responsibility for research and innovation: from ethical ... · responsibility for research and...

44
Responsibility for research and innovation: from ethical issues towards the co- construction of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). Eesti Teadusagentuuri avatud seminar ‘Teadustöö ja eetika’, 31.10.2014 Nordic Hotel Forum, Viru Väljak 3, Tallinn Veikko Ikonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Upload: vodieu

Post on 09-Sep-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Responsibility for research and innovation:from ethical issues towards the co-construction of Responsible Research andInnovation (RRI).

Eesti Teadusagentuuri avatud seminar‘Teadustöö ja eetika’, 31.10.2014Nordic Hotel Forum, Viru Väljak 3, Tallinn

Veikko Ikonen, VTT Technical ResearchCentre of Finland

2230/10/2014

Background (in user studies, ethics and RRI)

Veikko IkonenResearch Team Leader for theHuman-Driven Design andSystem Dynamics –team at VTT,FinlandmmHACS, KEN, ÄES, Mimosa,Nomadic Media, Minami, IHME,Guardian Angels, ETICA andGREAT Satori and ResponsibleIndustryBoard member of CorporateResponsibillty Network FIBS(Finnish Business Society),member of Ethics Committee ofthe Tampere region

Research FocusHuman Driven Design on

Service designSystem dynamics and modelingMarketing & Consumer ResearchResponsible Research andInnovation

Customer baseIndustries: Customers acrossindustries (B2Bm B2C),Manufacturing industry, Energy(renewable), Bio, Wellbeing, Safetyand Security, ICT. Cities, (SHOKs)Customer base: SMEs, Cities andother public organisations, Largecompanies, PPP, Enterprisenetworks, VTT ( Internal customer)Geographical markets: Finland,Europe > Global

330/10/2014 3

VTT – Technology for business

We increase competitiveness of companies bycreating new technology and innovations.We renew industry and create new businessopportunities.We create new knowledge for the purposesof society and political decision making.We help Finland to be a globallyrecognised innovation centre.

OF FINNISHINNOVATIONS

include VTTexpertise.

Source: Roles, effectiveness, andimpact of VTT, VTT & Technopolis

Group, 2013.

430/10/2014 4

Biggest multitechnological appliedresearch organisation in NorthernEuropeServices and the way of work

Cross-disciplinary technological and business expertiseA not-for-profit and impartial research centre

CustomersFinnish and international companies as well as public sectororganisations

Business areas and VTT companies

Knowledge intensive products and servicesSmart industry and energy systemsSolutions for natural resources and environment

VTT Expert Services Ltd (incl. Labtium Ltd)VTT Ventures LtdVTT International Ltd (incl. VTT Brasil LTDA)VTT Memsfab Ltd

ResourcesTurnover 308 M€(2013 VTT Group),personnel 2,900(31.12.2013 VTT Group)Unique researchand testinginfrastructureWide national andinternationalcooperation network

*) Source: Roles, effectiveness, and impactof VTT, VTT & Technopolis Group, 2013.

OF THE MOSTDEMANDING

INNOVATIONSin Finland includeVTT expertise. (*

530/10/2014 5

VTT’s missionVTT produces research and innovation services that enhance theinternational competitiveness of companies, society and othercustomers.

VTT creates the prerequisites for society’s sustainabledevelopment, employment and wellbeing.

6

VTT’s programme portfolio 2014

Spearhead programmes 2014Bioeconomy Transformation – Jussi ManninenProductivity Leap with Internet of Things – Heikki AilistoSmart Mobility Integrated with Low Carbon Energy – Nils-OlofNylund

Innovation Programmes 2014Intelligent Energy GridsMultidisciplinary and Multiscale DesignArctic and Cold Climate SolutionsCritical Technologies Towards 5GPersonalised Health and WellbeingHuman Driven Design – “Design for Life”Safe and Sustainable Nuclear EnergyMineral Economy

730/10/2014 7

RRI - what? -From Ethical issues, InnovationPolicy, Open Science …… to RRI in H2020

Science with Society, Science for Society, Science with andfor….Responsible Research and Innovation”, often abbreviated to“RRI”, is a recent expression that is being used by the EuropeanCommission to denote part of its research and innovationstrategy. The term is being used in EU policies, fundingprograms, funded research project, and increasingly also in theacademic literature, both in Europe and abroad. The term ismeant to refer to approaches to research and innovationthat take into account ethical criteria and societal needs. Afrequently cited definition of RRI is that by philosopher and ECpolicy officer René von Schomberg:

830/10/2014 8

RRI -what?

