollis stem barkmay cause mild adverse effects including impairment of liverfunction [103] Phytochemical studies on leaves of G mollishas shown the presence of luteolin tetrahydroxyflavone 7120573-hydroxy-23-enedeoxojessic acid 7120573-hydroxy-23-deoxojessicacid 120573-sitosterol and 120573-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside [99 102]

314 Grewia tenax Forsk Grewia tenax Forsk (family Mal-vaceae) locally known as ldquokhaddarshohatrdquo is a glabrousshrub found in southern Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia [6]In traditional medicine leaves root and fruits of G tenax areused for the treatment of digestive diseases liver disordersjaundice and inflammatory conditions [4 104]

The administration of ethanol extract of G tenax signifi-cantly restored CCl

4induced biochemical (serum AST ALT

APT TB and gamma-glutamyl transferase) and histopatho-logical changes in rats Reversal of pentobarbital-induced

prolongation of narcolepsy by the extract also suggested itshepatoprotective effectThe chronic administration of extractsignificantly reduced cholesterol low-density lipoproteinsand triglycerides level [105]The hepatoprotective effect of Gtenax is attributed to antioxidant [105] and anti-inflammatory[105 186] properties Experimental studies in mice showedno adverse effect except mild diarrhea in the high dose of2 gkg bw of ethanolic extract [105] Phytochemical studieson plant of G tenax have shown the presence of triacontan-1-ol 120572-amyrin 120573-amyrin 120573-Sitosterol lupenne erythrodiolbetulin and tetratriacont-21-ol-12-one [4 105]

315 Haloxylon salicornicum Moq Haloxylon salicornicumMoq (family Chenopodiaceae) locally known as ldquoArmasrdquo is astout herbwith green succulent branches distributed in all theregions of Saudi Arabia [6] In Arabian Peninsula and otherAsian countries H salicornicum has been used for the treat-ment of jaundice gall bladder stones liver diseases digestiveproblems inflammatory disorder and joint diseases [106ndash108] Experimental studies confirmed hepatoprotective [109]anti-inflammatory [110 187] and antiulcer [107] activity ofHsalicornicum

The ethanolic extract ofH salicornicumdose dependentlyattenuated CCl

4induced increase in liver enzymes and

histological changes [109] Recently Alqasoumi et al [110]reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Hsalicornicum which may contribute to its hepatoprotectiveactivity The toxicity studies on H salicornicum extractshowed that even in the high dose of 4 gkg bw the extractdid not produce any symptoms of toxicity or death in rats[110 188] Phytochemical studies on aerial part of H sal-icornicum has shown the presence of alkaloids tanninssaponin glycosides 7-hydroxy-4-triacontanone 24-hydroxy-4-octacosanone 1-triacontanol 120573-amyrin 24-ethylcholesta-35-diene 24-nor-12-ursene 120573-sitosterol ursolic acid and 120573-sitosterol [109ndash111]

316 Hypericum perforatum Linn Hypericum perforatumLinn (family Hypericaceae) locally known as ldquoAshba berfor-tumrdquo is perennial herbsshrubs with yellow flower It ispopularly known as St Johnrsquos wart It is found in southernregion of Saudi Arabia [6] The medicinal use of herbs ismentioned in the writing of famous Greeco-Arab physiciansIstikoglou et al [189] Avicina a famous Arab physician in hisbook ldquoCanon of medicinerdquo (ldquoAl-Quanoon fil Tibrdquo in Arabic)also described medicinal properties of this herb [190] Thetraditionalmedicinal uses ofH perforatum include treatmentof jaundice liver diseases gall bladder stones rheumatoidarthritis and other inflammatory conditions [112ndash114]

Ozturk et al [113] reported the hepatoprotective effect ofalcoholic extract of aerial part of H perforatum extract Theextract significantly attenuated CCI

4and ethanol [112 113]

induced hepatic toxicity Experimental studies also showedsignificant choleretic activity of H Perforatum [112] Theprotective action of H perforatum has been attributed to itsanti-inflammatory [191] antioxidant and immunomodulat-ing activities [192] Acute toxicity studies in rodent showed notoxicity however chronic administration for 2 weeks showedsignificant signs of erythema dermal edema alopecia and


changes in blood chemistry The animals gained less weightas compared to control in chronically treated groups [193]Phytochemical studies on plant of H perforatum showed thepresence of hypericin pseudohypericin hyperforin adhy-perforin quercetin hyperoside rutin campferol myricetinamentoflavone kielcorin and norathyriol [115]

317 Juniperus procera Hochst ex Endl Juniperus proceraHochst ex Endl (family Cupressaceae) locally known asldquoArarrdquo is a long tree with needle like leaves found inHejaz andsouthern region of Saudi Arabia [6] The plant has long beenused in Saudi traditional medicine for liver disease jaundicedigestive problems and inflammatory diseases [116] Theresin of J procera in combination with honey is also used ascure for liver diseases and ulcers [115]

The ethanolic extracts of aerial part of J procera showedsignificant hepatoprotective activity against CCl

4induced

liver injury [117] The hepatoprotective activity has beenattributed to terpene contents of J procera [116] J procerapossess significant antioxidantfree radical scavenging [194]and anti-inflammatory activities [195] which may contributeto its hepatoprotective activity Acute and chronic toxicitystudies revealed that the extract of J procera is free from tox-icity even in high dose [116] Phytochemical studies on aerialpart of J procera showed the presence of terpenes 120573-peltatinA deoxypodophyllotoxin and totarol [117]

318 Lepidium sativum Linn Lepidium sativum Linn (fam-ily Cruciferae) locally known as ldquoEl-Rshadrdquo is a fast-growingedible herb with tangy flavour and aroma [6] In traditionalsystem of medicine various parts of plant have been usedfor the treatment of jaundice liver problems spleen diseasesgastrointestinal disorders arthritis and other inflammatoryconditions [53 118]

Hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extracts of Lsativum seeds was evaluated against CCl

4induced liver

damage in ratsThe extract dose dependently attenuatedCCl4

induced rise in serum levels of AST ALT APT and bilirubinsuggesting its hepatoprotective activity [196] Recently Lsativum has been shown to possess significant antioxidant[197ndash199] and anti-inflammatory [200] activities which maycontribute to its hepatoprotective effect In rats up to 2wwof L sativum in diet did not produce any toxicity whereas 10ww showed mild toxicity [201] Phytochemical studies onseed of L sativum showed the presence of alkaloids saponinsanthracene glycosides carbohydrates proteins amino acidsflavonoids and sterols [118]

319 Moringa oleifera Lam Moringa oleifera Lam (familyMoringaceae) locally known as ldquoRuwagrdquo is a small gracefuldeciduous tree with sparse foliage [6] The plant grows abun-dantly in many tropical and subtropical countries Moringais an ancient magic plant with a plethora of medicinal andnutritional value The leaves flowers root gums fruit andseed of M oleifera have been extensively used in traditionalmedicine for the treatment of liver disease lipid disordersarthritis and other inflammatory disorders [119ndash122]

Hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Moleifera leaves was studied against antitubercular drugs (iso-niazid rifampicin and pyrazinamide) [202] induced liverdamage as well as against cadmium induced hepatotoxicityin rats Moringa extract significantly attenuated hepatotoxininduced biochemical (serum AST ALT APT and bilirubin)and histopathological changes in liver The hepatoprotectiveactivity of M oleifera was comparable with silymarin [203]The extracts of M oleifera leaves also showed significantantioxidant [204] and anti-inflammatory [120 205] activitieswhichmay contribute to its hepatoprotective effectThe aque-ous extract ofM oleifera is relatively safe with an LD

50value

of 5 gkg bw in mice [206] Phytochemical studies of Moleifera showed the presence of alkaloids anthocyanins 120573-carotene protein vitamin C phenolics calcium iron andpotassium [122]

320 Nigella sativa Linn Nigella sativa Linn (family Ranun-culaceae) locally known as ldquoHabbul-Barkardquo is a widely usedmedicinal plant throughout the world According to Islamicand Arab literature black seed of N sativa is one of the mostpowerful herbal drugs used as liver tonics digestive anti-inflammatory immunostimulant and remedy for jaundice[123 124]

Aqueous suspension of seeds powder of N sativashowed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl

4

and ischemic-reperfusion induced liver injury [124 207ndash211]The anti-inflammatory [212ndash214] immunomodulating [215]antioxidant [216] activities of N sativa may contribute to itshepatoprotective activity The extracts and oil are relativelysafe The oral LD

50value of N sativa fixed oil was found to

be 288mLkg bw in mice [217] Phytochemical studies onplant ofN sativa have shown the presence of thymoquinonethymohydroquinone dithymoquinone p-cymene carvacroland 4-terpineol [125]

321 Peganum harmala Linn Peganum harmala Linn (fam-ily Nitrariaceae) locally known as ldquoHarmalNaqtrdquo is aglabrous shrub found mostly in northern Hejaz and easternNajd region of Saudi Arabia [6] In traditional medicine Pharmalahas been used for the treatment of jaundice digestivedisorders liver diseases and arthritis [126ndash129]

The hepatoprotective effect of ethanol and chloroformextracts of P harmala seeds has been studied against thiourea[131] and CCl

4induced hepatotoxicity [218 219] in rats Both

extracts dose dependently attenuated hepatotoxin inducedbiochemical (serumASTALT and bilirubin) andhistopatho-logical changes suggesting its hepatoprotective activity Theextract also showed antioxidant [219] and anti-inflammatory[220] activities which may contribute to its hepatoprotectiveactivity Acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extract ofP harmala revealed that large doses may cause reversibletremors and convulsions in rats [221] Oral LD

50in Wistar

rats was found to be 270 gkg bw In chronic studies aqueousextract of P harmala administered orally for six weeks atdoses of 1 135 and 2 gkg bw daily for 3-month periodincreased liver enzyme suggesting its hepatotoxicity Histo-logic study also showed liver degeneration and spongiformchanges in the central nervous system (CNS) in chronically


treated rats [222] Phytochemical studies on plant of P har-mala showed the presence of harmaline harmine harmaloland tetrahydroharmine [130 131 223]

322 Pergularia daemia Forsk Pergularia daemia Forsk(family Apocynaceae) locally known as ldquoGhalqardquo is a climb-ing plant with thin glabrous leaves found in Najd region ofSaudi Arabia [6] In traditional system of medicine the wholeaerial part of the plant is extensively used for the treatment ofjaundice liver diseases and inflammatory disorders [132ndash134]

The ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of P daemia dosedependently prevented the paracetamol [133] and CCl

4[134

135] induced biochemical (serum AST ALT APT and TB)and histopathological changes in the liver Recent studies onP daemia showed significant anti-inflammatory antioxidantand free radical scavenging activities [132ndash134] which mayalso contribute to its hepatoprotective activity The ethanolicextract of P daemia is relatively safe as it did not produceany toxicity up to a dose of 15 gkg bw in mice [224] Phy-tochemical studies on P daemia have shown the presence ofcardenolides alkaloids flavonoids saponins triterpenes andsteroidal compounds [134 135]

323 Petroselinum crispum Mill Petroselinum crispum Mill(family Umbelliferae) locally known as ldquoBaqdunisrdquo is a bien-nial herbwidely grown in all the regions of SaudiArabia [6]Pcrispum has been used in Arab traditional medicine for thetreatment of inflammatory condition liver diseases consti-pation flatulence jaundice colic pain and rheumatism [136137]

Ethanolic extract of P crispum leaves has been phar-macologically investigated for its hepatoprotective activity[138]The extract dose dependently attenuated CC1

4induced

increase in serum AST ALT ALP and total bilirubin Theethanolic extract of P crispum leaves also showed significantanti-inflammatory [138] and antioxidant [225 226] activ-ities which may contribute to its hepatoprotective actionAlthough perfectly safe in pharmacological doses P crispummay be toxic in excess especially when used as essential oil[227] Phytochemical studies on P crispum have showed thepresence of flavones glycosides apigenin-7-O-glucoside orcosmosiin apigenin-7-O-apiosyl-O-glucosideapiin and thecoumarin 210158401015840310158401015840-dihydroxy furanocoumarinoxypeucedaninhydrate [138ndash140]

