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RESURRECTED RIVERFRONT Samantha Saunders SP16 Design Thinking Professor | Javier Maroto Teaching Assistant | Allison Mendez Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis

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Spring 2016 Design Thinking Research Topic - Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, Washington University in St. Louis

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  • RESURRECTED RIVERFRONT

    Samantha SaundersSP16 Design Thinking

    Professor | Javier MarotoTeaching Assistant | Allison Mendez

    Sam Fox School of Design & Visual ArtsWashington University in St. Louis

  • Printed and Bound in the United States of America

    2016 Samantha Saunders

    No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author

  • INTRO_1

  • CONTENTS

    INTRODUCTION People and the River

    PREMISE River-City Separation Riverfront Redevelopment - The Citys Perspective Riverfront Redevelopment - The Residents Perspective Reclamation of Old Infrastructure for a New Riverfront

    SITE Location Criteria Site Selection Site Analysis Program Boundaries

    PROGRAM Program Criteria Program Development Site Organization Precedent Studies and Programmatic Processes Programmatic Evolution Over Time

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    INTRO_2

    3

    53

    17

    5

    29

  • Image 1: 1903 flood, St. Louis Riverfront at the future Arch Grounds: Missouri History Museum

    INTRO_3

  • THE PEOPLE AND THE RIVER

    Historically, St. Louis riverfront was devoted to the thriving industry and river commerce that gave birth to the city. As the city developed, layers of infrastructure, including rail lines, the flood wall, and later, the interstate, were adding to work in conjunction with the river economy. In the name of production efficiency, the connection between the river and the city at a human scale was severed. Now, as the industrial needs along the riverfront shift, some areas are left underutilized and uncared for. It is evident that St. Louis residents want to re-inhabit these areas in spite of the obstacles that separate the people and the river. Hints can be spotted along the length of the river: the Riverfront Trail that hugs the flood wall running from the Arch Grounds to the Chain of Rocks Bridge, St. Louis native sculptor, Bob Cassillys Riverfront Plaza and Cementland, as well as less formal interventions like the graffiti and murals that adorn the flood wall and long-abandoned industrial buildings. I find the nature of this reclamation interesting. In each case, there seems to be a desire to embrace the gritty and layered nature of the riverfront. The residents work in an additive way to re-inhabit the rivers edge rather than erase the riverfronts past and start anew. The intent of this research is to take a page from the initiatives already present at the riverfront to inform a redevelopment process that reconnects the people to the river in a way that respects the history and the present state of St. Louiss riverfront and builds off of its existing infrastructure to create an evolving, inhabitable riverfront.

    INTRO_4

  • Terminal Railroad Association rail lines, Initiated 1797

    PREMISE_5

    RIVER-CITY SEPARATION

    Interstate 70, Constructed 1956

    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood wall, Constructed 1954

    Mississippi River, Channelized 1896

    1 : 115000

  • PREMISE_6

    Image 2: St. Louis Redevelopment Corporation RFQ Aerial Exhibit

  • PREMISE_7

    THE PROPOSED RIVERFRONT REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

    The Riverfront Redevelopment Plan, published in October 2015 by the City of St. Louis and the Great Rivers Greenway, proposes to extend the open space system north along the riverfront from the Arch Grounds. The plan includes creation of new street connections and the insertion of new mixed-use programs while maintaining areas of historic industrial significance. The area just north of the Arch grounds would be devided into four districts, identified in the image on the following page: Lacledes Landing District, Lumiere District, the Creative District, and the Innovation district all connected together by a riverfront park that would run between the Arch Grounds and the North Riverfront Trail. Each of these districts would have a distint programatic theme, for example, the Creative District would include a research center as well as a multi-media plaza, while the Innovation district would include live-work spaces and a collaboration park. The plan also included an option for the design for the proposed stadium that was under consideration in 2015. Thedriving theme of the plan is sustainability: environmental, economic, and especially, social sustainability. The plan states: This planning effort has inspired a clear vision of a new vibrant riverfront community that leverages its location and context, builds on its historic past, and promises a sustainable future, regaining St. Louis reputation as a world-class riverfront city. This is the New North Riverfront Plan - sustainable, integrated, urban, inclusive, and mixed-use. It will be an impressive addition to the great neighborhoods of St. Louis.

