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2/7/2018 1 Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice February 2018 Disclosures I have no disclosures.

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Page 1: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

1

Respiratory Viral Infections

Jennifer Babik, MD, PhDAssociate Clinical ProfessorDivision of Infectious Diseases, UCSF

Infectious Diseases in Clinical PracticeFebruary 2018

Disclosures

I have no disclosures.

Page 2: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

2

Learning Objectives

By the end of this talk, you will be able to:

1. Recognize the key epidemiologic, clinical, and radiologic features of influenza and its complications.

2. Describe the different diagnostic tests, antiviral options, and vaccines available for influenza

1. Recognize the salient features and treatment options for the other common respiratory viruses.

Road Map

Influenza 

Epidemiology and vaccines (current season)

Clinical, Diagnosis, Treatment

Other Respiratory Viruses

RSV

Parainfluenza

Human metapneumovirus

Adenovirus

Rhinovirus

Page 3: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

3

Influenza

From the Italian word meaning “influence” because it was thought that the stars and planets caused and controlled diseases

Fort Riley, Kansas, during the 1918 pandemic

Current Flu Season 

Page 4: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

4

How Bad is It Really?: Outpatient ILI Activity

Influenza Hospitalizations (All Ages) 

Week ending Jan 20

2017‐18

2014‐15

2016‐17

2013‐14

2009‐10

2015‐16

MMWR week

Rate per 100,000

Highest rates in those >65 years (as is true for most seasons)

Page 5: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

5

Influenza Mortality

2013‐14 2014‐15 2015‐16 2016‐17 2017‐18

Epidemic

Seasonal baseline 

% All Deaths Due to PNA/Influenza

Flu is Still Widespread (Less so in Hawaii!)

CDC Fluview, 2017‐2018 Influenza Season Week 3 ending January 20, 2018.

Page 6: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

6

H3N2 is the Predominant Subtype This Year

Number positive specimens

*H3N2‐predominant seasons are associated with more severe illness, higher mortality

Vaccine effectiveness usually 40‐50% and varies based on predominant circulating subtype

CDC/IDSA: Do not use in decisions re: diagnosis or empiric treatment

Vaccine Effectiveness

CDC, Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness, 2005‐2017. Harper et al, Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1003. 

Page 7: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

7

Vaccine Effectiveness by Subtype

Based on a meta‐analysis 2004‐2015:

Influenza B 54%

Seasonal H1N1 67%

Pandemic H1N1 61%

H3N2 33% (good match), 23% (poor match)

Why lower for H3N2? 

Antigenic drift and egg‐adapted changes in H3N2 viruses are more likely to result in antigenic changes 

Belongia et al, Lancet ID 2016, 16:942. 

What is the Vaccine Effectiveness This Year?  

Is it 10%? This was an Australian interim estimate against H3N2 circulating there

CDC anticipates circulating H3N2 viruses are more similar to those from last season here (VE was 32%)

CDC will issue an interim vaccine effectiveness estimate later in the season

CDC, Frequently Asked Flu Questions 2017‐2018 Influenza Season, January 30, 2018.

Page 8: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

8

Why Get a Flu Shot Even in Poor Match Years?

CDC models: 10% efficacy in elderly prevents 13K admissions

May be effective in preventing severe illness/complications 

Often more effective against other subtypes

Harper et al, Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1003. Flannery et al, MMWR January 16, 2015.  Arriola et al, J Infect Dis 2015, 212:1200.

Influenza Vaccines 2017‐18 in Brief

Flu vaccine for all people >6 months old

Only injectable flu vaccines, with no recommendation on one injectable over the other

No live attenuated influenza vaccine given concerns about poor efficacy

What about the high dose vaccine for the elderly? CDC/ACIP have no preference for one vaccine over the other

Most important thing is to just get any flu shot

Does induce stronger Ab response, provide better protection

CDC, Fluzone High‐Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, December 14, 2017.DiazGranados et al, NEJM 2014. 

Page 9: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

9

Case #1

96 y/o F with COPD is admitted in March with 1 day of SOB, wheeze. No fevers or myalgias. She got the flu vaccine, and her son has a URI.

Afebrile, HR 125, BP 90/60. WBC 11, lactate 6.

What is your suspicion for influenza given lack of fever?

How Common is Fever in Influenza in the Elderly?

1. 10%

2. 35%

3. 60%

4. 90%

Page 10: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

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Classic Influenza Illness Script

Incubation: 1‐3 days

Symptoms: acute onset of fever, cough, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, myalgias

Symptom duration: 3‐5 days 

Uyeki, NEJM 2014; 370: 789.