“Responsible Research and Innovation is a transparent,interactive process by which societal actors and innovatorsbecome mutually responsive to each other with a view tothe (ethical) acceptability, sustainability and societaldesirability of the innovation process and its marketableproducts (in order to allow a proper embedding of scientific andtechnological advances in our society).” (Von Schomberg,2011).“RRI is an inclusive approach to research and innovation(R&I), to ensure that societal actors work together duringthe whole research and innovation process. It aims to betteralign both the process and outcomes of R&I with the values,needs and expectations of European society.” (EuropeanCommission, 2013)

930/10/2014 9

The need to conduct research and innovation more responsibly hasemerged from the discussion of particular issues, e.g. GMOs, nanotech,fracking, people tracking (e.g. camera surveillance, behavioural basedmarketing, physical performance measurement, emotional computing…….), health care applications, cloud computing, robotics, artificial intelligence,quantum computing,How do actors envisage—and importantly, operationalise—a notion of‘responsible innovation’ alongside the twinned and inseparable notion of‘responsible governance’Questions of responsibility in the face of inherent uncertainty, risk,

And unanticipated consequences — the fundamentalcharacteristics and governance challenges ofemergent science and technology — are not new= How to ensure that outcomes resulting from R&Iwill be adequate for society in the long run AND RESPECT ETHICAL PRINCIPLES?

RRI why? - European Context

1030/10/2014 10

GlobalisationCompetitionNeed for flexibilityNeed to justify increased

investment in research and innovation

Grand social challenges

Ethical Concerns from the Public

Increasingly, researchers and policymakers are focusing onreal-time responses to real-time diffusion of technologies intosocieties, in addition to studies concerned with real-timecapture and monitoring of commercialisation and governanceresponses > basic research, applied research andproductization are judged betweentimes

RRI - General Context - Globalisation

1130/10/2014 11

The broader focus on RRI can be realised by focusing ontwo dimensions of the innovation process:

PRODUCTDIMENSION

PROCESSDIMENSION

RRI – Product and Process Dimension

1230/10/2014 12

Products should be evaluated and designed marketed throughout atransparent process (will) have been defined in terms of safety,sustainability (environmental and economical) and societal desirability,and brought about through:

Use of Technology Assessment and TechnologyForesightApplication of Precautionary PrincipleUse of demonstration projects: moving from risk to

innovation governance.respecting fundamental normative principle (legal and

ethical compliance) Charter of CHARTER OFFUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEANUNION

RRI – Product Dimension

1330/10/2014 13

The process dimension posits that the challenge is to arrive at amore responsive, adaptive and integrated management of theinnovation process.Requirements:

a multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of stakeholdersand an inclusive innovation process whereby technical innovators become

responsive to societal needs and societal actors become co-responsible for theinnovation process by a constructive input in terms of defining societaldesirability of products.

These requirements are more likely to be realised through:1. Deployment of Codes of Conduct for Research and Innovation.2. Ethics as a "Design" factor of Technology also in the process3. Deliberative mechanisms for allowing feedback with policymakers:devising models for responsible governance.4. Public debate. (also for decision not just consultation)

RRI – Process Dimension

1430/10/2014 14

TechnologiyAssessment

PrecautionaryPrinciple

Normative/ethical

principles todesign

technology

InnovationGovernance

PublicEngagement

RRI – Implementation in Europe

1530/10/2014 15

Ethics and research > RRI

ETHICS OF RESEARCH:• DOING THE RESEARCH (Good scientific practice and

procedures for handling misconduct and fraud in science)• RIGHTS OF THE PARTICIPANTS(how participants and the datacollected from them shouldbe handled)ETHICS OF OBJECTIVE/DESIGN:

• REQUIREMENTS OFEQUIPMENT/PRODUCT

• REQUIREMENTS OFSERVICE SYSTEM

• SECURITY OF INFORMATION

1630/10/2014 16

Main questions for RD or RRI discussion?

Who (or what) is designing your future/everyday life?Identificatiion of stakeholders - Who are the decision makers?Industry, policy makers, citizens?What are their ambitions/goals/intentions and what is behind inthose?How design decisions are justified – on what grounds?What kind of systems are designed (user interface –task – localservice system - global ecosystem)Do we go to the global level?What is Responsible Research and Innovation?Is Human-Driven Design an answer for some of the questions?

1730/10/2014 17

RRI and academia and Industry – currentbuzzwords

Technology and ethics > academic approachResearch, science, innovation, business ethics > reputationbuilding or being honestly good?Ecological thinking > environmental policies > avoiding hazardsSustainability (social, economical, environmental) > policy andbusiness approach, but also research aproachEthical design, Ethics by Design > humanistic design approachGreen – growth, clean tech > business opportunitiesCorporate social responsibility > reputationEthical consumption > looking for new markets, customer insight

1830/10/2014 18

Why sustainability, why RRI?