324 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn Phyllanthus mader-aspatensis Linn (family Euphorbiaceae) locally known asldquoDamabasrdquo is a small branched shrub with scattered leavesand grows abundantly in eastern Najd and southern Hejazregion of Saudi Arabia [6] In traditional medicine sapand leaf decoction have been used as emetic and purgativedecoction of root is used for constipation digestion andabdominal pain The aerial parts of plant have been usedfor treating liver disorders rheumatism and inflammatorydiseases [141ndash143]

The hepatoprotective activity of whole plant extractof P maderaspatensis has been investigated using severalexperimental models of hepatotoxicity [142 228]The extract

significantly attenuated CCl4induced biochemical (serum

AST and ALT) and histopathological changes in liver Thehepatoprotective effect of Phyllanthus was comparable withsilymarin [142] P maderaspatensis showed strong antiox-idant [229] and anti-inflammatory [230] activities whichmay contribute to its hepatoprotective activity P maderas-patensis is considered as safe in pharmacological doses [231]Phytochemical studies on P maderaspatensis showed thepresence of carbohydrates proteins flavonoids essential oiland tannins Seeds of P maderaspatensis contain long chainfatty acids and 120573-sitosterol [142] Defatted seed cake containsmucilage which yields galactose arabinose rhamnose andaldobionic acid niruriside phyllanthin hypophyllanthinand cinnamoyl sucrose acetate [144]

325 Pimpinella anisum Linn Pimpinella anisum Linn (fam-ily Umbelliferae) locally known as ldquoAlyansoonrdquo is one of theoldest known annual medicinal herbs with white flowers andsmall seeds In Arab traditional medicine the plant is usedas digestive carminative antispasmodic and liver disorders[145 146]

Diethyl ether extract of P anisum seed has been inves-tigated for its hepatoprotective activity in rats The extractdose dependently attenuated CCl

4induced rise liver enzymes

including AST and ALT [232] P anisum possess significantantioxidant [233 234] and anti-inflammatory [235] activitieswhich may contribute to its hepatoprotective efficacy Orallethal dose of anise oil in human being ranges between 50 and5000mgkg [236] Essential oil of P anisum has an LD

50value

of 084mLkg bw of mice whereas the fixed oil has an LD50

value of 315mLkg in mice [237] Phytochemical studieson plant of P anisum have shown the presence of volatileoils (anethole eugenol methyl chavicol and estragole) fattyacids (palmitic petroselinic vaccenic and oleic acids) andcoumarins [147]

326 Portulaca oleracea Linn Portulaca oleracea Linn (fam-ily Portulacaceae) locally known as ldquoRizlahrdquo and ldquoFarfahenardquois an annual herb with branched stems found in Hejaz regionand eastern part of Saudi Arabia [6] The medicinal useof P oleraceawas known by Arabs from the time of Pharaohs[238] It is used for the treatment of liver disorders gastroin-testinal problems and inflammatory condition [82 148]

The hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous and ethano-lic extract of P oleracea whole plant has been investigated byseveral investigators [148 149 239] The extract significantlyattenuated CCl

4induced rise in biochemical (serum AST

APT TB and total protein) and histopathological changes inliver It also antagonised CCl

4and prolonged pentobarbitone

induced sleeping time clearly suggesting significant hepato-protective activityThe extracts of P oleracea also showed sig-nificant antioxidant [240] and anti-inflammatory [241] activ-ities which may contribute to its hepatoprotective activityMethanolic extract of P oleracea has an LD

50value of 18 gkg

bw in mice In high doses the extract may cause kidneylung and liver toxicity in a dose dependent manner [242] Poleracea contains several biologically active compounds thatinclude alkaloids coumarins flavonoids cardiac glycosidesanthraquinone glycosides alanine saponins tannins and


organic acids (free oxalic acids cinnamic acids caffeic acidmalic acids and citric acids) Omega-3-acids alpha-linolenicacid vitamins glutathione glutamic acid and aspartic acidcontaining 120573-sitosterol have also been found in various partsof plants [149ndash151]

327 Rhazya stricta Decne Rhazya stricta Decne (familyApocynaceae) locally known as ldquoharmalrdquo is a perennial sandbinding under shrub found in all regions of Saudi Arabia [6]In the honor of Al-Rhazes a leading scholar and physicianof Arab and Islamic world the plant was named as Rhazyastricta In traditional medicine the plant is used for thetreatment of inflammatory condition stomach problems andliver diseases [152ndash154]

Pretreatment with R stricta significantly protected miceagainst paracetamol induced biochemical changes and pro-longation of pentobarbitone induced sleeping time Thehepatoprotective effect of R stricta was comparable withsilymarin [36] The extract of R stricta leaves also showedsignificant antioxidant [154] and anti-inflammatory [243]activities which may contribute to its hepatoprotective activ-ity Ingestion in therapeutic doses is perfectly safe in humanhowever chronic administration of high doses in rats hasshown variety of toxic effects including decrease in growthrate dullness and hepatonephrotoxicity [155 244] Phy-tochemical studies on R stricta showed the presence ofalkaloids (rhazimine stemmadenine vincadine and rhazi-manine) carboline and flavonoidal glycoside [36 154 155]

328 Smilax regelii Killip andCVMorton Smilax regeliiKillipand CVMorton (family Liliaceae) locally known as ldquoNabatulFusaqrdquo is a perennial trailing vine with prickly stems [6]Theplant commonly known as sarsaparilla has been widely usedfor the treatment of liver diseases arthritis and other inflam-matory conditions and as an immunomodulator in Greeko-Arab system ofmedicine [156ndash158] Besides its medicinal usesarsaparilla is often used as a flavouring agent in nonalcoholicdrinks [245] A decoction made from the roots is used as avehicle in the preparation of syrups which have been reportedto have cooling properties [246]

The hepatoprotective effect of the ethanol extract of rootsof S regelii has been studied in rats Ethanolic extract ofsarsaparilla significantly inhibited CCI

4induced rise in AST

ALT and bilirubin in serum in rats [247]The extract showedstrong antioxidant [247] anti-inflammatory [159] andimmunomodulating [248] activities which may contributeto its hepatoprotective property No known toxicity or sideeffects have been documented for sarsaparilla however inges-tion of large doses may cause gastric irritation [160] Phyto-chemical studies on plant of S regelii showed the presenceof cetyl-parigenin astilbin beta-sitosterol caffeoyl-shikimicacids dihydroquercetin diosgenin engeletin essential oilsepsilon-sitosterol eucryphin eurryphin ferulic acid glu-copyranosides isoastilbin isoengetitin kaempferol pari-genin parillin pollinastanol resveratrol rhamnose saponinsarasaponin sarsaparilloside sarsaponin sarsasapogeninshikimic acid sitosterol-d-glucoside smilagenin smilas-aponin smilax saponins A-C smiglaside A-E smitilbinstigmasterol and taxifolin and titogenin [159 160]

329 Solanum nigrum Linn Solanum nigrum Linn (familySolanaceae) locally known as ldquoAnaab ud dibrdquo is an annualhairy herb with ovate to oblong leaves abundant in all partsof Saudi Arabia [6]The plant is a house hold remedy for liverdisorders jaundice and cirrhosis inflammatory conditionrheumatism and swollen joints [161ndash163]

The extracts of whole plant of S nigrum significantlyattenuated CCl

4[164 165 249ndash251] and thioacetamide [252]

induced biochemical (serum AST ALT APT and TB)and histopathological changes in liver The hepatoprotectiveaction of S nigrum may be attributed to its antioxidant[253] and anti-inflammatory [254] constituents LD

50value

of ethanol extract of the fruits of S nigrum in rats was foundto be 2 gkg bw [255] Phytochemical studies on S nigrumshowed the presence of glycoalkaloids glycoproteins poly-saccharides gallic acid catechin protocatechuic acid caffeicacid epicatechin rutin and naringenin [164 165]

330 Suaeda maritima Linn Suaeda maritima Linn (familyAmaranthaceae) locally known as ldquoSawadrdquo is shrubs withcontinuous unjoined stems found in western region of SaudiArabia [6 256]The juice of this herb is used for treatment ofliver diseases by Arab practitioners [257] The leaves are alsoused as remedy for liver heart and lipid disorders [166]

The ethanolic extracts of S maritima leaves significantlyattenuated concanavalin (a hepatotoxin) induced biochem-ical (serum AST ALT APT and bilirubin) and histopatho-logical changes in liver [167] The extract of plant alsoshowed significant antioxidant anti-inflammatory antiviraland antibacterial activities [167 168] whichmay contribute toits hepatoprotective activity It is nontoxic edible plant whichis used in salad and as fodder for animals [258] The LD

50of

ethanolic extract of S maritima in rats was found to be 3 gkgbw [167] Phytochemical studies on plant of S maritimashowed the presence of alkaloid flavonoid sterols phenoliccompounds and tannins [166ndash168]

331 Tamarix nilotica EhrenbBunge Tamarix niloticaEhrenbBunge (family Tamaricaceae) locally known as ldquoTarafardquo isa green shrub with free distinct blade type leaves foundin eastern Najd and northern region of Saudi Arabia [6]Avicenna has mentioned this plant in his famous bookldquoCanon of medicinerdquo for the treatment of liver stomach andinflammatory problems [169ndash171]

The hydroalcoholic extract of T nilotica flower showedmarked hepatoprotective activity against CCl

4induced liver

injury [171] Experimental studies also showed highly signifi-cant antioxidant [171] and anti-inflammatory [259] activitiesof T nilotica which may contribute its hepatoprotectiveactivity No experimental and clinical toxicity of T nilot-ica has been reported However plant possesses significantcytotoxicity against some human cancer cell lines [170]Phytochemical studies on T nilotica showed the presenceof flavonoids tannins syringaresinol isoferulic acid niloti-col 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamaldehyde methyl and ethylesters of gallic acid para-methoxygallic acid kaempferolquercetin 3-oglucuronides 3-o-sulphated kaempferol 741015840-dimethyl ether and free flavonols [170 171]


Toxic damageImmunological damage

Infections

Treatment with anti-inflammatory

plantsTreatment with

antioxidant plants

Inflammation Oxidative stress

∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death

∙ ATP and NAD depletion

∙ DNA and protein damage

∙ Glutathione depletion

∙ Prostaglandins uarr

∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr

Figure 1 Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant herbs protect liver against variety of toxins and injurious stimuli by restoring the oxidativestress related liver damage and inflammatory cytokines

332 Tephrosia purpurea Linn Tephrosia purpurea Linn(family Fabaceae) locally known as ldquoAmirdquo is a perennialplant with imparipinnate leaves and grows in southern Hejazregion of Saudi Arabia [6] T purpurea has been used for cen-turies in traditional system of medicine for the treatment ofjaundice liver biliary and splenic disease and inflammatorydisorders [172ndash174]

The hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of T purpureaattenuated thioacetamide [175] induced hepatotoxicity in adose dependent manner suggesting its significant hepatopro-tective activityThe extract also showed antioxidant [175] andanti-inflammatory [260] activities which may contribute toits hepatoprotective activity T purpurea is well tolerated inrats and produces no toxicity up to the dose of 2000mgkgbw Chronic administration of T purpurea at doses of 200and 400mgkg bw was also found safe in rats [261] Phy-tochemical studies on T purpurea have shown the presenceof 120573-sitosterol quercetin lupeol rutin delphinidin chloridecyanidin chloride isolonchocarpin lanceolatins A and Bpongamol karangin kangone 57-dimethoxy-8-flavanoneand 2-methoxy-39-dihydroxycoumestone [175 176]

333 Teucrium polium Linn Teucrium polium Linn (familyLamiaceae) locally known as ldquoJaadrdquo is a perennial branchedshrub found in northern region Nefud region southernHejaz East Najd and eastern province of Saudi Arabia [6]T polium is widely used by the folk-medicine practitioners ofSaudi Arabia for the treatment of liver diseases inflammatory

disorders stomach and intestinal troubles and rheumatism[177]

The hydroalcoholic extract of aerial part of T polium dosedependently attenuated CCl

4[178] and acetaminophen [262]

induced biochemical (serumALT AST APT and total biliru-bin) and histological changes in liver Experimental studiesof T polium on cultured hepatocytes also confirmed itsstrong antioxidant [178 263] and anti-inflammatory activities[177 264 265] which may contribute to its hepatoprotectiveactivity There is no report on acute toxicity of plants How-ever chronic administration of high dose of T polium ratsshowedmild toxicity [266] One case of severe hepatotoxicityhas been reported in a patient following prolonged use ofT polium [267 268] Phytochemical studies on T poliumshowed the presence of flavonoids terpenes including syra-poline thujene caryophyllene cedrol epi-cadinol and bis-abolene [178ndash181]