    (North Riverfront Redevelopment Plan, October 2015, renderings created by Forum Studio)

    Image 3: Underline Park and Creative District, Forum Studio, pg. 80-81

    Image 4: Innovation Park, Forum Studio, pg. 128-129

    Image 5: Energy Plaza, Forum Studio, pg. 98-99

  • LUMIRE DISTRICT

    LACLEDES LANDING DISTRICT

    INNOVATION DISTRICTS

    CREATIVE DISTRICT

    76

    PREMISE_8

    POTENTIAL SHORTFALLS OF THE PLAN

    Heavy reliance on injection of new program / population at a large scale

    While the master plan implements storm water management initiatives and reclaims portions of the floodplain, the still plan includes extensive building within the floodplain.

    The master plan re-imagines the riverfront as a replacement to the existing industrial riverfront at this location rather than working with it.

    Favors tourist-oriented development rather than resident-oriented amenities. This is evident when looking at the location of the bulk of the new plan and its adjacency to the Arch grounds and mainly corporate downtown and separation from residential neighborhoods

    Image 6: Master Plan, Forum Studio, pg. 76

  • PREMISE_9

    The North Riverfront presents a whole host of options and opportunities to better connect our City with one of the worlds greatest rivers. We want residents to imagine exactly what a revitalized riverfront looks like. We welcome their ideas and input as we work to extend the energy of the Arch grounds transformation further north.

    - St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay, in response to the Riverfront Redevelopment Plan

  • PREMISE_10

    THE RESIDENTS HAVE ALREADY IMAGINGED IT . . .

    Image 9: Flood Wall Art on the Riverfront Trail, Great Rivers Greenway

    Image 7: Cotton Belt Mural (photo by author)

    Image 8 Bob Cassillys Riverfront Plaza,Paul Sableman, Exploring St. Louis

  • PREMISE_11

  • PREMISE_12

    Do we want to cling to the idea that you need three sports teams and a slew of corporate boxes to be a world-class city? Or do we cling to the wonderful, the old and the weird? Do we shore up the marvelously strange pockets that make this place so enchanting?

    - Sarah Fenske, Editor in Chief, Riverfront Times

    PRESENT-DAY RIVERFRONT

  • PREMISE_13

    In observing waterfront projects in detail, it is clear that one of the essential elements is the co-presence of numerous activities which, combined in different percentages depending on the cases, gives life to new pieces of city, sometimes marked by an interesting feature entailing complexity. Complexity is a quality that distinguishes the more complete, articulated urban organisms. It is often the outcome of long processes involving successive historic phases and projects implemented in these phases; from this viewpoint, the complexity of the city is a product of intelligent and continuous work of construction, often over many centuries.

    - Rinio Bruttomesso, Complexity on the Urban Waterfront

  • PREMISE_14

    Flood Stage

    Normal River Level

    10

    Cul

    tura

    l Ide

    ntity

    Inhabitable Space

    Proximity to River

    Pre-Colonial

    1867

    1896

    1954

    Present Day

    The flood wall/levee system in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) St. Louis District is part of a larger Upper Mississippi district. USACE has overseen flood protection measures in this district since 1867 when a major levee project was undertaken. In the St. Louis district, many levees were replaced with a flood wall network in 1954. The walls measure 10ft in height and are designed to protect against a 100-year flood.

    (USACE Report: Protecting Society from Flood Damage, A Case Study from the 1993 Upper Mississippi River Flood)

    Today, the flood wall has developed a dual function in St. Louis, serving as an armature for an urban pedestrian trail network, and a canvas for local artists. While the flood wall still presents a barrier to access of the river, it has begun to become an inhabitable space and a display of cultural identity fo the citys residents.