But What is the Data?

All patients

Sensitivity   Specificity  

Fever 75%  50%

Cough 90% 20%

Fever and cough

65%  65%

Call et al, JAMA 2005; 293:987. 

Patients >60 years old

Sensitivity   Specificity  

35% 90%

70%  70%

30% 95%

Key point: Fever, fever+cough less sensitive but more specific in elderly

What about other symptoms? Myalgia, chills, headache, sore throat, congestion: not sensitive or specific

Page 11: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

11

Making a Clinical Diagnosis is Hard!

In the ER/inpatient setting, the sensitivity of a provider’s clinical diagnosis for flu is only ~30‐35%

Dugas et al, Am J Emerg Med 2015, 33:770. Miller et al, J Infect Dis 2015, 212:1604.

Influenza in Immunocompromised Hosts

Classic symptoms less likely

More likely to have: Need for hospitalization

Need for intubation

Higher mortality

Longer viral shedding:

Median 8 vs 5 days

But 15% of ICH patients can shed for prolonged periods (>30 days)

Memoli et al, Clin Infect Dis 2014, 58:214. Ison, Influenza and Other Respir Viruses 2013, 7 Suppl 3: 60.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

ICH non‐ICH

Shedding (median days)

Page 12: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

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Case #1 Continued

Rapid influenza PCR positive for influenza A H3N2

Is this severe influenza pneumonia or does she have a bacterial co‐infection? Her vitals: afebrile, HR 125, BP 90/60. WBC 11, lactate 6.

This Patient’s Sepsis is Most Likely Related To:

1. Primary influenza pneumonia

2. Secondary bacterial pneumonia

3. Could be either

Page 13: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

13

Primary Influenza Pneumonia

Occurs in ~40% of those hospitalized with influenza

A severe illness!

20% present with sepsis 

10% present with shock

50% admitted to the ICU

40% require mechanical ventilation

25% develop ARDS

20% mortality

Jain et al, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1221. Rice et al, Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1487.

Primary Influenza PNA: CXR Findings

Infiltrates are:

Bilateral 60‐70%

Unilateral 30‐40%

Consolidations in 75‐90%

Interstitial thickening 60%

8% have a normal CXR

Jain et al, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1221. Jartti et al, Acta Radiologica 2011, 52: 297. Jain  et al, N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1935. Agarwal et al, AJR 2009, 193: 1488.

Page 14: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Chest CT in Influenza PNA: 3 Patterns

Kang et al, J Comput Assist Tomogr 2012, 36:285.

GGO predominant   Consolidations+GGO

Centrilobular nodules+GGO

Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Likely responsible for most of the deaths from the 1918 pandemic

How common is it now?

<3% of all cases of influenza

10% of all inpatients 

20‐30% of critically ill or deaths

MMWR 2009, 58:1. Jain et al, CID 2012, 54:1221. Jain  et al, NEJM 2009, 361:1935. Rice et al, Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1487. Morens et al, J Infect Dis 2008; 198:962.

Page 15: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

15

Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia: Presentation

Classic: 

Period of improvement  recurrence                                  of symptoms 4‐7 days later

Reality:

Present on ~day 5 of illness without a period of improvement

Presentation indistinguishable from severe influenza pneumonia (no difference in symptoms, CXR, labs)

MMWR 2009, 58:1. Jain et al, CID 2012, 54:1221. Jain  et al, NEJM 2009, 361:1935. Rice et al, Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1487.

Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia: Etiology

Predominantly colonizers of the nasopharynx:

S. pneumoniae ~40‐50%

S. aureus ~30‐40% ( in critically ill)

Group A Streptococcus 5‐25%

Others: 

H. influenzae, other GNRs

Atypicals: Mycoplasma, Legionella

Chertow and Memoli, JAMA 2013, 309:275. MMWR 2009, 58:1. Jain et al, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1221. Jain  et al, N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1935. Rice et al, Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1487.

Page 16: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

16

Influenza vs Bacterial PNA?

The problem: 

Severe influenza PNA and secondary bacterial PNA look the same

How to approach giving antibacterials?

If severely ill  empiric ABx while cultures pending

When to stop?

Cultures negative (before ABx)

Low suspicion for bacterial infection (negative or minimal changes on CXR)

Influenza and Myocardial Infarction

Increased risk (6x) of MI in the week following influenza

True to a lesser extent for other respiratory viruses

Other studies have shown similar results

Mechanism: ?acute inflammation, increased demand

Kwong et al, NEJM 2018.