19

RRI as an Empowering activity

2030/10/2014 20

What is needed to ”do” RRI?:

AnticipationInclusionResponsivenessReflextivity (reflexsive learning)Transparency

(e.g. Owen et al., Sutcliffe)

• The Engagement,• Open Access,• Gender Equality,• Ethics,• Science Education• Governance(HORIZON 2020, EU)

• Anticipate,• Reflect,• Engage• and Act(EPSRC, UK)

2130/10/2014 21

The History of Ethics in Research andInnnovation and RRI - from our point of view

Participatory design approach (from 60s)UCD/HCD appraoch was broaden from UI design to the designof technological environment and servicesDesign for All, Inclusive design approachesEthical issues in our work in some level and several technologydevelopment projects with industry where ethical issues hasbeen emphasised (mmHACS (OY): MultiMedia HomeAid Communication System (1998-2001) – ethical guidelines / expert based

KEN: Key Usability and Ethical Issues in Navi –program (2000-2002) - ethical guidelines / expert basedECG: Ethical Computing Group (2003-) – VTT’s network to support researchers when confronting critical/ethical issuesEASE, Ecological Approach to Smart Environments – Good Smart Environment – expert based /more general assessment frameworkNEAT (Jaana Leikas),report on ethics, aging and technologyEU -projects (Nomadic Media, Mimosa, Minami, ETICA 2009-2011 Goldenworkers, Guardian Angels 2011 -): ethical issues identified, EABDfA: Design for All -networkRegional ethics committees for the social sciences and humanities)

> now more holistic view called RRIRRI is key concept for EU’s HORIZON 2020

2230/10/2014 22

Implemantion of RRI - MINAmI ethicalprinciples on different levels of the society

Individualuser

Other people involved

Organisations and society

Privacy

Autonomy

Integrity and dignity

Reliability

Reliability

E-inclusion

Role of thetechnology in thesociety

http://www.fp6-minami.org

23

24

Guardian Angels - Ethical principles from MINAmIproject as the starting point

25

Guardian Angels - Ethical principles from MINAmIproject as the starting point

2630/10/2014 26

Human-Driven Design as an approach for RRI-Design for life research background at VTT

VTT has wide human-driven researchcompetence, distributed in severalresearch teams at VTT.

Human-driven research teams at VTThave identified common researchdrivers. By orchestrating VTT’scompetences to solve the commonchallenges, we can create world classsolutions.

Design for life research activities cover differentresearch areas at VTT

• Systems engineering• Business and technology management• Organisations, networks and innovation systems• Systems research• Smart interaction solutions• Digital service research• Technologies and services for buildings• Transport and logistics systems

2730/10/2014 27

Design for life innovation programme

Design anddevelopmentof socio-technicalsystems

Co-innovationand co-design

Futurecontexts ofliving andworking

Userexperienceand value inuse

Design

Innovation

Business

Organization

2830/10/2014 28

Design for life objectives

Competitive advantage and better productivity by taking human well-being and values as the driving forces

Empowering people to influence their living and working environments.

Finding solutions to big societal challenges together

Enabling human control of complexity

2930/10/2014 29

Design for life challenges -Four areas that need renewal

Understanding future consumers and their contexts of living andworking as well as value and impacts of technology. Consumer studiesmust be more foresight oriented to support the design of futureservices.Coping with complexity by developing systemic approaches andshared methods to design, based on understanding theinterdependencies between technologies and social practices.Utilising the innovation potential of users and other stakeholders asco-design partners by developing understanding of the collaborativeprocesses of knowledge creation and innovation.Creating the organizational mindset for user experience drivenbusiness. Utilizing the full potential of user experience requireschanging the mindset of the whole organization in addition to adoptinguser experience driven design practises.

3030/10/2014 30

Understanding future consumers/citizens

Research in this area includes three perspectives:Consumer understanding: Research that aims to understandingconsumer activity, culture and valuesForesight activities that aim to capture impacts of societal andtechnological transformation on consumer behaviour and values inthe futureReflective approaches that address consumer behaviour,innovation and technology design from the viewpoint of ethics,responsibility and sustainability.

3130/10/2014 31

Research needs for Understanding futureconsumer/citizen

Creating a knowledge pool of future consumer behaviour, valuesand cultures in contexts of living and workingApplying foresight methods to capture impacts of technologyand societal transformation on consumer behaviour. Thisknowledge can be used to inspire design, development andbusiness from the angle of human well-being.Understanding human activity to identify and frame unsolved

problems. We shall gather, integrate and analyse researchknowledge which reveals future challenges for organisations totackle in a proactive manner.