  • PREMISE_15

    Cul

    tura

    l Ide

    ntity

    Inhabitable Space

    Proximity to River

    Inhabitable Space

    Inhabitable Space

    Proximity to River

    Cultural Identity

    Proximity to River

    Proximity to River

    Cultural Identity

    Inhabitable Space

    Inhabitable Space

    Cultural Identity

  • PREMISE_16

    Cul

    tura

    l Ide

    ntity

    Proximity to River

    Inha

    bita

    ble

    Spa

    ce

    Proximity to River

    Proximity to River

    Inhabitable Space

    Cultural Identity

    Inhabitable Space

    Proximity to River

    Proximity to River

    Inhabitable Space

    Cultural Identity

    Inhabitable Space

    Proximity to River

    Cultural Identity

  • SITE_17

  • SITE_18

    SITE

    In considering an appropriate location for possible redevelopment of St. Louis riverfront, three major factors emerge. First, in order to use the riverfronts existing infrastructure as a skeleton for the redevelopment program, the site must be in proximity to that infrastructure, in this case, the floodwall.

    Second, as the goal of the redevelopment is to reconnect St. Louis residents with the river, it is important that the site plugs into an existing or proposed pedestrian path, preferrably one that is capable of bridging barriers like the interstate and rail lines that currently separate residents from the river.

    Third, and most importantly, people need to be present for a program designed to connect people to the river, meaning that a stable or growing neighborhood should be adjacent to the riverfront site.

  • SITE_19

    Hyde Park

    Old North

    Downtown

    West Downtown

    Soulard

    Benton Park

    Iron Horse Trestle

    Riverfront Trail

    Arch Grounds Path

    Floodwall

    Floodwall

    Levee

    1 : 115000

  • SITE_20

    Lacledes Landing Option Chouteaus Landing Option Old North Option

    Supporting Neighborhood Existing Pedestrian Path Floodwall / Levee

  • SITE_21

    1 : 15000

  • SITE_22

    The St. Louis Riverfront Trail follows the Mississippi River on the Missouri side, from the Gateway Arch heading north to the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge. The trail is distinctly urbangritty even, in placespassing among old industrial areas along the river and atop a levee.

    Image 12: Image and quotation from Great Rivers Greenway District, greatriversgreenway.org

    The Trestle, a transformational project being developed by the Great Rivers Greenway District, which has been in the early design and planning phases until now, is looking to move forward with the help and input of the public. The abandoned rail trestle will be transformed into an elevated park. The Trestle project will transform the abandoned Iron Horse Trestle into a 1.5-mile elevated park, spanning from Branch Street to 14th Street in Old North St. Louis. The project will be unique as the only elevated rail park in the world that ties into a comprehensive network of trails and greenways.

    Image 11: Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, onsl.org

    Old North St. Louis, annexed by the City in 1841 was once a densely populated neighborhood that experienced severe de-population between the 1950s and 1980s. In 1981, neighborhood residents established the Old North St. Louis Restoration Group in an effort to save their neighborhood through community outreach programs, physical restoration, and the creation of a new business district. Now, 198 years after the establishment of the village of North St. Louis, 173 years after the annexation of that village into the City of St. Louis, and 33 years after the creation of the Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, the neighborhood is gaining a reputation as a model for effective community-based revitalization.