Page 17: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Case #1 Continued

She was treated with 2 days Abx (d/c’d when blood cultures were negative) and oseltamivir.

Tenuous clinically but recovered fully, still doing well as an outpatient.

Case #2

A 35 year old man is admitted in January with 3 days of fever, cough and progressive respiratory distress. 

Rapid influenza antigen test in the ED is negative.

Page 18: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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What is the Sensitivity of the Rapid Antigen Tests?

1. <25%

2. 30‐50%

3. 50‐70%

4. >90%

Diagnostic Tests for Influenza

Rapid Antigen Testing

POCT in clinics, ERs

~50‐70% sensitive

>90% specific

Cannot be used to exclude influenza during flu season

New more stringent FDA requirements 1/2018

Molecular Assays

~95% sensitive and specific

Test of choice

Some assays can determine: Influenza A vs B

Influenza A subtypes (seasonal H1N1, seasonal H3N2, pandemic H1N1)

Harper et al, Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1003. CDC, Influenza Symptoms and the Role of Laboratory Diagnostics, 2011.

Page 19: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Which Patients Should Be Tested?

Outpatients

Patients with high‐risk conditions who will be considered for antiviral therapy

Inpatients

All inpatients with an influenza‐like illness or pneumonia

Remember that not all patients with influenza will have fever (elderly, immunocompromised)

Case #2 Continued

Nasopharyngeal swab was positive by PCR for influenza A (seasonal H3N2).

He was treated with oseltamivir and slowly recovered.

Page 20: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

2/7/2018

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Case #3

A 34 y/o woman 28 weeks pregnant is admitted in January with 5 days of fever, cough, SOB and now has severe hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring intubation and 100% FiO2.

Febrile to 38.1˚C, WBC 15

Nasopharyngeal swab for influenza PCR is negative

Should You Stop Empiric Oseltamivir?

1. Yes, it’s a great test

2. No, wait for a lower tract sample

Page 21: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Diagnosis: Samples

Upper tract samples:

NP swab is optimal method

Note that shedding  after 5 days

If critically ill: collect upper and lower tract samples

Lower tract samples (BAL, mBAL, trach aspirate) can be positive even after upper tract viral shedding has stopped

If high suspicion: do not stop empiric therapy until lower tract sample is negative

Harper et al, Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1003. CDC, Influenza Symptoms and the Role of Laboratory Diagnostics, 2011. Irving et al, Clin Med Res 2012, 10:215.

Case #3 Continued

Empiric oseltamivir was continued while awaiting a lower tract sample

Mini‐BAL was PCR positive for influenza A (pandemic H1N1)

But wait, she’s had symptoms for 5 days…should she still be treated?

Page 22: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Would You Continue Her Antivirals?

1. No antivirals (she is out of the treatment window)

2. Oseltamivir 75mg PO bid x 5 days

3. Oseltamivir 150mg PO bid x 10 days

4. Zanamavir 10mg inhaled bid x 5 days

M2 Inhibitors

Amantadine, rimantidine

Influenza A only

Widespread resistance

Matrix proteins(M1 and M2)

Antivirals

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir

Influenza A and B

Drugs of choiceX

Page 23: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Neurominidase Inhibitors

Drug Adult dosage  Contraindications AdverseEffects

Oseltamivir 75mg PO bid x 5 d(renally dose)

None Nausea/vomiting

Zanamivir 10mg INH bid x 5 d Resp disease (asthma, COPD),cannot use ifintubated

BronchospasmCough

Peramivir 600mg IV x 1   None Diarrhea  

Efficacy of Oseltamivir in Outpatients

Consistent across RCTs:  symptoms by ~24 hours  

Conflicting data on PNA, hospitalizations, mortality

Observational studies:  in PNA, hospitalizations

2014 Cochrane: no effect on PNA, hospitalizations, death

2015 meta‐analysis (best data):  PNA, hospitalizations

Kaiser et al, Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1667. Jefferson et al, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008965. Kelley and Cowling, Lancet 2015, Jan 29. Dobson et al, Lancet 2015, Jan 29.

Page 24: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Timing of Oseltamivir in Healthy Outpatients

Most RCT participants had symptoms for ≤ 48h

48h cutoff b/c replication usually controlled by this point

The earlier therapy is started  the greater the effect

Treatment up to 72 hours?

RCT (kids):  symptoms by ~1 day and  viral shedding 

Jefferson et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012.  Fry et al, Lancet Infect Dis, 2014, 14:109. Aoki et al, J Antimicrob Chemother2003, 51:123.

Is Outpatient Oseltamivir Cost‐Effective?