334 Trianthema portulacastrum Linn T portulacastrumLinn (family Aizoaceae) locally known as ldquoLaanirdquo is a fleshyherb with opposite petiolated unequal leaves found in easternprovince and southern Hejaz part of Saudi Arabia [6] Tportulacastrum is widely used inArab countries [269] AfricaIndia and southeast Asia for the treatment of jaundice liverdisorders stomach problem arthritis and inflammation [182270 271] Laboratory investigations on extracts of the planthave demonstrated significant hepatoprotective antioxidantdiuretic analgesic and anticarcinogenic activity [182]


Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)

Figure 2 Chemical structure of some of the hepatoprotective phytoconstituents


The ethanolic extract of leaves of T portulacastrum sig-nificantly attenuated the paracetamol [272] thioacetamide[272] and aflatoxin B [183] induced hepatotoxicity in experi-mental studies The extract of T portulacastrum also showedsignificant antioxidant [273 274] and anti-inflammatory[275] activities which may contribute to its hepatoprotectiveeffect Acute toxicity studies in albino mice suggested thatthe extract of T portulacastrum was safe even at the doseof 3 gkg bw [276] Phytochemical studies on T portulacas-trum showed the presence of steroids saponins flavonoidcoumarins terpenes glycosides tannins alkaloids andvolatile oil [182 183]

335 Tribulus terrestris Linn Tribulus terrestris Linn (familyZygophyllaceae) locally known as ldquoDarisardquo is an annualprocumbent herb with compound paripinnate leaves foundin eastern Najd and southern Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia[6] Local bedouin use the plant to treat urinary disordersimpotency and liver diseases The seeds of this plant arerecommended in hemorrhages kidney stone and gout Thefruit is regarded as tonic diuretic and aphrodisiac [184]

The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of fruit of Tterrestris dose dependently attenuated paracetamol [277] andferrous sulphate [278] induced liver damage Two compounds(tribulusamides A and B) isolated from the fruits of Tterrestris significantly protected cultured hepatocytes againstD-galactosamine induced toxicity [279] T terrestris hasalso been reported to possess antioxidant [280] and anti-inflammatory [281] activities which may contribute to itshepatoprotection According to some reports grazing on Tterrestris caused hepatorenal syndrome and neurotoxicity ingoats and sheep [282 283] Nephrotoxicity has also beenreported in patient following chronic use ofT terrestris [284]The extract also showed antispasmodic activity in rats [285]Phytochemical studies on T terrestris showed the presenceof Tribulusamides A and B tigogenin neotigogenin terre-strosid F and gitonin [185]

4 Conclusion

Ancient classical literature and ethnomedical survey amonglocal population clearly suggest that herbal drugs have beenextensively used in Arab traditional medicine for the treat-ment of liver diseases In this review we present the scien-tific appraisal of 35 herbal drugs used in Saudi traditionalmedicine for the treatment of liver disorders The effect ofherbs against hepatotoxin induced liver injury (based on bio-chemical markers and histopathological findings) has beensummarized Besides reviewing hepatoprotective efficacy andpossible mechanism of action of these plant drugs the avail-able data on phytochemical constituents and their toxic unto-ward effects have been presented Although themeta-analysisof available scientific literature on hepatoprotective activityof the herbs to a great extent substantiates folkloric claimsabout the usefulness of these botanicals to treat chronicliver diseases the data regarding randomized clinical trialssafety studies and quality control of these herbs is far fromsatisfactory

One of the noteworthy findings in this review is thatthe majority of hepatoprotective plants showed antioxidantand anti-inflammatory activities The mechanism of hepaticinjury invariably involves peroxidation of hepatocyte mem-brane fatty acids causing destruction of the cells and theirintracellular organelles According to the recent reportsoxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the initiation andprogression of hepatic damage following insult to a variety ofhepatotoxinsThe role of oxidative stress in viral hepatitis andautoimmune related liver diseases has been extensively doc-umented Moreover hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cellsprimarily by producing reactive species which form covalentbond with the lipid moiety of the hepatic cell membranes(Figure 1)

Due to extensive exposure to hazardous chemicals some-times the free radicals generated are so high that they over-power the natural defensive system leading to hepatic dam-ageThe drugschemicals with antioxidant properties such asVitamin E and silymarin have been shown to protect againsttoxin induced hepatotoxicity On the other hand inflamma-tion is a key event in hepatotoxin induced liver damage Thetoxins directly or through oxidative stress mechanism maytrigger inflammatory response in the liver which is evidentfrom a significant increase in the proinflammatory cytokinesincluding TNF120572 and IL6 and hepatocyte inflammationMajority of hepatoprotective herbs have been shown tosuppress oxidative stress and inflammation

Our survey and published reports clearly suggest thatmedical plants used in traditional medicine are rich sourcesof medicinally active chemical constituents such as phe-nols coumarins lignans terpenoids carotenoids glycosidesflavonoids organic acids alkaloids and xanthene Some ofthe purified phytomolecules isolated from these plants havealso been shown to possess potent hepatoprotective activity(Figure 2)

Further investigation into the lead molecules that mayproduce better safe and effective therapeutic effects is war-ranted to overcome the pharmaceutical imbalance betweenremedies that protect the liver and drugs that induce hep-atotoxicity Moreover quality control of herbal drugs andrandomized controlled clinical trials will further validate theevidenced based herbal therapy for the treatment of liverdiseases

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

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[2] B Saad H Azaizeh and O Said ldquoArab herbal medicinerdquo inBotanical Medicine in Clinical Practice vol 4 pp 31ndash39 2008

[3] B Saad H Azaizeh and O Said ldquoTradition and perspectives ofArab herbal medicine a reviewrdquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 4 pp 475ndash479 2005


[4] N Sharma and V Patni ldquoGrewia tenax (Frosk) Fiorimdasha tradi-tional medicinal plant with enormous economic prospectivesrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical andClinical Research vol 5 no3 pp 28ndash32 2012

[5] C Girish and S C Pradhan ldquoIndian herbal medicines in thetreatment of liver diseases problems and promisesrdquo Fundamen-tal and Clinical Pharmacology vol 26 no 2 pp 180ndash189 2012

[6] A M Migahid Flora of Saudi Arabia Riyadh UniversityRiyadh Saudi Arabia 2nd edition 1978

[7] H Phillips History of Cultivated Vegetables Henry ColburnLondon UK 1827

[8] A Karim and M K Bhatty ldquoStudies on the essential oils of thePakistani species of the family Umbelliferae IV Apium grave-olens Linn (celery ajmodn) seed oilrdquo Pakistan Journal of Scien-tific and Industrial Research vol 19 pp 243ndash246 1976

[9] E Guenther The Essential Oils Van Nostrand Reinhold NewYork NY USA 1950

[10] B Ahmed T Alam M Varshney and S A Khan ldquoHepatopro-tective activity of two plants belonging to the Apiaceae and theEuphorbiaceae familyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 79no 3 pp 313ndash316 2002

[11] A Singh and S S Handa ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Apiumgraveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol andthioacetamide intoxication in ratsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 49 no 3 pp 119ndash126 1995

[12] M Popovic B Kaurinovic S Trivic N Mimica-Dukic and MBursac ldquoEffect of celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on somebiochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mice treated withcarbon tetrachloriderdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 20 no 7 pp531ndash537 2006

[13] T Al-Howiriny A Alsheikh S Alqasoumi M Al-Yahya KEltahir and S Rafatullah ldquoGastric antiulcer antisecretory andcytoprotective properties of celery (Apium graveolens) in ratsrdquoPharmaceutical Biology vol 48 no 7 pp 786ndash793 2010

[14] A H Atta and A Alkofahi ldquoAnti-nociceptive and anti-inflam-matory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extractsrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 60 no 2 pp 117ndash124 1998

[15] R A Momin andM G Nair ldquoAntioxidant cyclooxygenase andtopoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolensLinn seedsrdquo Phytomedicine vol 9 no 4 pp 312ndash318 2002

[16] L M Perry Medicinal Plants of East and South East Asia TheMIT Press London UK 1980

[17] R Sarin and A Singh ldquoArtemisinin content in Artemisia sco-pariardquo Recent Research in Science and Technology vol 2 no 6pp 47ndash50 2010

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[19] T Noguchi E K Lai S S Alexander et al ldquoSpecificity of aphenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 for metabolism ofcarbon tetrachloride to the trichloromethyl radicalrdquo Biochem-ical Pharmacology vol 31 no 5 pp 615ndash624 1982

[20] A-U H Gilani and K H Janbaz ldquoProtective effect ofArtemisiascoparia extract against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxic-ityrdquo General Pharmacology vol 24 no 6 pp 1455ndash1458 1993

[21] C-X Liu and G-Z Ye ldquoCholeretic activity of p-hydroxyace-tophenone isolated from Artemisia scoparia Waldst et Kit inthe ratrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 5 no 4 pp 182ndash184 1991

[22] M Habib and I Waheed ldquoEvaluation of anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Artemisia scoparia

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[23] H P Singh S Mittal S Kaur D R Batish and R K KohlildquoChemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oilfrom residues of Artemisia scopariardquo Food Chemistry vol 114no 2 pp 642ndash645 2009

[24] M Negahban S Moharramipour andM Yousefelahi ldquoEfficacyof essential oil from Artemisia scoparia Waldst amp Kit againstTribolium castaneum (Herbst) (ColeopteraTenebrionidae)rdquo inProceedings of the 4th International Iran amp Russia ConferenceAgricultural and Natural Resources Shahrekord Iran Septem-ber 2004

[25] AnonymousArtemisia scoparia httpwwwnaturalmedicinal-herbsnetherbsaartemisia-scopariaphp

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[28] Anonymous Brahmi ldquoHerbs of Gracerdquo httpwwwayurveda-collegecomarticlesstudentsBrahmi

[29] B RMenonM A Rathi LThirumoorthi andV K Gopalakr-ishnan ldquoPotential effect of Bacopa monniera on nitrobenzeneinduced liver damage in ratsrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Bio-chemistry vol 25 no 4 pp 401ndash404 2010

[30] T Sumathy S Subramanian S Govindasamy K BalakrishnaandG Veluchamy ldquoProtective role ofBacopamonniera onmor-phine induced hepatotoxicity in ratsrdquo Phytotherapy Researchvol 15 no 7 pp 643ndash645 2001

[31] S Channa A Dar S Anjum and M Yaqoob ldquoAnti-inflamma-tory activity of Bacopa monniera in rodentsrdquo Journal of Ethno-pharmacology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 286ndash289 2006

[32] J Joshua Allan A Damodaran N S Deshmukh K S Goudarand A Amit ldquoSafety evaluation of a standardized phytochem-ical composition extracted from Bacopa monniera in Sprague-Dawley ratsrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 45 no 10 pp1928ndash1937 2007

[33] W Weissner ldquoBrahmi and Cognition Naturersquos BrainpowerEnhancerrdquo httpayurveda-namaorgpdfresourcesNAMABrahmi Weissnerpdf

[34] D Sudharani K L Krishna K Deval and A K Safia ldquoPhar-macological profiles ofBacopamonnieri a reviewrdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmacy vol 1 no 1 pp 15ndash23 2011

[35] J Yadav and M Panghal ldquoBalanites aegyptiaca (L) Del (Hin-got) a review of its traditional uses phytochemistry and phar-macological propertiesrdquo International Journal of Green Phar-macy vol 4 no 3 pp 140ndash146 2010

[36] B H Ali A K Bashir and R A Rasheed ldquoEffect of the tradi-tional medicinal plants Rhazya stricta Balanitis aegyptiaca andHaplophylum tuberculatum on paracetamol-induced hepato-toxicity in micerdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 15 no 7 pp 598ndash603 2001

[37] B Jaiprakash R Aland R V Karadi R V Savadi and V LHukkeri ldquoHeptoprotective activity of bark of Balanites aegyp-tiaca Linnrdquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 3 no 2 pp 205ndash207 2003