    Image 10: Image and quotation from Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, onsl.org

    Old North St. Louis Iron Horse Trestle St. Louis Riverfront Trail

  • SITE_23

    1 : 15000

  • SITE_24

    Local Commercial/Office

    Neighborhood Commercial

    Unrestricted

    Industrial

    Multi-Family Residential

    Small Multi-Family Residential

    Single-Family Residential

  • SITE_25

    Flood Stage

    Flooded Area (1993 flood)

    MSD Pump Stations

    MSD Sewer/Stormwater Lines

    1 : 15000

  • SITE_26

    Confluence Academy

    Ames Visual & Performing Arts Elementary School

    Produce Row

    Crown Candy Kitchen

    St. Louis Art Works

    Old Noth St. Louis Restoration

    Urb Arts

    United Fruit & Produce

    Jackson Place Park

    American Timber Salvage

    Ambassador Steel Corp.

    Continental Cement

    Industrial Use

    Community Use

    1 : 15000

  • SITE_27

    1 : 7000

  • SITE_28

    Flood wall to Levee Transition

    Levee to Flood wall Transition

    Trestle Termination

  • PROGRAM_29

  • PROGRAM_30

    PROGRAM

    Based on the nature of the site, I developed the following set of criteria that the program should fulfill:

    1. The program should be flood tolerant/resistant.

    2. It should provide a meaningful connection to the existing pedestrian network at the site.

    3. It should respect the industrial nature of the site. Though the program creates a new type of space, it does not undermine the characteristics and functions of the site.

    4. It should be useful for the adjacent Old North residents and Riverfront Trail users.

    5. It should clean, heal, or protect the land and water at this site in some capacity.

    6. It takes advantage of and adds to the layers of nature, program, and infrastructure of the site.

    7. It is capable of thriving as a single instance along the riverfront, but can also grow or evolve over time.

  • St. Louis riverfront is seen as an area in industrial decline. Industry is changing, and along with it, so is the demand on the Mississippi River. As riverfront industries leave or shrink, a degraded, often unused landscape takes its place. When redevelopment is considered, its tendency is toward erasure of the old to create a blank slate for the new.

    The redevelopment plan for St. Louis riverfront pays homage to its industrial past by keeping the shells of the better-known, better-preserved industrial buildings, but it does not allow the site to remain a truly working riverfront.

    In consideration of a program for my site, I approached the industrial decline as an element in a cycle rather than an end-stage. Decline of one element creates room for the birth of a new element. I began to view potential programmatic elements as a part of this cycle that could develop and evolve over time as riverfront industry continues to decline.

    PROGRAM_31

    ST. LOUIS RIVERFRONT

    Industrial Riverfront Transformation

    New Riverfront

    Decline

    Industrial Riverfront Decline Removal New Riverfront

  • Transformation

    New Riverfront

    PROGRAM_32

    PEOPLE MATERIALS

    Transformation

    Death Disposal

    Life Life

    New LifeNew Life

  • PROGRAM_33

    Cemeteries

    Parks

    Recycling Centers

    Site Organization(Approx. 315,000

    SQFT)

    Recycling Center

    Recycled Art Park

    Artist Studios

    Crematorium

    Memorial Park

    1 : 115000

  • PROGRAM_34

    1 : 7000

    Crematorium

    Memorial Park

    Artist Studio/Space

    Recycling Facility

    Recycled Park

  • PROGRAM_35

    PRECEDENTS: THE CREMATORIUM

    The New Crematorium, Woodland CemeteryEnskede, Sweden 2013Johan Celsing

    The New Crematorium is approximately 3,000 square meters (approximately 32,000SQFT) and is embedded within a heavily wooded area of the Woodland Cemetery. The plan is compact and dense to minimize tree disturbance. The design includes a brick exterior and exposed white concrete was used for the structure of the building. The aim has been to achieve the robust as well as to give a sense of clemency in the interiors.-Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor

    Image 13: New Crematorium Floor Plan, Johan Celsing ArkitektkontorImage 14: Front Entry, Johan Celsing ArkitektkontorImage 15: Detail, Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor

  • THE CREMATION PROCESS

    A series of cremation chambers are located within the furnace room, each sized to accommodate one body at a time. The cremation chambers are lined with high-density fiber brick and are capable of being heated up to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The incinerators inside the chambers are often gas-powered and adjustable. A second flame within the cremation chamber catches dust or small particles before it can be exhausted from the chamber. Some crematoriums are equipped with water sprayers within their stacks that prevent particles from exhausting out into the air. The body is burned within the cremation chamber and then passed through a cremulator that grinds the remains into a powder. The powder is accumulated and given to the family for. Options for burial include: Earth burial, Columbarium (small spaces or niches for housing the urn), scattering, or kept with the family.

