Resolving interrupt conflicts

An introduction to reprogramming of the 8259A Interrupt Controllers

Intel’s “reserved” interrupts

• Intel had reserved interrupt-numbers 0-31 for the processor’s various exceptions

• But only interrupts 0-4 were used by 8086

• Designers of the early IBM-PC ROM-BIOS disregarded the “Intel reserved” warning

• So interrupts 5-31 got used by ROM-BIOS code for its own various purposes

• This created interrupt-conflicts for 80286+

Exceptions in Protected-Mode

• The interrupt-conflicts seldom arise while the processor is executing in Real-Mode

• PC BIOS uses interrupts 8-15 for devices (such as timer, keyboard, printers, serial communication ports, and diskette drives)

• CPU uses this range of interrupt-numbers for various processor exceptions (such as page-faults, stack-faults, protection-faults)

Handling these conflicts

• There are two ways we can ‘resolve’ these interrupt-conflicts when we write ‘handlers’ for device-interrupts in the ‘overlap’ range– We can design each ISR to query the system in

some way, to determine the ‘cause’ for the interrupt-condition (i.e., a device or the CPU?)

– We can ‘reprogram’ the Interrupt Controllers to use non-conflicting interrupt-numbers when the peripheral devices trigger their interrupts

Learning to program the 8259A

• Either solution will require us to study how the system’s two Programmable Interrupt Controllers are programmed

• Of the two potential solutions, it is evident that greater system efficiency will result if we avoid complicating our interrupt service routines with any “extra overhead” (i.e., to see which component wished to interrupt)

Three internal registers

IRR

IMR

ISR

8259A

IRR = Interrupt Request RegisterIMR = Interrupt Mask RegisterISR = In-Service Register

output-signal

input-signals

PC System Design

8259APIC

(slave)

8259APIC

(master)

CPUINTR

Programming is viaI/O-ports 0xA0-0xA1

Programming is viaI/O-ports 0x20-0x21

How to program the 8259A

• The 8259A has two modes:– Initialization Mode– Operational Mode

• Operational Mode Programming:– Write a (9-bit) command to the PIC– Maybe read a return-byte from the PIC

• Initialization Mode Programming:– Write a complete initialization sequence

Sending 9-bits to PIC

A7

out %al, $PORT_ID

A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

%al

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

$PORT_ID

The ninth bit of the data

How to access the IMR

• If in operational mode, the Interrupt Mask Register (IMR) can be read or written at any time (by doing in/out with A0-line=1)– Read the master IMR: in $0x21, %al– Write the master IMR: out %al, $0x21– Read the slave IMR: in $0xA1, %al– Write the slave IMR: out %al, $0xA1

How to read the master IRR

• Issue the “read register” command-byte, with RR=1 and RIS=0; read return-byte:

mov $0x0B, %al

out %al, $0x20

in $0x20, %al

How to read the master ISR

• Issue the “read register” command-byte, with RR=1 and RIS=1; read return-byte:

mov $0x0A, %al

out %al, $0x20

in $0x20, %al

End-of-Interrupt

• In operational mode (unless AEOI was programmed), the interrupt service routine must issue an EOI-command to the PIC

• This ‘clears’ an appropriate bit in the ISR and allows other unmasked interrupts of equal or lower priority to be issued

• The non-specific EOI-command clears the In-Service Register’s highest-priority bit

Some EOI examples

• Send non-specific EOI to the master PIC:

mov $0x20, %al

out %al, $0x20

• Send non-specific EOI to both the PICs:

mov $0x20, %al

out $%al, 0xA0

out %al, $0x20

Initializing the 8259A

• A series of 9-bit values is sent to the PIC

• Once it’s begun, it must be completed

• Each 9-bit values is called an Initialization Command Word (abbreviated ICW)

• The least significant 8 bits are sent on the PC’s data-bus, while the 9th bit is sent as bit 0 on the PC’s address-bus

Official Reference

• The official Intel programming reference manual for the 8259A is available online (see ‘Resources’ on our course website)

• This document is 24 pages in .pdf format

• Many pages are irrelevant to programmers (e.g., they are concerned with electrical specifications, physical dimensions, pin configurations, and heating restrictions)

ICW1 and ICW2

0 A7 A6 A5 1 LTIM ADI SNGL IC4

1 A15/ T7

A14/ T6

A13/ T5

A12/ T4

A11/ T3

A10 A9 A8

ICW1

ICW2

LTIM (1 = Level-Triggered Interrupt Mode, 0 = Edge-Triggered Interupt Mode)ADI is length of Address-Interval for call-instruction (1 = 4-bytes, 0 = 8-bytes) SNGL (1 = single controller system, 0 = multiple controllers in cascade mode)IC4 means Initialization Command-Word 4 is needed (1 = yes, 0 = no)