[38] TMG Suky B Parthipan C Kingston P V RMohanand andT Soris ldquoHepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Balanites


aegyptiaca (L) Del against CCl4induced hepatotoxicity in ratsrdquo

International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research vol 2no 4 pp 887ndash892 2011

[39] K Gaur R K Nema M L Kori C S Sharma and V SinghldquoAnti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Balanites aegyp-tiaca in experimental animal modelsrdquo International Journal ofGreen Pharmacy vol 2 no 4 pp 214ndash217 2008

[40] W Obidah M S Nadro G O Tiyafo and A U WurochekkeldquoToxicity of crude Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil in ratsrdquo Journalof American Science vol 5 pp 13ndash16 2009

[41] D L Chothani and H U Vaghasiya ldquoA review on Balanitesaegyptiaca Del (desert date) phytochemical constituents tra-ditional uses and pharmacological activityrdquo PharmacognosyReviews vol 5 no 9 pp 55ndash62 2011

[42] N K Jain and A K Singhai ldquoProtective role of Beta vulgaris Lleaves extract and fractions on ethanol-mediated hepatic toxi-cityrdquo Acta Poloniae PharmaceuticamdashDrug Research vol 69 no5 pp 945ndash950 2012

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[44] R N Chopra S L Nayar and I C Chopra Glossary of IndianMedicinal Plants CSIR New Delhi India 1956

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4-induced

hepatic injury in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 77 no 2 pp 91ndash93 2006[46] V G Georgiev J Weber E-M Kneschke P N Denev T Bley

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[47] R Chakole S Zade and M Charde ldquoAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Beta vulgarisLinn rootsrdquo International Journal of Biomedical and AdvanceResearch vol 2 no 4 pp 124ndash130 2011

[48] K Rajpoot and R N Mishra ldquoBoerhaavia diffusa roots (Punar-nava mool)mdashreview as rasayan (rejuvenatorantiaging)rdquo Inter-national Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Researchvol 2 no 4 pp 1451ndash1460 2011

[49] M T Olaleye A C Akinmoladun A A Ogunboye and A AAkindahunsi ldquoAntioxidant activity and hepatoprotective prop-erty of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn against acetam-inophen-induced liver damage in ratsrdquo Food and ChemicalToxicology vol 48 no 8-9 pp 2200ndash2205 2010

[50] T Devaki K S Shivashangari V Ravikumar and P Govindar-aju ldquoHepatoprotective activity Boerhaavia diffusa on ethanol-induced liver damage in ratsrdquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol4 no 2 pp 109ndash115 2004

[51] T N Bhalla M B Gupta P K Sheth and K P Bhargava ldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Boerhaavia diffusardquo Indian Journal ofPhysiology and Pharmacology vol 6 no 1 pp 11ndash16 1968

[52] O E Orisakwe O J Afonne M A Chude E Obi and C EDioka ldquoSub-chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract ofBoerhavia diffusa leavesrdquo Journal of Health Science vol 49 no6 pp 444ndash447 2003

[53] A A Al-Zahim N Y Al-Malki F M Al-Abdulkarim S AAl-Sofayan H A Abunab and A A Abdo ldquoUse of alternativemedicine by Saudi liver disease patients attending a tertiary carecenter prevalence and attitudesrdquo Saudi Journal of Gastroenterol-ogy vol 19 no 2 pp 75ndash80 2013

[54] P Chantre and D Lairon ldquoRecent findings of green tea extractAR25 (exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesityrdquoPhytomedicine vol 9 no 1 pp 3ndash8 2002

[55] S Sengottuvelu S Duraisami J Nandhakumar R Duraisamiand M Vasudevan ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Camelliasinensis and its possible mechanism of actionrdquo Iranian Journalof Pharmacology andTherapeutics vol 7 no 1 pp 9ndash14 2008

[56] W D Ratnasooriya and T S P Fernando ldquoGastric ulcer healingactivity of Sri Lankan black tea (Camellia sinensis L) in ratsrdquoPharmacognosy Magazine vol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash20 2009

[57] A K Nag Chaudhuri S Karmakar D Roy S Pal M Pal andT Sen ldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Indian black tea (Sikkimvariety)rdquo Pharmacological Research vol 51 no 2 pp 169ndash1752005

[58] P Sur T Chaudhuri J R Vedasiromoni A Gomes and DK Ganguly ldquoAntiinflammatory and antioxidant property ofsaponins of tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze] root extractrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 15 no 2 pp 174ndash176 2001

[59] A Gomes M Das J R Vedasiromoni and D K GangulyldquoProconvulsive effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) in micerdquo Phy-totherapy Research vol 13 no 5 pp 376ndash379 1999

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[66] K Nithianantham M Shyamala Y Chen L Y Latha S LJothy and S Sasidharan ldquoHepatoprotective potential ofClitoriaternatea leaf extract against paracetamol induced damage inmicerdquoMolecules vol 16 no 12 pp 10134ndash10145 2011

[67] K Narayanasamyd and V Selvi ldquoHepatoprotective effect of apolyherbal formulation (ayush-liv 04) against ethanol andCCl

4

induced liver damage in ratsrdquoAncient Science of Life vol 25 no1 pp 28ndash33 2005

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[69] M L Zingare P L Zingare A KDubey andMAAnsari ldquoCli-toria ternatea (Aparajita) a review of the antioxidant antidia-betic and hepatoprotective potentialsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacy and Biological Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 203ndash213 2012

[70] N Kamkaen and J M Wilkinson ldquoThe antioxidant activity ofClitoria ternatea flower petal extracts and eye gelrdquo PhytotherapyResearch vol 23 no 11 pp 1624ndash1625 2009

[71] A D Taranalli and T C Cheeramkuzhy ldquoInfluence of Clitoriaternatea extracts on memory and central cholinergic activity inratsrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 38 no 1 pp 51ndash56 2000

[72] T A Al-Howiriny M O Al-Sohaibani M S Al-Said M AAl-Yahya K H El-Tahir and S Rafatullah ldquoHepatoprotec-tive properties of Commiphora opobalsamum (ldquoBalessanrdquo)


a traditional medicinal plant of Saudi Arabiardquo Drugs underExperimental andClinical Research vol 30 no 5-6 pp 213ndash2202004

[73] W Dymock D Hooper and C J HWarden PharmacographiaIndica A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable OriginTrench Trubner and Co London UK 1890

[74] T A Al-Howiriny M A Al-Yahya M S Al-Said K E HEl-Tahir and S Rafatullah ldquoStudies on the pharmacologicalactivities of an ethanol extract of balessan (Commiphora opobal-samum)rdquo Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences vol 7 no 11 pp1933ndash1936 2004

[75] T Al-Howiriny M Al-Sohaibani M Al-Said M Al-Yahya KEl-Tahir and S Rafatullah ldquoEffect of Commiphora opobalsa-mum (L) Engl (Balessan) on experimental gastric ulcers andsecretion in ratsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 98 no 3pp 287ndash294 2005

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[78] D Yadav S K Yadav R K Khar M Mujeeb and M AkhtarldquoTurmeric (Curcuma longa L) a promising spice for phyto-chemical and pharmacological activitiesrdquo International Journalof Green Pharmacy vol 7 no 2 pp 85ndash89 2013

[79] A Ramirez-Bosca A Soler M A C Gutierrez J L Alvarezand E Q Almagro ldquoAntioxidant curcuma extracts decrease theblood lipid peroxide levels of human subjectsrdquo Age vol 18 no4 pp 167ndash169 1995

[80] R R Satoskar S J Shah and S G Shenoy ldquoEvaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) inpatients with postoperative inflammationrdquo International Jour-nal of Clinical PharmacologyTherapy and Toxicology vol 24 no12 pp 651ndash654 1986

[81] T N Shankar N V Shantha H P Ramesh I A Murthy andV S Murthy ldquoToxicity studies on turmeric (Curcuma longa)acute toxicity studies in rats guinea pigs and monkeysrdquo IndianJournal of Experimental Biology vol 18 no 1 pp 73ndash75 1980

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[84] S Alqasoumi ldquoCarbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicityprotective effect of ldquoRocketrdquo Eruca sativa L in ratsrdquoThe Amer-ican Journal of Chinese Medicine vol 38 no 1 pp 75ndash88 2010

[85] J Hussein A Salah F Oraby A N El-Deen and Z El-KhayatldquoAntihepatotoxic effect of Eruca sativa extracts on alcoholinduced liver injury in ratsrdquo Journal of American Science vol6 no 11 pp 381ndash389 2010

[86] E Lamy J Schroder S Paulus P Brenk T Stahl andVMersch-Sundermann ldquoAntigenotoxic properties of Eruca sativa (rocketplant) erucin and erysolin in human hepatoma (HepG2) cellstowards benzo(a)pyrene and their mode of actionrdquo Food andChemical Toxicology vol 46 no 7 pp 2415ndash2421 2008

[87] M Sarwar Alam G Kaur Z Jabbar K Javed and M AtharldquoEruca sativa seeds possess antioxidant activity and exert aprotective effect on mercuric chloride induced renal toxicityrdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 45 no 6 pp 910ndash920 2007

[88] H Yehuda S Khatib I Sussan R Musa J Vaya and STamir ldquoPotential skin antiinflammatory effects of 4-methylth-iobutylisothiocyanate (MTBI) isolated from rocket (Erucasativa) seedsrdquo BioFactors vol 35 no 3 pp 295ndash305 2009

[89] C Perez J R Canal J E Campillo A Romero andM D Torres ldquoHypotriglyceridaemic activity of Ficus caricaleaves in experimental hypertriglyceridaemic ratsrdquo Phytother-apy Research vol 13 no 3 pp 188ndash191 1999

[90] J R Canal M D Torres A Romero and C Perez ldquoA chloro-form extract obtained from a decoction of Ficus carica leavesimproves the cholesterolaemic status of ratswith streptozotocin-induced diabetesrdquoActa PhysiologicaHungarica vol 87 no 1 pp71ndash76 2000

[91] J F Morton Fruits of Warm Climates Creative ResourcesSystems Winterville NC USA 1987

[92] N Aghel H Kalantari and S Rezazadeh ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect ofFicus carica leaf extract onmice intoxicatedwith carbontetrachloriderdquo Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research vol10 no 1 pp 63ndash68 2011

[93] AN B SingabNAAyoub ENAli andNMMostafa ldquoAnti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Egyptian moraceousplants against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress andliver damage in ratsrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 48 no 11 pp1255ndash1264 2010

[94] M Mujeeb S A Khan V Aeri and B Ali ldquoHepatoprotectiveactivity of the ethanolic extract of Ficus carica Linn leaves incarbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in ratsrdquo IranianJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 10 no 2 pp 301ndash3062011

[95] N Gond and S Khadabadi ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Ficuscarica leaf extract on rifampicin-induced hepatic damage inratsrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 70 no 3pp 364ndash366 2008

[96] B Ali M Mujeeb V Aeri S R Mir M Faiyazuddin and FShakeel ldquoAnti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Ficuscarica Linn leavesrdquoNatural Product Research vol 26 no 5 pp460ndash465 2012

[97] B Joseph and S Justin Raj ldquoPharmacognostic and phytochemi-cal properties of Ficus carica Linnmdashan overviewrdquo InternationalJournal of PharmTech Research vol 3 no 1 pp 8ndash12 2011

[98] D Bonamonte C Foti N Lionetti L Rigano and G AngelinildquoPhotoallergic contact dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen inFicus caricardquo Contact Dermatitis vol 62 no 6 pp 343ndash3482010

[99] H M Al-Youssef M Amina and A M El-shafae ldquoBiologicalevaluation of constituents from Grewia mollisrdquo Journal ofChemical and Pharmaceutical Research vol 4 no 1 pp 508ndash518 2012

[100] D Louppe A A Oteng-Amoako andM Brink Plant Resourcesof Tropical Africa 7(1) PROVA Foundation Wageningen TheNetherlands Backhuys Publishers Lenden The NetherlandsCTA Wageningen The Netherlands 2008

[101] J M Dalziel The Useful Plants of West Africa Crown AgentsLondon UK 1937

[102] O Asuku S E Atawodi and E Onyike ldquoAntioxidant hep-atoprotective and ameliorative effects of methanolic extract ofleaves of Grewia mollis Juss on carbon tetrachloride-treatedalbino ratsrdquo Journal of Medicinal Food vol 15 no 1 pp 83ndash882012