    (International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Associations Recommended Cremation Procedures)

    PROGRAM_36

    Cremation Cremulation Accumulation

    Image 16: Section E, Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor

  • Igualada CemeteryBarcelona, Spain 1994Enric Miralles

    Igualada Cemetery was designed with the intent of being a city of the dead where the living and the dead are brought closer together. It is a park for the living as much as it is a resting place for the dead. The design for the structures within the cemetery, including gabion walls, burial plots and an unfinished chapel and monastery, is more of an earthwork than a building.

    Image 17: Igualada Cemetery Site Plan, Miralles - Tagliabue EMBTImage 18: Chapel Entrance, Miralles - Tagliabue EMBTImage 19: Gabion Wall and Columbarium, Miralles - Tagliabue

    PRECEDENTS: THE MEMORIAL PARK

    PROGRAM_37

  • GROWING A MEMORIAL PARK

    PROGRAM_38

    An alternative form of earth burial involves the incorporation of cremated remains with a seed and soil mixture in a bio-degradable urn. Remains are buried and the seed germinates as the urn decomposes, leaving the ashes to help supply nutrients to the seed. The final result is a mature tree at the burial site.

    (Bios Urn)

    Pine Ginkgo Maple Oak Ash Beech

    Image 20: Germination Diagam, Bios Urn

  • PROGRAM_39

    PRECEDENTS: THE RECYCLING CENTER

    East Side Recycling CenterIowa City, Iowa 2012Shive-Hattery

    The 24,000SQFT recycling Center complex consolidated the citys recycling and landfill divisions into one while simultaneously reaching out to the community that it services by including a public educational center in addition to recycling drop off and salvage pick up.

    Image 21: East Side Recycling Center Educational Space, Shive-HatteryImage 22: East Side Recycling Center Exterior, Shive-Hattery

  • Paper: Paper is divided into two grades at the facility: high quality white paper can be recycled into relatively high quality paper, while paper products and cardboard are recycled into lower grade paper like newsprint. The paper is wash to remove inks and glues, and then mixed together as a slurry to be pressed and dried as new paper. The number of times that paper can be recycled is finite as each time paper is made, the plant fibers within the paper shorten.

    Wood: Waste wood can be recycled into other wood products like wood flooring and decking. Waste wood can also be shredded and combined to make wood composites.

    Metal: Metal is sorted into aluminum and steel by magnet. Each type is melted and reformed and cooled repeatedly without degrading.

    Glass: Waste glass is combined with ingredients needed to make new glass and then melted together. Like metals, glass can be recycled repeatedly without degrading.

    Plastic: Waste plastics are sorted by their resin type, and are then shredded. Impurities like paper labels are removed and the plastic shreds are melted and extruded into pellets used in the manufacturing of future products.

    (EPA Recycling Basics)

    PROGRAM_40

    THE RECYCLING PROCESS

  • PRECEDENTS: THE RECYCLED ART PARK

    PROGRAM_41

    Freight and Barrel, 2004, Pittsburgh, PAValerios Hidden Gem, 2009, Arte Sella, ItalyArtist Steven Seigel

    Sculptor Steven Siegel creates accumulations from small elements of a single material elaborately layered and stacked into monolithic forms that often look like boulders or vessels, geological formations or artifacts. The forms are androgynously natural and artificial, found and constructed. Siegel uses recycled materials as a comment on cycles of production and consumption. His work is often embedded within nature to highlight the contrast.