Yes…assuming there is a benefit in preventing influenza complications and hospitalizations

Talbird et al, Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2009; 66:469. 

Page 25: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Guidelines in Outpatients: Who to Treat?

All outpatients at high risk for influenza complications (irrespective of time of symptom onset) ≥ 65 years  

Chronic pulm, CV, renal, hepatic, heme, neuro/developmental, and metabolic disorders (including diabetes)

Immunocompromised

Pregnant or postpartum (within 2 weeks after delivery)

American Indians/Alaska Natives

Morbidly obese (BMI ≥40)

Residents of chronic care facilities

Can consider in healthy outpatients if <48h

CDC Guidelines 2017, SFDPH guidelines 2017.

Timing of Oseltamivir in Inpatients

Treatment of inpatients at <48hrs of symptoms:

mortality by 50‐65%  

But >40% of pts hospitalized with influenza present at >48h

Multiple studies show a mortality benefit at >48hrs, even out to 5 days

But earlier is better:

Earlier treatment  lower mortality

Earlier treatment in elderly  shorter LOS, less need for SNF

Lee and Ison, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55:1205. Viasus et al, Chest 2011, 140:1025. Muthuri et al, J Infect Dis 2013, 207:553. Chaves et al, Clin Infect Dis 2015, 61:1807.

Page 26: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Time of Treatment, Days after Symptom Onset

Timing of Rx: Better Late than Never

75

58

88 8984

76 73 71 69 6660

68 65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% Survival 

*

* * *

* **

Louie J CID 2012; 55: 1198‐204 

*p <.05

Time of Treatment, Days after Symptom Onset

Timing of Rx: Better Late than Never

75

58

88 8984

76 73 71 69 6660

68 65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% Survival 

*

* **

* **

Louie J CID 2012; 55: 1198‐204 

*p <.05

Page 27: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Guidelines in Inpatients: Who to Treat?

All inpatients with influenza irrespective of time of symptom onset. 

For suspected cases, treat as early as possibly and do not delay therapy while awaiting lab confirmation.

CDC Guidelines 2015, SFDPH guidelines 2015.

Duration of Therapy

5 days in most cases

Can consider a longer course (e.g. 10 days) based on severity of illness and repeat RVP testing of lower respiratory tract samples

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Peramivir (IV)

FDA approved 2014 for adults with uncomplicated influenza and symptoms <48hrs

When to use?  

Any concerns for GI absorption of oseltamivir

Note: limited data that oseltamivir is well absorbed in obese and critically ill patients including those on CRRT and ECMO

How to dose?

FDA approved for a single dose in uncomplicated influenza

UCSF guidelines: 5 days?

Whitley et al, Antivir Ther 2014, Oct 15 Epub. Kohno et al, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54:4568. de Jong et al, ClinInfect Dis 2014, 59:e172.

Influenza Treatment: Take‐Home Points

Who to treat? Outpatients: All patients at high risk of complications.

Inpatients: All inpatients 

For these high risk groups, treat irrespective of duration of symptoms, as early as possible, do not delay Rx while awaiting lab confirmation.

Which drug? Oseltamivir: drug of choice for most patients

Zanamivir: only if no COPD/asthma and not intubated

Peramivir: if need an IV option

How long? 5 days for most

Consider 10 days based on severity of illness and repeat PCR testing

Page 29: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Case #3 Continued

After 10 days her influenza PCR is still positive. You decide to treat her for an additional 7 days since she is critically ill. However, she remains critically ill and her PCR continues to be positive.

What is Your Next Step?

1. Change to IV oseltamivir

2. Start vancomycin and cefepime

3. Change to inhaled zanamavir

4. Send to the DPH for resistance testing

Page 30: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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What If My Patient Doesn’t Get Better?

Consider oseltamivir resistance 

Especially critically ill or immunocompromised pts who may shed for weeks 

Send to DPH or CDC

Rare (<1‐2% of isolates over last 2 years)

If concerned for resistance  IV zanamivir available via urgent EIND approval from GSK and the FDA

Consider whether PO absorption is adequate  if not, use IV peramivir

Case #4

A 75 y/o M no known lung disease is admitted in December for a “COPD exacerbation” due to SOB and wheezing. 

He is afebrile with a normal CXR. 

Steroids are started but he doesn’t improve after 2 days. 

Page 31: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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He most likely has:

1. Adenovirus

2. RSV

3. Parainfluenza‐3

4. Cytomegalovirus

Rapid‐Fire Respiratory Viruses

Brief word on epidemiology

RSV

Parainfluenza

Human metapneumonvirus

Adenovirus

Rhinovirus

Page 32: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Respiratory Viruses are Common!