[103] W Obidah J L Godwin J Z Fate and M A MadusolumuoldquoToxic effects of Grewia mollis stem bark in experimental ratsrdquoJournal of American Science vol 6 no 12 pp 1544ndash1548 2010


[104] O Safa M A Soltanipoor S Rastegar M Kazemi K Nour-bakhshDehkordi and A Ghannadi ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyon Hormozgan province Iranrdquo Avicenna Journal of Phy-tomedicine vol 3 no 1 pp 64ndash81 2012

[105] M S Al-Said R A Mothana M O Al-Sohaibani and S Rafat-ullah ldquoAmeliorative effect of Grewia tenax (Forssk) fiori fruitextract on CCl

4-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in

ratsrdquo Journal of Food Science vol 76 no 9 pp T200ndashT206 2011[106] N H Saleem V A Ferro A M Simpson J Igoli A I Gray

and R M Drummond ldquoThe inhibitory effect of Haloxylon sal-icornicum on contraction of the mouse uterusrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2013 Article ID714075 10 pages 2013

[107] M S Shafi M Y Ashraf and G Sarwar ldquoWild medicinal plantsof Cholistan area of Pakistanrdquo Pakistan Journal of BiologicalSciences vol 4 no 1 pp 112ndash116 2001

[108] H MWariss S Ahmad S Anjum and K Alam ldquoEthnobotan-ical studies of dicotyledonous plants of Lal Suhanra NationalPark Bahawalpur Pakistanrdquo International Journal of Scienceand Research vol 3 no 6 pp 2452ndash2460 2012

[109] M Ahmad and S Eram ldquoHepatoprotective studies on Haloxy-lon salicornicum a plant from Cholistan desertrdquo Pakistan Jour-nal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 24 no 3 pp 377ndash382 2011

[110] S I Alqasoumi G A E H Soliman A S Awaad and A ER M Donia ldquoAnti-inflammatory activity safety and protectiveeffects of Leptadenia pyrotechnica Haloxylon salicornicum andOchradenus baccatus in ulcerative colitisrdquo Phytopharmacologyvol 2 no 1 pp 58ndash71 2012

[111] S Ferheen E Ahmed N Afza and A Malik ldquoPhytochemicalstudies on Haloxylon salicornicumrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety of Pakistan vol 27 no 2 pp 219ndash222 2005

[112] I Roman M Cristescu and C Puica ldquoEffects of Hypericumperforatum and Hypericum maculatum extracts administrationon somemorphological and biochemical parameters in rat liverintoxicated with alcoholrdquo Studia Universitatis ldquoVasile GoldisrdquoSeria Stiintele Vietii vol 21 no 2 pp 361ndash370 2011

[113] Y Ozturk S Aydin K H C Baser N Kirimer and N Kurtar-Ozturk ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum Lalcoholic extract in rodentsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 6 no1 pp 44ndash46 1992

[114] C Celen S Ozkan and F Ayhan ldquoThe phenolic compoundsfrom Hypericum perforatum and their antimicrobial activitiesrdquoHacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry vol 36 no 4 pp339ndash345 2008

[115] J M Greeson B Sanford and D A Monti ldquoSt Johnrsquos wort(Hypericum perforatum) a review of the current pharmacolog-ical toxicological and clinical literaturerdquo Psychopharmacologyvol 153 no 4 pp 402ndash414 2001

[116] S I Alqasoumi Isolation and Chemical Structure Elucidation ofHepatoprotective Constituents from Plants Used in TraditionalMedicine in Saudi Arabia College of Pharmacy King SaudUniversity 2007

[117] S I Alqasoumi and M S Abdel-Kader ldquoTerpenoids fromJuniperus procera with hepatoprotective activityrdquo Pakistan Jour-nal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 25 no 2 pp 315ndash322 2012

[118] D Manohar G L Viswanatha S Nagesh V Jain and H NShivaprasad ldquoEthnopharmacology of Lepidium sativum Linn(Brassicaceae) a reviewrdquo International Journal of PhytothearpyResearch vol 2 no 1 pp 1ndash7 2012

[119] S K Biswas A Chowdhury J Das A Roy and S M Z HosenldquoPharmacological potentials ofMoringa oleifera Lam a reviewrdquo

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research vol 3no 2 pp 305ndash310 2012

[120] S G Mahajan and A A Mehta ldquoEffect of Moringa oleiferaLam seed extract on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammationin guinea pigsrdquo Inhalation Toxicology vol 20 no 10 pp 897ndash909 2008

[121] U K Mazumder M Gupta S Chakrabarti and D Pal ldquoEvalu-ation of hematological and hepatorenal functions ofmethanolicextract ofMoringa oleifera Lam root treated micerdquo Indian Jour-nal of Experimental Biology vol 37 no 6 pp 612ndash614 1999

[122] F Anwar S Latif M Ashraf and A H Gilani ldquoMoringaoleifera a food plant with multiple medicinal usesrdquo Phytother-apy Research vol 21 no 1 pp 17ndash25 2007

[123] M Tariq ldquoNigella sativa seeds folklore treatment in modernday medicinerdquo Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology vol 14 no 3pp 105ndash106 2008

[124] M L A Khan ldquoTibb-Al-Nabvi Nigella sativardquo Islamic Voicevol 13ndash18 no 152 pp 1ndash2 1999

[125] AAhmadAHusainMMujeeb et al ldquoA reviewon therapeuticpotential of Nigella sativa a miracle herbrdquo Asian Pacific Journalof Tropical Biomedicine vol 3 no 5 pp 337ndash352 2013

[126] A Sharma M S Sharma A Mishra S Sharma B Kumar andA Bhandari ldquoA review on the plants used in liver diseaserdquo Inter-national Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry vol 1no 2 pp 224ndash236 2011

[127] S Y Diwan ldquoEffect of Peganum harmala methanol extract onliver and kidney of mice administered MTX drugrdquo Journal ofAl-Nahrain University vol 16 no 4 pp 161ndash166 2013

[128] A B Gulshan A A Dasti S Hussain M I Atta andM Amin-ud-Din ldquoIndigenous uses of medicinal plants in rural areas ofDera Ghazi Khan Punjab Pakistanrdquo Journal of Agricultural andBiological Science vol 7 no 9 pp 750ndash762 2012

[129] C Ratsch The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants Ethnophar-macology and Its Application Park Street Press Rochester VtUSA 1998

[130] J Asgarpanah and F Ramezanloo ldquoChemistry pharmacologyand medicinal properties of Peganum harmala Lrdquo AfricanJournal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology vol 6 no 22 pp 1573ndash1580 2012

[131] K Hamden H Masmoudi F Ellouz A Elfeki and S CarreauldquoProtective effects of Peganum harmala extracts on thiourea-induced diseases in adult male ratrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalBiology vol 29 no 1 pp 73ndash77 2008

[132] V H Bhaskar and N Balakrishnan ldquoAnalgesic anti-inflamma-tory and antipyretic activities of Pergularia daemia and Carissacarandasrdquo Daru vol 17 no 3 pp 168ndash174 2009

[133] V H Bhaskar and N Balakrishnan ldquoProtective effects of Pergu-laria daemia roots against paracetamol and carbon tetrachlo-ride-induced hepatotoxicity in ratsrdquo Pharmaceutical Biologyvol 48 no 11 pp 1265ndash1272 2010

[134] S V Sureshkumar and S HMishra ldquoHepatoprotective effect ofextracts from Pergularia daemia Forskrdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 107 no 2 pp 164ndash168 2006

[135] S V S Kumar and S HMishra ldquoHepatoprotective effect of Per-gularia daemia (Forsk) ethanol extract and its fractionrdquo IndianJournal of Experimental Biology vol 46 no 6 pp 447ndash4522008

[136] D Hoffmann Medical Herbalism The Science and Practice ofHerbal Medicine Healing Arts Press 2010

[137] Y A Leung Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Usedin Food Drug and Cosmetics JohnWiley amp Sons NewYork NYUSA 1988


[138] T A Al-Howiriny M O Al-Sohaibani K H El-Tahir and SRafatullah ldquoPreliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatoryand anti-hepatotoxic activities of lsquoParsleyrsquo Petroselinum crispumin ratsrdquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 3 no 1 pp 54ndash622003

[139] H Eckey-Kaltenbach D Ernst W Heller and H SandermannJnr ldquoBiochemical plant responses to ozone IVCross-inductionof defensive pathways in parsley (Petroselinum crispum L)plantsrdquo Plant Physiology vol 104 no 1 pp 67ndash74 1994

[140] D S A Chaves F S Frattani M Assafim A P de AlmeidaR B Zingali and S S Costa ldquoPhenolic chemical compositionof Petroselinum crispum extract and its effect on haemostasisrdquoNatural Product Communications vol 6 no 7 pp 961ndash964 2011

[141] J O B Calixto A R S Santos and R A Yunes ldquoA review of theplants of the genus Phyllanthus their chemistry pharmacologyand therapeutic potentialrdquo Medicinal Research Reviews vol 18no 4 pp 225ndash258 1998

[142] V V Asha M S Sheeba V Suresh and P J Wills ldquoHepatopro-tection of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis against experimentallyinduced liver injury in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 78 no 2 pp 134ndash141 2007

[143] M Karthikeyan J A Mathews and A Annamalai ldquoAntibac-terial activity of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis leaves extractrdquoPharma Science Monitor vol 3 no 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[144] N Ravichandran R Vajrai C D Raj and P Brindha ldquoPhyto-chemical analysis and in vitro cytotoxic effect of Phyllanthusmadraspatensis Lrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences vol 4 no 2 pp 111ndash114 2012

[145] W B JonasMosbyrsquos Dictionary of Complementary and Alterna-tive Medicine Mosby 2005

[146] M M Ozcan and J C Chalchat ldquoChemical composition andantifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L) fruit oil atripening stagerdquo Annals of Microbiology vol 56 no 4 pp 353ndash358 2006

[147] A Shojaii and M A Fard ldquoReview of pharmacological prop-erties and chemical constituents of Pimpinella anisumrdquo ISRNPharmaceutics vol 2012 Article ID 510795 8 pages 2012

[148] M Ahmad A Itoo I Baba S M Jain and R C Saxena ldquoHep-atoprotective activity of Portulaca oleracea Linn on experi-mental animal modelrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences vol 5 no 3 pp 267ndash269 2013

[149] M Anusha M Venkateswarlu V Prabhakaran S S Taj BP Kumari and D Ranganayakulu ldquoHepatoprotective activityof aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in combination withlycopene in ratsrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmacology vol 43 no 5pp 563ndash567 2011

[150] A N Rasheed F U Afifi M Shaedah and M O TahaldquoInvestigation of the active constituents ofPortulaca oleraceaeL(Portulacaceae) growing in Jordanrdquo Pakistan Journal of Phar-maceutical Sciences vol 17 no 1 pp 37ndash45 2004

[151] C V Chowdhary A Meruva K Naresh and R K A ElumalaildquoA review on phytochemical and pharmacological profile ofPortulaca oleracea Linn (Purslane)rdquo International Journal ofResearch in Ayurveda and Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 34ndash372013

[152] N Deshwal A K Sharma and P Sharma ldquoReview on hep-atoprotective plantsrdquo International Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences Review and Research vol 7 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2011

[153] A A Al Gonemi Encyclopaedia of the United Arab EmiratesPlants Used in Folk Medicine United Arab Emirates UniversityPress Al-Ain UAE 1992 (Arabic)

[154] S K Marwat F Rehman K Usman S S Shah N Anwarand I Ullah ldquoA review of phytochemistry bioactivities andethno medicinal uses of Rhazya strictaDecsne (Apocynaceae)rdquoAfrican Journal of Microbiology Research vol 6 no 8 pp 1629ndash1641 2012

[155] B H Ali A A Al-Qarawi A K Bashir and M O TaniraldquoPhytochemistry pharmacology and toxicity of Rhazya strictadecne a reviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 14 no 4 pp 229ndash234 2000

[156] M A Ghani Khazeenat-Al-Advia vol 111 Matbaa NavalKishore Lucknow India 1921

[157] A K Raza Tazkiratul-Hind Yadgaar Razaee Shamsul-IslamPress Hyderabad India 1933