    Image 23: Freight and Barrel, Steven Siegel, Sculpture.orgImage 24: Valerios Hidden Gem, Steven Siegel, Sculpture.org

  • CREATING RECYCLED ART

    Many artists and sculptors use recycled materials of all sorts as the media for their art. Steven Siegel, Das Das Mann, and Karen Cusolito are just a few of the artists that work in this way. In some cases, the use of recycled materials is a commentary on human consumption or waste. In other cases, it is a celebration of the man-made. In any case, the result is the creation of something beautiful or inspiring out of something that had previously been considered spent or useless.

    PROGRAM_42

    Image 25: Scrap Metal Snake, GreenHandSculpture

    Image 26: Scrap Metal Sculpture,Das Das Mann and Karen Cusolito

  • PRECEDENTS: THE WALL

    PROGRAM_43

    Granada WallGranada, Spain2006Antonio Jimenez Torrecillas

    The 40 meter (approximately 130FT) wall intervention closes a gap in the Moorish wall in Granada that has been open since the nineteenth century. The wall was built in the early fourteenth century and the intervention uses an external cladding that is strictly adapted to the existing walls thickness without touching the historical remains. Since the presence of a solid wall is not structurally necessary, the interior of the wall is hollowed and becomes an inhabitable space.

    Image 27: Interior View, Antonio Jimenez Torrecillas StudioImage 28: Exterior View, Antonio Jimenez Torrecillas StudioImage 29: Elevation, Antonio Jimenez Torrecillas Studio

  • PROGRAM_44

    Art Park Space

    Proximity to RiverMemorial Park Space

    Art Park Space

    Proximity to River

    Mem

    oria

    l Wal

    l

    Proximity to River

    Proximity to River

    Artist Space

    Memorial Space

    Memorial Park Space

    Proximity to River

    Art/Memorial Park Space

  • PROGRAM_45

    Degraded Land

    Industrial Use

    Pedestrian Use

    Flood Protection

  • PROGRAM_46

    EVOLUTION OF PROGRAM OVER TIME: EXISTING CONDITION

    Mississippi River

    Aging industrial riverfront with a harsh separation between city and river with a narrow strip of pedestrian space.

  • PROGRAM_47

    Rehabilitated Land

    Remaining Industrial Use

    Pedestrian Use Flood Protection

  • PROGRAM_48

    EVOLUTION OF PROGRAM OVER TIME: YOUNG PROGRAM

    Mississippi River

    Transition of declining industrial riverfront into a new pedestrian landscape, and the development of a softer flood protection system. As the landscape develops, the quality of the soil improves.

  • PROGRAM_49

    Healthy Land

    Remaining Industrial Use

    Pedestrian Landscape Flood Protection

  • PROGRAM_50

    EVOLUTION OF PROGRAM OVER TIME: MATURE PROGRAM

    Mississippi River

    Mature landscape with ample pedestrian space and healthy soil, with the ability to expand and adapt as industry in the area declines.