ICW3

1 S7 S6 S5

1 0 0 0 0 0 ID2 ID1 ID0

(master)

(slave)

S4 S3 S2 S1 S0

S Interrupt-Request Input is from a slave controller (1=yes, 0=no)

ID number of slave controller’s input-pin to master controller (0-7)

ICW4

1 0 0 0 SFNM BUF M / S AEOI µPM

microprocessor mode 1=8086/8088 0=8080

Automatic EOI mode 1 = yes, 0 = no

Special Fully-Nested Mode (1 = yes, 0 = no)

NON-BUFFERED mode (00 or 01)BUFFERED-MODE (10 = slave, 11 = master)

Initializing the master PIC

• Write a sequence of four command-bytes

• (Each command is comprised of 9-bits)

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

ICW1=0x11

ICW2=baseID

ICW3=0x04

ICW4=0x01

Initializing the slave PIC

• Write a sequence of four command-bytes

• (Each command is comprised of 9-bits)

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

ICW1=0x11

ICW2=baseID

ICW3=0x02

ICW4=0x01

Unused real-mode ID-range

• We can use our ‘showivt.s’ demo to see the “unused” real-mode interrupt-vectors

• One range of sixteen consecutive unused interrupt-vectors is 0x90-0x9F

• We created a demo-program (‘reporter.s’) to ‘reprogram’ the 8259s to use this range

• This could be done in protected-mode, too

• It would resolve the interrupt-conflict issue

Other ideas in the demo

• It uses an assembly language ‘macro’ to create sixteen different ISR entry-points:

.macro isr id

pushf

pushw $\id

call action

.endm • All the instances of this macro call to a common

interrupt-handling procedure (named ‘action’)

The Macro’s expansion

• If the macro-definition is invoked, with an argument equal to, say, 0x08, like this:

isr 0x08

then the ‘as’ assembler will ‘expand’ that macro-invocation, replacing it with:

pushf

pushw $0x08

call action

• Upon entering the ‘action’ procedure, the system stack has six words:

• The two “topmost” words (at bottom of picture) will get replaced by the interrupt-vector corresponding to ‘int-ID’

How ‘action’ works

FLAGS

CS

IP

FLAGS

Interrupt-ID

return-from-action SS:SP

= pushed onto stack by CPU = pushed onto stack by ‘isr’ macro

The stack states

FLAGS FLAGS FLAGS FLAGS

CS

IP

CS CS CS

IP IP IP

FLAGS

Int-ID

action-return

FLAGS

vector-HI

vector-LO

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Upon entering ‘isr’

Upon entering ‘action’

Before exiting ‘action’

After exiting ‘action’(and entering ROM-BIOS interrupt- handler)

The on-screen status-lines

• We call ROM-BIOS service to setup the video display-mode for 25-rows of text

• We use rows 0 through 21 for standard 80-column text-output (i.e., keys pressed)

• Line 22 is kept blank (as visual separator)

• Lines 23 and 24 are used to show sixteen labeled interrupt-counters (IRQ0-IRQ15)

• Any device-interrupt increments a counter

In-class exercise

• The main new idea was reprogramming of the 8259A Interrupt Controllers, in order to avoid “overloading” of any Intel “reserved” interrupt-numbers (namely, 0x00 - 0x1F)

• Modify our ‘reporter.s’ program so that any ‘mouse-event’ interrupts will get counted in the IRQ-12 counter (it’s labeled ‘PS2’)

• See ‘trymouse.s’ demo for an example

BIOS PS/2 mouse services

Interrupt 0x15, function 0xC2 (8 sub-functions)– 0: Enable/disable the pointing-device– 1: Reset the pointing-device– 2: Set pointing-device’s sample-rate– 3: Set pointing-device’s resolution– 4: Read pointing-device’s type– 5: Initialize pointing-device interface– 6: Get device status/Set scaling-factor– 7: Set pointing-device’s handler-address

Steps to activate PS/2 device#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------auxISR: lret # long return to BIOS#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------enable_aux_device:

# reset the pointing devicemov $0xC201, %ax # reset pointing deviceint $0x15 # invoke BIOS service

# install our mouse-event handlermov %cs, %ax # address code-segmentmov %ax, %es # with the ES registerlea auxISR, %bx # point ES:BX to handlermov $0xC207, %ax # set handler adddressint $0x15 # invoke BIOS service

# enable the pointing devicemov $0xC200, %ax # enable/disable devicemov $1, %bh # select ‘enable’int $0x15 # invoke BIOS service

ret#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------