Applied Anatomy & Physiology

• Presented By:-• Sanjeev Kumar 012015• Swapnil Rathore 012025• Mayur Gupta 012018• Philomen Prem 012010• Jayesh Raut 012023• Rahul Pawar 012003• Pawan Sharma 012035

ofRespiratory System

Listed Disease related to RT•Bronchitis•Asbestosis•Asthma•Bronchiectasis•Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia•COPD•Cystic Fibrosis•Emphysema•Pneumonia•Laryngitis•Pharyngitis•Influenza•Lung Cancer•Tuberculosis •Pulmonary Fibrosis•Pulmonary Vascular Disease

PharyngitisIt is an inflammation of the throat. In most cases it is quite painful, and is the most common cause of a sore throat.

SymptomsFeverHeadacheJoint pain and muscle achesSkin rashesSwollen lymph nodes in the neck

Laryngitis - Swelling and irritation of the larynxCausesColds or flu.Acid reflux( gastroesophageal reflux disease).Overuse of your voice, such as cheering at a sports event.Irritation, such as from allergies or smoke.

Tonsillitis - Inflammation of the tonsilsSing & Symptomsa high temperaturewhite pus-filled spots on the tonsilsno coughswollen and tender lymph nodes (glands)

Bronchitis - An infection in your bronchial tubules caused by viruses, bacteria.Symptoms-Coughing, Production of clear, white, yellow, grey, or green mucus (sputum), Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Fatigue, Fever and chills, Chest pain or discomfort, Blocked or runny nose.

TreatmentAntibiotic therapyAnti-allergicMucolytic agentsCough SuppressantsNSAIDS

Diagnosis

CBC

Chest X-Ray

Sputum Culture

Pulmonary Function test

ManagementDrink warm water with Lemon & HoneyDrink warm fluidsSalted warm water garglesBreathe warm, moist airAvoid smoking & lung irritants

Pneumonia - An infection deep in your lungs affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria.

Types of Pneumonia1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae2 Streptococcus pneumoniae

Symptoms- cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.

Moderate TreatmentAntibiotics - given by mouth as tablets or liquidPain relieving medicationsParacetamol to reduce feverSEVERE TREATMENT Antibiotics given intravenously (via a drip into a vein)Oxygen therapy - to ensure the body gets the oxygen it needsIntravenous fluids - to correct dehydration or if the person is too unwell to eat or drinkPhysiotherapy - to help clear the sputum from the lungs.

Bronchiectasis - Widening and destruction of the airways, often caused by recurrent infection or inflammation

Causes

Immune deficiency

Inhalation of a foreign object into the lungs (if left untreated)

Inhalation of harmful chemicals eg: ammonia

Diagnosis

Patient History

CT scan

Chest X-Ray

Antigen test

Bronchoscopy

TreatmentExerciseAntibiotic therapyNeubulisationCorticosteroidsSurgeryAnti-allergic

Asthma - A chronic disease in which your airway walls become sore and swollen, narrowing so that your lungs get less air

Symptoms- wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and sputum.Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.Associated Disorder- Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhino-sinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorder and mood disorders.

MANAGEMENT• While there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can typically be

improved. A specific, customized plan for proactively monitoring and managing symptoms should be created. This plan should include the reduction of exposure to allergens, testing to assess the severity of symptoms, and the usage of medications. The treatment plan should be written down and advise adjustments to treatment according to changes in symptoms.

• Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief of symptoms. In those with occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. If mild persistent disease is present (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled corticosteroids is recommended.  For those who have daily attacks, a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids is used. In a moderate or severe exacerbation, oral corticosteroids are added to these treatments.

Medication

• Medications used to treat asthma are divided into two general classes: quick-relief medications used to treat acute symptoms; and long-term control medications used to prevent further exacerbation

• Fast-acting:-

1-short-acting beta – adrenoceptor agonist(SABA): such as salbutamol

2-Anticholinergic medication- such as ipratropium bromide• Long-term control:-

1-Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist(LABA)-such as salmeterol and formoterol

2-Leukotriene Antagonists - such as montelucast and zafirlukast

3-Mast cell stabilizers- such as cromolyn sodium

Swine influenza(H1N1)- also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.

MANAGEMENT Annual vaccination

Stay at home

Get plenty of rest

Drink a lot of liquids

Do not smoke or drink alcohol

Treatment

Antivirals e.g. Zanamivir and oseltamivir

Amantadine and Rimantadine.

DiagnosisBlood TestChest X-RayNose or throat swab

Influenza (the flu) - A virus that enters your body through your nose and mouth and causes fever, headaches, muscle aches and sore throat

MANAGEMENT :-

Stay home

Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Wear a face mask

Treatment :-

Cough suppressants

Antipyretics and analgesics (e.g. Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever. 

Antiviral agents may also be considered for treatment or prophylaxis.

Tuberculosis (TB) - A bacterial infection that attacks the lungs and other parts of the body and can be deadly if not treated correctly

Caused by various strains of mycobacterium, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air.

Symptoms- chronic cough, fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue and significant finger clubbing.Affected Parts-Bones, Brain, Spinal Cord, Urinary Tract, Sexual Organs, Lymph nodes, Intestine and even in skin.Prevention- BCG Vaccination. Treatment- DOTS (Directly observed treatment Short-courses)

ManagementTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria.antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin.New onset• six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin,

isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the first two months.• And only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.• Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for

the last four months as an alternative.

Treatment :• Isoniazid• Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)• Ethambutol (Myambutol)• Pyrazinamide• DOTS (Directly observed treatment Short-courses)

Emphysema - A type of COPD, usually caused by cigarette smoke, which makes it hard to catch your breathPulmonary embolism (PE) - A blood clot that blocks a lung artery because of surgery or long periods of inactivity

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Damage of the airways and air sacs from cigarette smoke and other pollutants that prevents airflow in and out of your lungs

DiagnosisChest X-ray film:.Computed tomography of the chestComplete blood countMRIUltrasound

SymptomsShortness of breathChronic cough WheezingDecreased ability to exerciseweight lossAnkle, feet, and leg swellingFatigue

TreatmentBronchodilator MedicationsSteroids and anticholinergicsAntibioticsVaccinesOxygen TherapySurgery or Lung Transplant

Lung cancer - One of the most common cancers in the world, usually caused by cigarette smoke

Treatment options for non-small cell lung cancers

Stage Common options

I Surgery, sometimes chemotherapy

II Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

III Combined chemotherapy and radiation, chemotherapy alone, sometimes surgery based on results of other treatments

IV Chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, clinical trials, supportive care

Treatment options for small cell lung cancers

Stage Common options

I Surgery when possible, but usually combined chemotherapy and radiation

II Combined chemotherapy and radiation

III Combined chemotherapy and radiation, clinical trials, supportive care

IV Chemotherapy, clinical trials, supportive care