  • PROGRAM_51

  • PROGRAM_52

    RIVERFRONT RE-IMAGINED

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY_53

    Premise

    Fenske, Sarah. Forget the Rams - St. Louis Will Be Just Fine as a Two-Team Town. Riverfront Times. N.p., 11 Jan. 2016. Web. 21 Mar. 2016. .Forum Studio. North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Rep. St. Louis: Forum Studio, City of St. Louis, Great Rivers Greenway, 2015. Print.Friswold, Paul. Is St. Louis Converting a Train Trestle to Green Space? Riverfront Times. N.p., 05 Apr. 2012. Web. 21 Mar. 2016. .Great Rivers Greenway. Great Rivers Greenway and the City of St. Louis Seeking Feedback For the North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Great Rivers Greenway. N.p., 09 July 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. .Ireson, Ally, and Nick Barley. City Levels. Basel: Birkhauser, 2000. Print.Kapp, Paul Hardin, and Paul J. Armstrong. SynergiCity: Reinventing the Postindustrial City. Urbana: U of Illinois, 2012. Print.Kemp, Roger L. Cities and Water: A Handbook for Planning. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009. Print.Marshall, Richard. Waterfronts in Post Industrial Cities. London: Spon, 2001. Print.Raza, Asim. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. N.p., 2000. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. .Sableman, Paul. Brick Turtle at Riverfront Trail. 2010. St. Louis. Exploring St. Louis - Dignity Harbor. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .St. Louis Development Corporation. Request for Qualifications Exhibit B. 2010. St. Louis. Https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sldc/pro curement.cfm. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.St. Louis Flood 1903. 1903. Missouri History Museum, St. Louis. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.United States. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Hydrologic and Hydraulics Branch, St. Louis District. Protecting Society from Flood Damage a Case Study from the 1993 Upper Mississippi River Flood. By James T. Lovelace and Claude E. Strauser. N.p., 5 June 1996. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. .United States Army Corps of Engineers. Upper Mississippi River System Flow Frequency Study Appendix D (2003): n. pag. Http://www.mvr.usace.army.mil/. Nov. 2003. Web. 01 Feb. 2016.United States. State of Missouri. Department of Transportation. Missouri Interstate History. By Missouri Department of Transportation. N.p., 2013. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. .

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY_54

    Images

    Image 1: St. Louis Flood 1903. 1903. Missouri History Museum, St. Louis. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.Image 2: St. Louis Development Corporation. Request for Qualifications Exhibit B. 2010. St. Louis. Https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/ sldc/procurement.cfm. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.Image 3: Forum Studio. North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Rep. St. Louis: Forum Studio, City of St. Louis, Great Rivers Greenway, 2015. Print. pg. 80-81Image 4: Forum Studio. North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Rep. St. Louis: Forum Studio, City of St. Louis, Great Rivers Greenway, 2015. Print. pg. 128-129Image 5: Forum Studio. North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Rep. St. Louis: Forum Studio, City of St. Louis, Great Rivers Greenway, 2015. Print. pg. 98-99Image 6: Forum Studio. North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Rep. St. Louis: Forum Studio, City of St. Louis, Great Rivers Greenway, 2015. Print. pg 76Image 7: Cotton Belt Mural, North Riverfront, St. Louis. Personal photograph by author. 2015.Image 8: Sableman, Paul. Brick Turtle at Riverfront Trail. 2010. St. Louis. Exploring St. Louis - Dignity Harbor. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 9: Great Rivers Greenway. Riverfront Trail. N.d. St. Louis. Mississippi Greenway. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. .

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY_55

    Site

    Citywide Zoning District Map. Citywide Zoning District Map. City of St. Louis, 20 Apr. 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. .Great Rivers Greenway. Great Rivers Greenway and the City of St. Louis Seeking Feedback For the North Riverfront Open Space and Redevelopment Plan. Great Rivers Greenway. N.p., 09 July 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. .Great Rivers Greenway. Riverfront Trail. N.d. St. Louis. Mississippi Greenway. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. .Missouri Department of Natural Resources. State of Missouri Water Data. N.d. Raw data. Missouri, St. Louis.Thomas, Sean, and Jane Smith. Old North St. Louis Blog Blog Archive Old North Walking Club Ends 2014 Season with a Walk to the Trestle. Old North St Louis Blog - Walk to the Trestle. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Thomas, Sean, and Jane Smith. Springtime in Old North. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group - History. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, 2016. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY_56

    Images

    Image 10: Thomas, Sean, and Jane Smith. Springtime in Old North. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group - History. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, 2016. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. Image 11: Thomas, Sean, and Jane Smith. Old North St. Louis Blog Blog Archive Old North Walking Club Ends 2014 Season with a Walk to the Trestle. Old North St Louis Blog - Walk to the Trestle. Old North St. Louis Restoration Group, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 12: Great Rivers Greenway. Riverfront Trail. N.d. St. Louis. Mississippi Greenway. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. .