3230/10/2014 32

Coping with complexity in design

Complex socio-technical systems are everywhere in the modern society: theentirety of the healthcare system, the food chain “from farm to fork”, energysystems, emergency services, global service business etc.Complexity is an intrinsic feature of these systems, especially due to theneeds for:

balancing between multiple global challenges like well-being, safety,security, environmental and social sustainabilityadapt to situational variations in the operative environment, i.e. thesystems need to be resilientbuilding ecologies of systems: they are systems of systems that aredeveloping both based on design activities and by usage practices

For a large part, the complex socio-technical systems of today are notdesigned per se. Instead, they emerge in an interplay of differentstakeholders developing their own parts of the system. Thus the systemicentity, the complex whole, may remain completely un-designed and thus itsfunctioning may become ambiguous or unpredictable.

3330/10/2014 33

Research needs for Coping with complexity indesign

Systemic design practice which understands theinterdependencies between technologies and social practicesUnderstanding human activity, decision-making and use of toolsin real-life situations, and development of appropriateethnographic and experimental methodsMethods and practices of developing perspectives of socio-technical transformations and their long term impacts

3430/10/2014 34

Innovation through co-design

Since products and services are more and more tied together inbigger service ecosystems, companies cannot survive in thecompetitive markets without collaborating with otherstakeholders. Co-design refers to collaborative design activitieswith customers or other stakeholders across the whole span ofthe design process.Users are the experts of their everyday life and can thereforebring new insights into the innovation process and increasedesigners’ understanding of real user needs and desires. Earlyuser involvement reduces costs later and leads to better useracceptance of new products and services. Co-design also helpsin creating a closer relationship with customers.For companies, it is challenging to find the customer innovatorsand establish links with them in a cost-effective manner. Userparticipation in the global context is a particular challenge.

ResponsibleInnovation throughco-design > co-constructionof approach

3630/10/2014 36

Companies bring theiremployees and partnersinto collaborativeworkshops

Consumersparticipate inservice development

Citizens develop theirliving environmenttogether with themunicipality

What is co-design?

Involving differentstakeholders in theinnovation anddesign processesof new products,services andprocesses.

Examples:

3730/10/2014 37

VTT’s co-design spaces:..\..\HDDDFLHTI\videot\VTT_-_co-design_video_(25fps_1080p).mov

Owela Ihme HTI Design Lab

Work in the wild lab Usability lab Perception lab Neurosensing lab

3830/10/2014 38

Why co-design?

Co-design helps to identify new strategicbusiness possibilities, improveexisting services and optimize internalprocesses.Co-design gives you deeper understandingof customers’ needs and wishes.Co-design helps you catch the good ideasthat can come from everywhere.Co-design in the early phases of the innovation process helps to avoidcostly re-designs later.Thanks to digital technologies, co-design is easier and cheaper than everbefore.Collaboration brings closer relationship with customers, who become morecommitted to your services.

3930/10/2014 39

Responsible co-design – HDD approach

We characterise HDD as follows: the human-driven designapproach1) takes a human and social view to users of technology asindividuals and members of human social groups, such asfamily, organisation or community, and as consumers2) is responsible in terms of being aware of human, societaland ethical values related to a particular design and reflectingthem in the design in order to make the technology support well-being and activities of people as well as sustainability (social,environmental and economic) > RRI

4030/10/2014 40

Responsible co-design - HDD3) is collaborative in terms of utilising and promoting participatory

and collaborative design methods to promote equality indesign process and design outcomes and to ensuresuccessful design outcomes by means of deep understandingof the user’s needs, values and circumstances

4) is future-oriented: the core of HDD is to design concepts forthe needs of future sustainable society. The concepts stronglylean on emerging technologies but are formulated by insightof societal phenomena, demands for business solutions andsustainable development, acquired by e.g. foresight methods

AIM IS A HOLISTIC VIEW TO THE DEVELOPMENT, NOTALONE BUT TOGETHER WITH OTHERS

4130/10/2014 41

Some points for discussion

RD is required throughout the product life cycle.Theoretical, laboratory and contextBy means of a holistic perspective we can consider the challenges,threats and opportunities in advance when designing newtechnologies and services for our future everyday environments.General guidelines (checklist) never manage to cover all issuesbecause there are also application-specific issuesThrough thorough discussion and communication we canunderstand better other stakeholder’s viewpoint and build togetherbest possible solutions > empowering/deliberative design practise> co-construction of RRI approachIncluding RRi perspective means also increased quality assurance

4230/10/2014 4242

BASIC STATEMENT(S) FOR RRI?The society should make use of the technologyso that it increases the quality of life and does

not cause harm to anyoneMelvin Kranzberg's (1986) first law of

technology ”Technology is neither good norbad; nor is it neutral”

4330/10/2014 43

Thank you! Q&AAcknoledgements:

GREAT: Philippe Goujon, Robert Gianni, John Pearson,Marketta Niemelä, Mika Nieminen………DFL: Eija Kaasinen et al.RI: Bernd Stahl, Jaana Leikas et al.And many others

44

TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESSRESPONSIBILITY FORRESEARCH ANDINNOVATION Contact:

[email protected]