[158] F H Albert Economic Botany McGraw-Hill New York NYUSA 1952

[159] A M Ageel J S Mossa M A Al-Yahya M S Al-Said andM Tariq ldquoExperimental studies on antirheumatic crude drugsused in Saudi traditional medicinerdquo Drugs under Experimentaland Clinical Research vol 15 no 8 pp 369ndash372 1989

[160] Anonymous ldquoTropical plant databaserdquo httpwwwrain-treecomsarsaparillahtmVAsc-Pm1agw

[161] B Dash Herbal Cure Jaundice and Liver Disorders B JainPublishers 2004

[162] S Sultana S Perwaiz M Iqbal and M Athar ldquoCrude extractsof hepatoprotective plants Solanum nigrum and Cichoriunzintybus inhibit free radical-mediated DNA damagerdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 45 no 3 pp 189ndash192 1995

[163] N N Wannang J A Anuka H O Kwanashie S S Gyangand A Auta ldquoAnti-seizure activity of the aqueous leaf extract ofSolanum nigrum Linn (solanaceae) in experimental animalsrdquoAfrican Health Sciences vol 8 no 2 pp 74ndash79 2008

[164] R Jain A Sharma S Gupta I P Sarethy and R GabranildquoSolanum nigrum current perspectives on therapeutic proper-tiesrdquo Alternative Medicine Review vol 16 no 1 pp 78ndash85 2011

[165] H-M Lin H-C Tseng C-J Wang J-J Lin C-W Lo andF-P Chou ldquoHepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linnextract against CCl

4-iduced oxidative damage in ratsrdquoChemico-

Biological Interactions vol 171 no 3 pp 283ndash293 2008[166] S Singh S K Sharma and R Mann ldquoPharmacognostical

standardization of stem of Suaeda maritima (L) DumortrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 4 no 3 pp 304ndash306 2012

[167] S Ravikumar M Gnanadesigan S Jacob Inbaneson andA Kalaiarasi ldquoHepatoprotective and antioxidant propertiesof Suaeda maritima (L) Dumort ethanolic extract on con-canavalin-A induced hepatotoxicity in ratsrdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 49 no 6 pp 455ndash460 2011

[168] S Singh R Mann and S K Sharma ldquoPharmacognosticalstandardization of root of Suaeda maritima (L) dumortrdquo DerPharmacia Lettre vol 5 no 1 pp 116ndash120 2013

[169] I Sina Al Qanoon Fil Tib vol 522 Mataba Munshi NavalKishore Lucknow India 2007

[170] R O Bakr M A E-A El Raey and R S Ashour ldquoPhenoliccontent radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of Tamarixnilotica (Ehrenb) bunge growing in Egyptrdquo Journal of Pharma-cognosy and Phytotherapy vol 5 no 3 pp 47ndash52 2013

[171] S Abouzid and A Sleem ldquoHepatoprotective and antioxidantactivities of Tamarix nilotica flowersrdquo Pharmaceutical Biologyvol 49 no 4 pp 392ndash395 2011

[172] R M Sree and M Srinivasan ldquoHepatoprotective effect ofTephrosia purprea in experimental animalsrdquo Indian Journal ofPharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 34ndash36 1993


[173] A Kumar M Dutta T K Bhatt and D S Dalal ldquoUse of herballiver tonic yakrifit in equine practicerdquo IndianVeterinary Journalvol 74 no 5 pp 424ndash425 1997

[174] P A Jitendra and T A Pravin ldquoProspective use of Tephrosiapurpurea in remedial treatment of PCOS study in Wistar ratrdquoISCA Journal of Biological Sciences vol 1 no 3 pp 1ndash6 2012

[175] A Khatri A Garg and S S Agrawal ldquoEvaluation of hepatopro-tective activity of aerial parts of Tephrosia purpurea L and stembark of Tecomella undulatardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol122 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2009

[176] K H Janbaz M I Qadir A Jan and A H Gilani ldquoAnti-diarrheal activity of methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpureardquoActa Poloniae PharmaceuticamdashDrug Research vol 70 no 2 pp345ndash347 2013

[177] M Tariq A M Ageel M A Al-Yahya J S Mossa and M SAl-Said ldquoAnti-inflammatory activity ofTeucrium poliumrdquo Inter-national Journal of Tissue Reactions vol 11 no 4 pp 185ndash1881989

[178] T K Panovska S Kulevanova I Gjorgoski M Bogdanova andG Petrushevska ldquoHepatoprotective effect of the ethyl acetateextract of Teucrium polium L against carbontetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquo Acta Pharmaceutica vol 57 no2 pp 241ndash248 2007

[179] M B Gholivand M Piryaei M M Abolghasemi and SM Maassoumi ldquoRapid analysis of volatile components fromTeucrium polium L by nanoporous silica-polyaniline solidphase microextraction fibrerdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24no 1 pp 69ndash74 2013

[180] S Bahramikia and R Yazdanparast ldquoPhytochemistry andmedicinal properties of Teucrium polium L (Lamiaceae)rdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 26 no 11 pp 1581ndash1593 2012

[181] C Moustapha M W Taher Hasen and M Sadaka ldquoChemicalconstituents of Teucrium polium L var mollissimum Hand-Mazzrdquo Jordan Journal of Chemistry vol 6 no 3 pp 339ndash3451975

[182] M K Shivhare P K Singour P K Chaurasiya and R S PawarldquoTrianthema portulacastrum Linn (bishkhapra)rdquo Pharmacog-nosy Reviews vol 6 no 12 pp 132ndash140 2012

[183] S G Banu G Kumar and A G Murugesan ldquoEthanolic leavesextract of Trianthema portulacastrum L ameliorates aflatoxinB1 induced hepatic damage in ratsrdquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 24 no 3 pp 250ndash256 2009

[184] A Amin M Lotfy M Shafiullah and E Adeghate ldquoTheprotective effect of Tribulus terrestris in diabetesrdquo Annals of theNew York Academy of Sciences vol 1084 pp 391ndash401 2006

[185] I Kostova and D Dinchev ldquoSaponins in Tribulus terrestrismdashchemistry and bioactivityrdquo Phytochemistry Reviews vol 4 no2-3 pp 111ndash137 2005

[186] E A A Aboagarib R Yang X Hua and A Siddeeg ldquoChemicalcompositions nutritional properties and volatile compounds ofguddaim (Grewia tenax Forssk) Fiori Fruitsrdquo Journal of Foodand Nutrition Research vol 2 no 4 pp 187ndash192 2014

[187] M A Al-Shanawani Plant Used in Saudi Folk Medicine KingAbdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh SaudiArabia 1996

[188] AM El-Shazly G Dora andMWink ldquoAlkaloids ofHaloxylonsalicornicum (Moq) Bunge ex Boiss (Chenopodiaceae)rdquo Phar-mazie vol 60 no 12 pp 949ndash952 2005

[189] C I Istikoglou V Mavreas and G Geroulanos ldquoHistory andtherapeutic properties ofHypericum perforatum from antiquityuntil todayrdquo Psychiatrike vol 21 no 4 pp 332ndash338 2010

[190] J Aliasl and F Khoshzaban ldquoTraditional herbal remedies forburnwound healing in canon of Avicennardquo Jundishapur Journalof Natural Pharmaceutical Products vol 8 no 4 pp 192ndash1962013

[191] K Savikin S Dobric V Tadic and G Zdunic ldquoAntiinflamma-tory activity of ethanol extracts ofHypericum perforatum LHbarbatum JacqH hirsutum LH richeriVill andH androsae-mum L in ratsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 21 no 2 pp 176ndash180 2007

[192] V Kumar P N Singh and S K Bhattacharya ldquoAnti-inflam-matory and analgesic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatumLrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp339ndash343 2001

[193] F A Andersen ldquoFinal report on the safety assessment ofHypericum perforatum extract and Hypericum perforatum oilrdquoInternational Journal of Toxicology vol 20 supplement 2 pp31ndash39 2001

[194] M Burits K Asres and F Bucar ldquoThe antioxidant activity ofthe essential oils of Artemisia afra Artemisia abyssinica andJuniperus procerardquo Phytotherapy Research vol 15 no 2 pp 103ndash108 2001

[195] H Tunon C Olavsdotter and L Bohlin ldquoEvaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants Inhi-bition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocy-tosisrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 48 no 2 pp 61ndash761995

[196] A I Abuelgasim H S Nuha and A H Mohammed ldquoHep-atoprotective effect of Lepidium sativum against carbon tetra-chloride induced damage in ratsrdquo Research Journal of Animal ampVeterinary Sciences vol 3 pp 20ndash23 2008

[197] Y C Yadav D N Srivastav A K Seth V Saini R Balaramanand T K Ghelani ldquoIn vivo antioxidant potential of Lepidiumsativum L seeds in albino rats using cisplatin induced nephro-toxicityrdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp292ndash298 2010

[198] M Zia-Ul-Haq S Ahmad L Calani et al ldquoCompositionalstudy and antioxidant potential of Ipomoea hederacea Jacq andLepidium sativum L seedsrdquoMolecules vol 17 no 9 pp 10306ndash10321 2012

[199] J Agarwal and D L Verma ldquoAntioxidant activity-guidedfractionation of aqueous extracts from Lepidium sativum andidentification of active flavonol glycosidesrdquo Academia Arenavol 3 no 12 pp 14ndash18 2011

[200] N D Raval B Ravishankar and B K Ashok ldquoAnti-inflamma-tory effect of Chandrashura (Lepidium sativum Linn) an exper-imental studyrdquo Ayu vol 34 no 3 pp 302ndash304 2013

[201] S E I Adam ldquoEffects of various levels of dietary Lepidiumsativum L seeds in ratsrdquo The American Journal of ChineseMedicine vol 27 no 3-4 pp 397ndash405 1999

[202] B S Ajilore T G Atere W A Oluogun and V A AderemildquoProtective effects of Moringa oleifera Lam on cadmium-induced liver and kidney damage in male Wistar ratsrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Phytotherapy Research vol 2 no 3 pp 42ndash502012

[203] L Pari and N A Kumar ldquoHepatoprotective activity ofMoringaoleifera on antitubercular drug-induced liver damage in ratsrdquoJournal of Medicinal Food vol 5 no 3 pp 171ndash177 2002

[204] S Sreelatha and P R Padma ldquoAntioxidant activity and totalphenolic content of Moringa oleifera leaves in two stages ofmaturityrdquo Plant Foods for Human Nutrition vol 64 no 4 pp303ndash311 2009


[205] M Minaiyan G Asghari D Taheri M Saeidi and S Nasr-Esfahani ldquoAnti-inflammatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lamseeds on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in ratsrdquo AvicennaJournal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 127ndash136 2014

[206] B S Rathi S L Bodhankar and A M Baheti ldquoEvaluationof aqueous leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Linn for woundhealing in albino ratsrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biologyvol 44 no 11 pp 898ndash901 2006

[207] F Yildiz S Coban A Terzi et al ldquoNigella sativa relieves thedeleterious effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on liverrdquoWorld Journal of Gastroenterology vol 14 no 33 pp 5204ndash52092008

[208] E A Al-Suhaimi ldquoHepatoprotective and immunological func-tions of Nigella sativa seed oil against hypervitaminosis A inadult male ratsrdquo International Journal for Vitamin and NutritionResearch vol 82 no 4 pp 288ndash297 2012

[209] A M S Gani and S A John ldquoEvalution of hepatoprotectiveeffect ofNigella sativa Lrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences vol 5 no 4 pp 428ndash430 2013

[210] M S Al-Ghamdi ldquoProtective effect of Nigella sativa seedsagainst carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damagerdquo AmericanJournal of Chinese Medicine vol 31 no 5 pp 721ndash728 2003

[211] J Danladi A Abdulsalam J A Timbuak S A Ahmed M AaandAUDahiru ldquoHepatoprotective effect of black seed (Nigellasativa) oil on carbon tetrachloride (CCl

4) induced liver toxicity

in adult wistar ratsrdquo IOSR-Journal ofDental andMedical Sciencevol 4 no 3 pp 56ndash62 2013

[212] M Alemi F Sabouni F Sanjarian K Haghbeen and S AnsarildquoAnti-inflammatory effect of seeds and Callus of Nigella sativaL extracts on mix glial cells with regard to their thymoquinonecontentrdquo AAPS PharmSciTech vol 14 no 1 pp 160ndash167 2013