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY_57

    Program

    Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas - Muralla Nazari. Alto Albaicin.Granada. Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas. N.p., 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. .Bios Urn. Bios Urn - Biodegradable Urn with Seed. Bios Urn. N.p., 2012. Web. 08 Apr. 2016. .EMBT. EMBT | Enric Miralles - Benedetta Tagliabue | Arquitectes Associats. EMBT | Enric Miralles - Benedetta Tagliabue | Arquitectes Associats. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Environmental Protection Agency. Recycling Basics. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 07 Apr. 2016. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. .International Cemetery, Cremation & Funeral Association. Recommended Cremation Procedures | ICCFA. Recommended Cremation Procedures | ICCFA. N.p., 2008. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. .Heathcote, Edwin. Monument Builders: Modern Architecture and Death. Chichester, West Sussex: Academy Editions, 1999. Print.Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Kroll, Andrew. AD Classics: Igualada Cemetery / Enric Miralles. ArchDaily. N.p., 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Phillips, Patricia C. Sculpture.org. Sculpture.org. N.p., Oct. 2003. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. .Quintana, Lorena. Moorish Wall in Alto Albaicn / Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas. ArchDaily. N.p., 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. .Shive-Hattery. East Side Recycling Center. , Iowa City, Iowa. N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .

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    Image 13: Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. New Crematorium Floor Plan. Digital image. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor - The New Crematorium, Woodland Ceme tery. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 14: Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. New Crematorium, Front Entry. Digital image. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor - The New Crematorium, Woodland Cem etery. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. ..Image 15: Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. New Crematorium, Detail. Digital image. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor - The New Crematorium, Woodland Cemetery. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 16: Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor. New Crematorium Section E. Digital image. Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor - The New Crematorium, Woodland Ceme tery. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 17: EMBT. EMBT | Enric Miralles - Benedetta Tagliabue | Arquitectes Associats. EMBT | Enric Miralles - Benedetta Tagliabue | Arquitectes Associats. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 18: Kroll, Andrew. Igualada Cemetery Image 9 AD Classics: Igualada Cemetery / Enric Miralles. ArchDaily. N.p., 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 19: Kroll, Andrew. Igualada Cemetery Image 10 AD Classics: Igualada Cemetery / Enric Miralles. ArchDaily. N.p., 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 20: Bios Urn. Bios Urn - Biodegradable Urn with Seed. Bios Urn. N.p., 2012. Web. 08 Apr. 2016. .Image 21: Shive-Hattery. East Side Recycling Center Classroom East Side Recycling Center. , Iowa City, Iowa. N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 22: hive-Hattery. East Side Recycling Center Exterior East Side Recycling Center. , Iowa City, Iowa. N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 23: Phillips, Patricia C. Freight and Barrel, 2004, Pittsburgh, PA, Steven Siegel. Digital image. N.p., Oct. 2003. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. .Image 24: Phillips, Patricia C. Valerios Hidden Gem, 2009, Arte Sella, Italy, Steven Siegel. Digital image. N.p., Oct. 2003. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. .Image 25: Kennedy, John, and GreenHandSculpture. Adder. Digital image. N.p., 23 Dec. 2015. Web. 12 Apr. 2016. .Image 26:Cusolito, Karen, and Scott Hess. Ecstasy, 2010. Digital image. Karen Cusolito. N.p., 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. .Image 27: Quintana, Lorena. Muralla Nazari Image 1Moorish Wall in Alto Albaicn / Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas. ArchDaily. N.p., 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. .Image 28: Quintana, Lorena. Muralla Nazari Image 5Moorish Wall in Alto Albaicn / Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas. ArchDaily. N.p., 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. .Image 29: Quintana, Lorena. Muralla Nazari ElevationMoorish Wall in Alto Albaicn / Antonio Jimnez Torrecillas. ArchDaily. N.p., 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. .