Most common viruses isolated (in order):1. Rhinovirus2. Influenza, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, RSV, coronavirus3. Adenovirus

Jain et al, NEJM 2015, 373:415. Shorr et al, Resp Med 2017, 122:76. Micek et al, Chest 2016, 150:1008.

No pathogen62%

Viral22%

Bacterial11%

Coinfection5% CAP

No pathogen

54%Viral23%

Bacterial23%

HAP

Respiratory Virus Seasonality

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Influenza

RSV

Coronavirus

Human Metapneumovirus

Adenovirus

Rhinovirus

Parainfluenza‐3

Page 33: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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RSV in Adults

Clinical: 

Wheezing and dyspnea more common than flu

URI accounts for majority of disease overall

Mortality in elderly can approach 10%

Cesario, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55:107. Lee et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1069. Lee et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1069. 

RSV in Immunocompromised Patients

HSCT: 

30‐40% of patients with URI progress to LRTI

Mortality rates of up to 70‐80% 

Late airflow decline, bronchiolitis obliterans

Solid organ transplant: overall better outcomes

Lung transplants highest risk 

Up to 20% mortality, up to 60% bronchiolitis obliterans

Cesario, Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55:107. Lee et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1069. Lee et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1069. 

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80

50

24

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

No Rx Ribavirin Ribavirin +Immunomod

Mortality

Treating RSV PNA in Immunocompromised

Shah and Chemaly, Blood 2011. Khanna et al, CID 2008. Kim et al Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007. 

68

25

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

No Rx Ribavirin Ribavirin +Immunomod

Progression from to LRTI

Immunomodulator = IVIG

Ribavirin

Synthetic guanosine nucleoside analogue that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Available in 3 forms:

Aerosolized: previously standard of care  Toxicity: Bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea

Isolation: Teratogenic, HCW precautions

IV: poor outcomes in older studies, toxicity  hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

Oral: what we use at UCSF, watch for hemolytic anemia

Marcelin et al,  TID 2014

Page 35: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Who to Treat?

Our protocol: oral ribavirin + IVIG for 2 weeks

Which syndrome?: 

In general we only treat pneumonia 

We only treat URI in HSCT patients <1 mo from transplant

Which patients:

HSCT, heme malignancy, solid organ transplant patients

Extrapolate to other types of immunocompromise?

Parainfluenza

PIV‐3 most common in adults (PIV‐1, PIV‐2  croup in kids)

Clinical:  Fever, cough, SOB, wheeze

URI, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, PNA

Can be severe in immunocompromised

No treatment clearly effective  HSCT : No benefit with ribavirin in 2 retrospective studies

Solid organ transplant: some case reports of success with ribavirin, but no controls

Marx et al, Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:134. Ustun Biol BMT 2012; Nichols Blood 2001

Page 36: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Human Metapneumovirus

Clinical:

40‐70% are asymptomatic 

URI symptoms, cough, wheeze 

Usually afebrile

Can be severe, especially in                                                     high risk populations

Treatment: 

Case reports of ribavirin + IVIG (like for RSV) in transplant patients

Walsh et al, Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:2489.

Adenovirus

Can cause severe PNA in ICH host, rarely in immunocompetent

Classic features of adenovirus infection (pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, rash, diarrhea) may be absent

Louie et al, Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:421. Clark et al, J Med Case Rep 2011, 5:259. Pabbaraju et al, J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:3056.

Diagnosis:

Some resp viral PCR assays only ~60% sensitive for adenovirus

If high suspicion, also send serum PCR ( sensitivity)

Treatment: can consider cidofovir

Page 37: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Rhinovirus

“Common cold”

Often detected in CAP/HAP but pathogenicity unclear

May predispose to bacterial superinfection

HSCT patients with rhinovirus have similar outcomes as those without

Treatment: supportive

Jacobs et al, Transpl Infect Dis 2013, 15:474.  Abandeh et al, Bone Marrow Transplantation 2013, 1.

Take‐Home Points

1. The flu vaccine is usually 40‐50% effective (and lower for H3N2) but even when low, you should still recommend it!

2. Influenza pneumonia is common and can be severe

3. POCT rapid antigen test cannot rule out influenza given low sensitivity 

4. Treat all inpatients with influenza irrespective of time of symptom onset

5. Other respiratory viruses are common in CAP and HAP

Page 38: Respiratory Viral Infections - UCSF CME · Respiratory Viral Infections Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD Associate Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF Infectious Diseases

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Thank You!

Questions?