[213] N Chehl G Chipitsyna Q Gong C J Yeo and H A ArafatldquoAnti-inflammatory effects of the Nigella sativa seed extractthymoquinone in pancreatic cancer cellsrdquo HPB vol 11 no 5pp 373ndash381 2009

[214] M S Al-Ghamdi ldquoThe anti-inflammatory analgesic andantipyretic activity of Nigella sativardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 76 no 1 pp 45ndash48 2001

[215] M-H Boskabady R Keyhanmanesh S Khameneh Y Doost-dar and M-R Khakzad ldquoPotential immunomodulation effectof the extract of Nigella sativa on ovalbumin sensitized guineapigsrdquo Journal of Zhejiang University Science B vol 12 no 3 pp201ndash209 2011

[216] X-F Leong M R Mustafa and K Jaarin ldquoNigella sativa and itsprotective role in oxidative stress and hypertensionrdquo Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2013Article ID 120732 9 pages 2013

[217] A Zaoui Y Cherrah N Mahassini K Alaoui H AmarouchandMHassar ldquoAcute and chronic toxicity ofNigella sativa fixedoilrdquo Phytomedicine vol 9 no 1 pp 69ndash74 2002

[218] A J Tanweer N Chand S Khan et al ldquoAssociation of Peganumharmala L supplementation with liver function test of broilerchicksrdquoPakistan Journal of Science vol 64 no 1 pp 75ndash79 2012

[219] H Ahmed H Abu El Zahab and G Alswiai ldquoPurificationof antioxidant protein isolated from Peganum harmala and itsprotective effect against CCl

4toxicity in ratsrdquo Turkish Journal of

Biology vol 37 no 1 pp 39ndash48 2013[220] P Bremner D Rivera M A Calzado et al ldquoAssessing

medicinal plants from South-Eastern Spain for potential anti-inflammatory effects targeting nuclear factor-Kappa B andother pro-inflammatory mediatorsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 2 pp 295ndash305 2009

[221] Z Muhi-Eldeen K J Al-Shamma T M Al-Hussainy E N Al-Kaissi A M Al-Daraji and H Ibrahim ldquoAcute toxicologicalstudies on the extract of Iraqi Peganum harmala in ratsrdquoEuropean Journal of Scientific Research vol 22 no 4 pp 494ndash500 2008

[222] F Lamchouri A Settaf Y Cherrah et al ldquoExperimentaltoxicity of Peganum harmala seedsrdquo Annales PharmaceutiquesFrancaises vol 60 no 2 pp 123ndash129 2002

[223] T Herraiz D Gonzalez C Ancın-Azpilicueta V J Aran andH Guillen ldquo120573-carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala andinhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO)rdquo Food andChemical Toxicology vol 48 no 3 pp 839ndash845 2010

[224] KM R Sravani C K A Kumar SM Lakshmi andG S RanildquoPsychopharmacological profiles of Pergularia daemia (forsk)Chiovrdquo Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 5 no 2 pp 112ndash114 2012

[225] H Zhang F Chen X I Wang and H-Y Yao ldquoEvaluation ofantioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essentialoil and identification of its antioxidant constituentsrdquo FoodResearch International vol 39 no 8 pp 833ndash839 2006

[226] P Y Y Wong and D D Kitts ldquoStudies on the dual antioxidantand antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum crispum)and cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) extractsrdquo Food Chemistryvol 97 no 3 pp 505ndash515 2006

[227] D Bown Encyclopedia of Herbs andTheir Uses Dorling Kinder-sley London UK 1995

[228] A Munshi R Mehrotra and S K Panda ldquoEvaluation of Phyl-lanthus amarus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis as agents forpostexposure prophylaxis in neonatal duck hepatitis B virusinfectionrdquo Journal of Medical Virology vol 40 no 1 pp 53ndash581993

[229] A Kumaran and R J Karunakaran ldquoIn vitro antioxidant activi-ties of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from IndiardquoLWT Food Science and Technology vol 40 no 2 pp 344ndash3522007

[230] Y K Rao S-H Fang and Y-M Tzeng ldquoAnti-inflammatoryactivities of constituents isolated from Phyllanthus polyphyllusrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 103 no 2 pp 181ndash186 2006

[231] R Kuttan and K B Harikumar Phyllanthus Species ScientificEvaluation and Medicinal Applications CRC Press New YorkNY USA 2011

[232] N Cengiz H Ozbek and A Him ldquoHepatoprotective effectsof Pimpinella anisum seed extract in ratsrdquo Pharmacologyonlinevol 3 pp 870ndash874 2008

[233] K M Al-Ismail and T Aburjai ldquoAntioxidant activity of waterand alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers anise seeds and dillseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 84 no2 pp 173ndash178 2004

[234] I GulcinMOktay E Kirecci and O I Kufrevıoglu ldquoScreeningof antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinellaanisum L) seed extractsrdquo Food Chemistry vol 83 no 3 pp 371ndash382 2003

[235] A Tas H Ozbek N Atasoy M E Altug and E Ceylan ldquoEval-uation of analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of Pimpinellaanisum fixed oil extractrdquo Indian Veterinary Journal vol 83 no8 pp 840ndash843 2006

[236] R E Gosselin R P Smith and H C HodgeClinical Toxicologyof Commercial Product vol 2 Williams amp Wilkins BaltimoreMd USA 5th edition 1984

[237] O Hanefi O Mustafa O Abdurrahman C Ebubekir and YZabit ldquoDetermination of lethal doses of volatile and fixed oils


of several plantsrdquo Eastern Journal of Medicine vol 9 no 1 pp4ndash6 2002

[238] A I Mohamed and A S Hussein ldquoChemical composition ofpurslane (Portulaca oleracea)rdquo Plant Foods for Human Nutri-tion vol 45 no 1 pp 1ndash9 1994

[239] E S Elkhayat S R M Ibrahim and M A Aziz ldquoPortulenea new diterpene from Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Journal of AsianNatural Products Research vol 10 no 11 pp 1039ndash1043 2008

[240] Y Y Lim and E P L Quah ldquoAntioxidant properties of differentcultivars of Portulaca oleraceardquo Food Chemistry vol 103 no 3pp 734ndash740 2007

[241] K Chan M W Islam M Kamil et al ldquoThe analgesic andanti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L subsp sativa(Haw) Celakrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 73 no 3 pp445ndash451 2000

[242] K Y Musa A Ahmed G Ibrahim et al ldquoToxicity studieson the methanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea L (FamPortulacaceae)rdquo Journal of Biological Sciences vol 7 no 7 pp1293ndash1295 2007

[243] I A Wasfi A K Bashir A A Abdalla N R Banna and M OM Tanira ldquoAntiinflammatory activity of somemedicinal plantsof the United Arab Emiratesrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 33no 2 pp 124ndash128 1995

[244] S E I Adam ldquoExperimental Rhazya stricta toxicosis in ratsrdquoVeterinary and Human Toxicology vol 41 no 1 pp 5ndash8 1999

[245] M Stuart The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism OrbisPublishing London UK 1979

[246] E P Clause E T Varo and R B Lynn Pharmacognosy HenryKimpton London UK 1971

[247] S Rafatullah J S Mossa A M Ageel M A Al-Yahya andM Tariq ldquoHepatoprotective and safety evaluation studies onSarsaparillardquo International Journal of Pharmacognosy vol 29no 4 pp 296ndash301 1991

[248] R Bomford ldquoImmunomodulators from plants and fungirdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 2 no 4 pp 159ndash164 1988

[249] C U Nwaigwe I I Madubunyi S C Udem and C ONwaigwe ldquoMethanolic root extract of Olax viridis protects theliver against acetaminophen-induced liver damagerdquo ResearchJournal of Medicinal Plant vol 6 no 5 pp 395ndash405 2012

[250] R B Drotman and G T Lawhorn ldquoSerum enzymes as indica-tors of chemically induced liver damagerdquo Drug and ChemicalToxicology vol 1 no 2 pp 163ndash171 1978

[251] K Raju G Anbuganapathi V Gokulakrishnan B RajkapoorB Jayakar and S Manian ldquoEffect of dried fruits of Solanumnigrum Linn against CCl

4-induced hepatic damage in ratsrdquo

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 26 no 11 pp 1618ndash1619 2003

[252] C-C Hsieh H-L Fang and W-C Lina ldquoInhibitory effectof Solanum nigrum on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis inmicerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 119 no 1 pp 117ndash1212008

[253] U S Akula and B Odhav ldquoIn vitro 5-lipoxygenase inhibition ofpolyphenolic antioxidants fromundomesticated plants of SouthAfricardquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 2 no 9 pp207ndash212 2008

[254] X-F Cai Y-W Chin S-R Oh O-K Kwon K-S Ahn and H-K Lee ldquoAnti-inflammatory constituents from SolanumnigrumrdquoBulletin of theKoreanChemical Society vol 31 no 1 pp 199ndash2012010

[255] M M Abd Elkawy G Z A Soliman E Abd-El Mobdrsquoea andAbd-El Rehim ldquoEffect of Solanum nigrum Linn against lambda

cyhalothrin-induced toxicity in ratsrdquo IOSR-Journal of Pharmacyand Biological Sciences vol 5 no 5 pp 55ndash62 2013

[256] AM Youssef M A Al-Fredan and A A Fathi ldquoFloristic com-position of lake Al-Asfar Alahsa Saudi Arabiardquo InternationalJournal of Botany vol 5 no 2 pp 116ndash125 2009

[257] J K Patra N K Dhal and H N Thatoi ldquoIn vitro bioactivityand phytochemical screening of Suaeda maritima (Dumort) amangrove associate from Bhitarkanika Indiardquo Asian PacificJournal of Tropical Medicine vol 4 no 9 pp 727ndash734 2011

[258] W M Bandaranayake ldquoTraditional and medicinal uses ofmangrovesrdquoMangroves and Salt Marshes vol 2 no 3 pp 133ndash148 1998

[259] R S Orfali Phytochemical and Biological Study of Tamarixnilotica Growing in Saudi Arabia King Saud University 2005

[260] S Shenoy K Shwetha K Prabhu R Maradi K L Bairyand T Shanbhag ldquoEvaluation of antiinflammatory activity ofTephrosia purpurea in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalMedicine vol 3 no 3 pp 193ndash195 2010

[261] T Hussain S Fareed H H Siddiqui M Vijaykumar and C VRao ldquoAcute and subacute oral toxicity evaluation of Tephrosiapurpurea extract in rodentsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 129ndash132 2012

[262] H Kalantari H Forouzandeh M E Azemi I Rashidi and MGoudarzi ldquoStudy of the protective effect of Teucrium poliumL extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoIranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 12 no 1 pp123ndash129 2013

[263] A Bomzon S Shtukmaster and P Ljubuncic ldquoThe effect of anaqueous extract ofTeucrium polium on glutathione homeostasisin vitro a possible mechanism of its hepatoprotectant actionrdquoAdvances in Pharmacological Sciences vol 2010 Article ID938324 7 pages 2010

[264] J Shakhanbeh and O Atrouse ldquoTeucrium polium inhibits nerveconduction and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the ratskinrdquo Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences vol 31 no 1 pp 15ndash21 2001

[265] F Capasso R Cerri P Morrica and F Senatore ldquoChemicalcomposition and anti-inflammatory activity of an alcoholicextract of Teucrium polium Lrdquo Bollettino della Societa Italianadi Biologia Sperimentale vol 59 no 11 pp 1639ndash1643 1983

[266] KH Abu SittaM S Shomah andA S Salhab ldquoHepatotoxicityof lsquoTeucrium poliumrsquo L tea supporting evidence in micemodelsrdquo Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism vol 21 no 4pp 106ndash109 2009

[267] A R Soylu B Sivri andY Bayraktar ldquoHepatoxicity ofTeucriumpoliumrdquo Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology vol 9 no 2 pp196ndash197 1998

[268] A Mattei P Rucay D Samuel C Feray M Reynes and H Bis-muth ldquoLiver transplantation for severe acute liver failure afterherbal medicine (Teucrium polium) administrationrdquo Journal ofHepatology vol 22 no 5 pp 597ndash562 1995

[269] I Baitar Jameul Mufradat al Advia wal Aghzia (Urdu Trans-lation by CCRUM) vol 2 CCRUM Ministry of Health andFamily Welfare New Delhi India 2nd edition 2000

[270] N O Aguilar Trianthema portulacastrum L Plant Resourcesof South East Asia 12(2) Medicinal and poisonous Plants 2Backhuys 2001

[271] CMuthuM Ayyanar N Raja and S Ignacimuthu ldquoMedicinalplants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District ofTamil Nadu Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 43 2006


[272] G Kumar G S Banu P V Pappa M Sundararajan and M RPandian ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Trianthema portulacas-trum L against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication inalbino ratsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 92 no 1 pp 37ndash40 2004

[273] AMandal R Karmakar S Bandyopadhyay andM ChatterjeeldquoAntihepatotoxic potential of Trianthema portulacastrum incarbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatocellular injury inmice reflection in haematological histological and biochemicalcharacteristicsrdquo Archives of Pharmacal Research vol 21 no 3pp 223ndash230 1998

[274] G Kumar G S Banu and M R Pandian ldquoEvaluation of theanti-oxidant activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Lrdquo IndianJournal of Pharmacology vol 37 no 5 pp 331ndash333 2005

[275] S B Vohora S A Shah S A H Naqvi S Ahmad and M SKhan ldquoStudies on Trianthema portulacastrumrdquo Planta Medicavol 47 no 2 pp 106ndash108 1983

[276] M Asif M Atif A S A Malik Z C Dan I Ahmad andA Ahmad ldquoDiuretic activity of Trianthema portulacastrumcrude extract in albino ratsrdquo Tropical Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 12 no 6 pp 967ndash972 2013

[277] P Kavitha R Ramesh G Bupesh A Stalin and P Subrama-nian ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Tribulus terrestris extractagainst acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish(Oreochromis mossambicus)rdquo In Vitro Cellular andDevelopmen-tal Biology-Animal vol 47 no 10 pp 698ndash706 2011

[278] M Sambasivam R Ravikumar R Thinagarbabu C Davidrajand S Arvind ldquoHepatoprotective potential of Azima tetracan-tha and Tribulus terrestris on ferrous sulfate-induced toxicity inratrdquo Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology vol 8 no 3 pp 357ndash360 2013

[279] J-X Li Q Shi Q-B Xiong et al ldquoTribulusamide A and Bnew hepatoprotective lignanamides from the fruits of Tribulusterrestris indications of cytoprotective activity in murine hepa-tocyte culturerdquo Planta Medica vol 64 no 7 pp 628ndash631 1998

[280] D Zheleva-Dimitrova D Obreshkova and P NedialkovldquoAntioxidant activity of Tribulus terrestrismdasha natural productin infertility therapyrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences vol 4 no 4 pp 508ndash511 2012

[281] B Baburao G Rajyalakshmi A Venkatesham G Kiran A SSunder and B G Rao ldquoAnti-inflammatory and antimicrobialactivities ofmethanolic extract ofTribulus terrestrisLinn plantrdquoInternational Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 7 no 3 pp 1867ndash1872 2009

[282] M R Aslani A R Movassaghi M Mohri M Pedram andA Abavisani ldquoExperimental Tribulus terrestris poisoning insheep clinical laboratory and pathological findingsrdquoVeterinaryResearch Communications vol 27 no 1 pp 53ndash62 2003

[283] M R Aslani A R Movassaghi M Mohri V Ebrahim-pourand A N Mohebi ldquoExperimental Tribulus terrestris poisoningin goatsrdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 51 no 3 pp 261ndash2672004

[284] A H Talasaz M-R Abbasi S Abkhiz and S Dashti-Khavidaki ldquoTribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity ina young healthymalerdquoNephrology Dialysis Transplantation vol25 no 11 pp 3792ndash3793 2010

[285] H B Arcasoy A Erenmemisoglu Y Tekol S Kurucu and MKartal ldquoEffect of Tribulus terrestris L saponin mixture on somesmooth muscle preparations a preliminary studyrdquo BollettinoChimico Farmaceutico vol 137 no 11 pp 473ndash475 1998

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Stem CellsInternational

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


Behavioural Neurology

EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

ObesityJournal of



Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

OphthalmologyJournal of


Diabetes ResearchJournal of



Research and TreatmentAIDS


Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


types of diseases Galenrsquos contributions in herbal remediesis highly regarded even today the term galenical is appliedto simple vegetable extractives Arabs like Rhazes (850ndash932AD) Avicenna (980ndash1037 AD) Al-Bitar (1180ndash1248 AD)and Al-Antaki (1510ndash1587) constructed an imposing edificeof Arab traditional medicine ldquoAvicennardquo (the western namefor Abu Sina) an Arab philosopher and physicist who wroteldquoKitab-al-shifardquo (The Canon of Medicine) is highly notewor-thy According to Greeko-Arab system of medicine diseaseis a natural process resulting from the imbalance of varioushumors in the body The humoral theory presupposes thepresence of four humors dam (blood) balgham (phlegm)safra (yellow bile) and sauda (black bile) in the body Thetemperaments of persons are expressed by the words san-guine phlegmatic choleric andmelancholic according to thepreponderance of the following four humors in their bodynamely blood phlegm yellow bile and black bile respec-tively The humors themselves are assigned temperamentsBlood is hot and moist phlegm is cold and moist and yellowbile is hot and dry According to the Greeko-Arab systemherbsmay restore humor imbalance and cure the diseases [3]

Greeko-Arab physicians identified the liver as one of thethree principal organs of the body along with the heart andthe brain According to Galen the liver is the ldquomaster organrdquoof the human body arguing that it emerges before all otherorgans in the fetus formation In his book entitled ldquoOn theUsefulness of the Parts of the Bodyrdquo Galen described theliver as warm and moist organ involved in blood formationand principle instrument of sanguification According toAvicenna liver is ldquothe seat of nutritive or vegetative facultiesrdquoand ldquothe seat of manufacture of the dense part of the humorsrdquoAccording to Arab physicians malfunction of liver may leadto a variety of diseases whichmay be corrected by appropriateherbal intervention

12 Liver Diseases and Their Global Burden Liver is thelargest and most vital organ of the human body Besides itscrucial role in themetabolism of nutrients liver is responsiblefor biotransformation of drugs and chemicals thereby pro-tecting body against toxic foreign materials In this processthe liver is exposed to high concentration of toxic chemicalsand their metabolites which may cause liver injury There aremore than hundred well known liver diseases with diversifiedetiopathology The most frequent causes of hepatic diseaseinclude infectious agents (especially hepatitis viral A B andC) obesity related fatty liver disease xenobiotics (alcoholdrugs and chemicals) induced liver injury inherited andgenetic defects related liver diseases autoimmune hepatitisliver cirrhosis and primary or secondary liver cancer

Liver diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidityand mortality across the world Around 13 million deathsworldwide are due to chronic viral hepatitis Many clinic-ledresearchers have found that liver related mortality is as highas fourth for some age group and eighth overall According toWHO estimates about 14 million cases of hepatitis A occurannually and 2 billion people worldwide are infected withthe hepatitis B virus About 350 million live with chronicinfection and 600000 persons die each year due to theacute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B About 130ndash170

million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virusand more than 350000 people die from hepatitis C-relatedliver diseases each year [4] The recent statistics clearly showthat global burden of liver disease has increased over timewith a huge impact on overall world population

13 A Tilt towards Herbal Drugs The treatment options forcommon liver diseases are limited due to the lack of hepato-protective drugs in allopathic medicine Moreover therapiesdeveloped along the principle of western medicine are oftenlimited in efficacy carry the risk of adverse effects and areoften too costly especially for the habitants of developingworld For example the effectiveness of treatments such asthose using corticosteroids and interferon is inconsistent car-ried the risk of adverse events and is often too costly [5] Onthe other hand plant derived compounds are easily accessibleand affordable There is a deep belief that herbal remediessymbolize safety because they are ldquonaturalrdquo and fit into theimage of a gentle and therefore harmless alternative tosynthetic drugs No doubt that herbs are staging a comebackand herbal ldquorenaissancerdquo is happening all over the world Sev-eral recent surveys from Europe and the United States havedemonstrated a sharp rise in the popularity and use of botan-ical drugs within a few years with up to 65 of liver patientstaking herbal preparations The fact is that reliable hepato-protective drugs are explicitly inadequate and the searchfor natural herbal drugs has intensified in the recent decades

In this review we summarized the scientific data pub-lished on thirty-five hepatoprotective plants used in SaudiArabian traditional medicine description of the plants andtheir distribution in Saudi Arabia medicinal uses exper-imental pharmacological studies possible mechanism ofaction chemical constituents and toxicity studies

2 Methodology

A list of hepatoprotective plants used in Saudi Arabia wasprepared based on a nationwide survey of herbal drug usedin traditional medicine for liver ailment by

(a) interviewing the patients visiting primary care centresof military hospitals of different regions of SaudiArabia

(b) review of traditional medicinal bookspublicationsand folklore information

A thorough of survey of literature on the pharmacologicalprofile of these plants was undertaken to collect the publisheddata for the period between 1975 and 2014 AD by usingldquoPubmedrdquo and ldquoGoogle Scholarrdquo search engines Attempt wasmade to determine if these plants have been tested for hepato-protective activity using well-established experimental mod-els including carbon tetrachloride (CCl

4) thioacetamide

paracetamol ethanol and morphine induced liver damageThe liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase (AST)alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (APT)total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were used as a markerof liver injury Literature search also included reversal of toxininduced histopathological changes by plant drugs




3 Results



4[10 11]


50) was





4









4[37]







[7ndash9 13]


[16 17 26]




[35 41]





[48]











[89ndash93 97]



[99ndash102]



[4 104 105]




[106ndash111]

Hypericumperforatum



[112ndash115]





[53 118]





[123ndash125]




Table 1 Continued
















[161ndash165]




[169ndash171]



[172ndash176]




















4

















4[84] and





























4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of



















3 Results



4[10 11]


50) was





4









4[37]







[7ndash9 13]


[16 17 26]




[35 41]





[48]











[89ndash93 97]



[99ndash102]



[4 104 105]




[106ndash111]

Hypericumperforatum



[112ndash115]





[53 118]





[123ndash125]




Table 1 Continued
















[161ndash165]




[169ndash171]



[172ndash176]




















4

















4[84] and





























4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















[7ndash9 13]


[16 17 26]




[35 41]





[48]











[89ndash93 97]



[99ndash102]



[4 104 105]




[106ndash111]

Hypericumperforatum



[112ndash115]





[53 118]





[123ndash125]




Table 1 Continued
















[161ndash165]




[169ndash171]



[172ndash176]




















4

















4[84] and





























4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

















Table 1 Continued
















[161ndash165]




[169ndash171]



[172ndash176]




















4

















4[84] and





























4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of























4

















4[84] and





























4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of











































4induced




4induced liver





50value




4








50in Wistar






4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















4[134




4induced










50value









50value of 18 gkg














50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of




























50value




50of




4induced liver




Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of


















Infections



antioxidant plants


∙ Alcohol

∙ Drugs

∙ Poisonchemicals

∙ Virus

∙ Bacteria

∙ Fungi

∙ Protozoa

∙ Cell death





∙ IFN-120574 uarr

∙ TNF-120572 uarr

∙ ILs uarr











Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

















Limonene

(a)

O OO

Psoralen

(b)

NH

N

OHarmaline

(c)

O

OThymoquinone

(d)

O

ONH

N

N

N

Theophylline

(e)

Bisabolol

HO

(f)

O

Anethole

(g)

OO

OHHO

OCH3 OCH3

Curcumin

(h)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

Quercetin

(i)

O

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

Luteolin

(j)

O

O

O Glu

OH

OH

OH

HO

Hyperin

(k)

O

HO

Sugar

NH

COOHHOOC

Betacyanin

N+

COOminus

(l)

OH

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H2CH

H

H

H

Betulin

(m)

O

O

HOTigogenin

(n)

HO

Taraxerol

(o)

O

O

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

HO

HO

HO

Rutin

(p)

O

O

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H CH3

HO

HO

HO

HO

Bacoside A

(q)

H

H

H

HHO

Beta-sitosterol

(r)

O

OH

H

H

HO

Ursolic acid

(s)






4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















4 Conclusion








References



















































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of































































4-induced
























4






















































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of































































































































































































































































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















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