resilient red hook - reseach
DESCRIPTION
Degree Project Research Pratt Institute Brooklyn, NYTRANSCRIPT
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3RESILIENT RED HOOKsarena rabinowitz & eugene lubomir
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5CHAPTER 1_ Thesis Thesis Statement 6 Hypothesis & Opportunities 7
CHAPTER 2_ Site Existing Conditions 10 Site History 16
Timeline 18 Site Visit 20Walkthrough 22 Mappings 24
CHAPTER 3_ Problems & OppertunitiesFlooding 42
Future Industry 44 Connectivity 45 Conceptual References 46
CHAPTER 4_ Projection: The ArmatureStrategy 48
Focus Sites 52 Deployment Sequence 52
Conceptual Renders 56
CHAPTER 5_ Bibliography
Precedents 61 References 68
INDEX
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6THESISFor a city defi ned by the waters edge, New York is not known for its integration with the waterfront. Its development has been inward and upward, but not along its periphery. This has resulted in a den-sity that has become the model of mod-ern citys worldwide but also resulted in an uneven development of the urban landscape.Red Hook has long existed as a neighborhood on the periphery both literally and culturally. Consistently defi ned by its dominant industry, Red Hook has expe-rienced waves of change as its landscape has shifted from marshland, to farmland, to shipping center and when the shipping industry was irreversibly changed; it experienced a collapse from which it took its new normal. A future Red Hook cannot be wholly invested on a single industry but instead hedge its future on many it must become a breeding ground for future industries.
Previously a self-suffi cient neighborhood where people lived and work, its balance was thrown off when it lost the bulk of its jobs over a short period of time. Current-ly a place suitable best for those that work from home, its residents have diffi culty staying connected with the city at large. A neighborhood disconnected from its city, Red Hook must become open to new and alternative modes of connectivity.
Situated entirely in Zone A, Red Hook is in a vulnerable position in event of natural disasters. But unlike other places where risk might be a deterrent, Red Hook pos-sesses the spirit to survive. In order to do so, it will need to reconsider its shortcom-ings with a more optimistic but weary attitude hoping for the best, meanwhile, preparing for the worst. It must evolve to both be ready for, and even welcoming of the inevitable fl ooding.
Red Hook was too homogeneous in what it had to off er its residents too infl ex-ible when it was confronted by change. The future of Red Hook is one of fl exibility, openness and new ideas the future is Resilient Red Hook.
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7HYPOTHESIS
An armature responsive to these three issues, could bring a cohesiveness to Red Hooks disconnected areas of opportunity. Superimposing a new datum and intro-ducing an elevated circulation through a gesture at the scale of the neighborhood, responsive to its context at the scale of the street, we could engage the components and confront them on their shortcomings.
Perhaps the neighborhood can fi nd an alternative to automotive and subway transit perhaps elevated? suspended? community based? water based?
Develop bike use as culture Take advantage of red hooks waterfront access to develop ferry connectivity. Introduce elevated transportation system that connects to Atlantic terminal. Unify the waterfront as a site for public pedes- trian occupation.
Red Hooks collapse resulted from falling behind while innovations arose elsewhere, leaving it redundant and behind could it be better insured by cultivating its own?
Attract and cultivate craft workers / a creative enclave. Develop incentive as a tech center and incubate new business. Develop water-based transportation
Can Red Hook better insure itself by accepting the inevitable danger of water to a low-lying area? Can its presence and threat be an asset in leveraging the neighborhoods value to the city?
Invest in better infrastructure to handle drainage. Reintroduce previously existing marshland to mediate storm surge and clean the water. Implement ecological instruments, such as oyster reefs. Build elevated; introduce a new datum, a secondary circulation that becomes primary in an emergency.
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8HYPOTHESIS
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10 STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
RED HOOKBrooklyn, New York
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BROOKLYN
QUEENS
MANHATTAN
JERSEY CITY
HOBOKEN
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RED HOOKBrooklyn, New York
1 Container Port
2 Cruise Ship Terminal
3 Van Brunt st.
4 OConnell Warehouses
5 Fairway
6 Ikea
7 Red Hook Houses
8 Battery Park Tunnel
9 Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE)
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1
2
4
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4
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7
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93
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RESIDENTS
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TYPOLOGIES
Row-Houses Warehouses Multi-Story Public Housing
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Drydock at Todd Shipyards in Red Hook, 1928 Red Hooks past is fi lled with tales of industry and its decline. From the mid 19th century up until the mid 20th century, the Village of Red Hook was considered a main artery of the shipping trade in New York Harbor. With that said, its population during this time was primarily comprised of longshoremen and their families.
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SHIPPING HISTORY
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TRANSPORTATION HISTORY
BQE Viaduct under construction, 1941 Street Car running along Smith & Sakett Streets, 1893
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Roosevelt (1933-35) Truman (1945-53) Eisenhower JFK LBJHHCoolige
Neighborhood in decline...
Po
odel T becomes the most commerically ful automobile in history - stage set for n car culture.
1936Red Hooks Pool and Bath-house opens
1941Gowanus Expressway completed under Robert Moses, Girders go up for BQE, cuttting off Red Hook from the rest ofr Brooklyn
1950Mouth of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel opens up in Red Hook, further cutting off
1945WW2 generates booming business for port industries, jobs soar
1940sBall fields and stadium replace the neighborhoods depression-era shacks
1955Design of the Standard Shipping container developed by Malcom McL& engineer Keith Tantlinger
sevelt (1933-35)
Neighborho
1936Red Hooks Pool and Bath
1941GowanusMoses, GHook from
s
o
h
s im
man (1945-53) Eisenhower JFK LBJ
decline...
Po
pens
way completed under Robertup for BQE, cuttting off Redofr Brooklyn
1950Mouth of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnelopens up in Red Hook, further cutting off
1945WW2 generates booming business for port industries, jobs soar
slds and stadium replace the
borhoods depression-era shacks
1955Design of the Standard Shipping container developed by Malcom McL& engineer Keith Tantlinger
m
d
p
wut
eb
ecomes the mmobile in histor
ture.
ecomes the momobile in histor
t
WW2 (1939-45) Cold War (1947-1991)WW1 (1914-18)
194019301920 1950 1960
194019301920 1950 1960
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TIMELINE
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Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bush Bush Clinton Bush Obama
Crime Ridden, desolate neighborhood, severed from rest of Brooklyn Recovery...
st-Industrial
1992Principle Patrick Daly killed in daylight during drug-related crossfire
1989Sewage treatment plant opens, ending flow of raw sewage into the Gowanus.
1995Community Outreach in place via the Public Safety Corps
Late 1900sArtists occupy studio space in Red Hooks
2008IKEA opens in Red Hook
2006Fairway Opens Cruise Ship Dock Opens
2009 90% of worlds non-bulk cargo travels by containers stacked on ships
Lean
1970s-1980sRedHook loses jobs and more than half its population during the financial crisis.
1977Greg O Connel begins buying and restoring warehouses.
Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bu
Crime Ridden, desolate neighborhood,severed from rest of Brooklyn
st-Industrial
19Sewflow
Lean
1970s-1980sRedHook loses jobs and more than half its population during the financial crisis.
1977Greg O Connel begins buying andrestoring warehouses.
98ww
199019801970 2000 2010 2020
199019801970 2000 2010 2020
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SCOPE OF IMPACT
Men dispose of shopping carts full of food damaged by Hurricane Sandy at the Fairway supermarket in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn in New York, on October 31, 2012.
Damaged goods and furniture set out for disposal from the basement of a local cafe.
Area residents wade in fl ood waters the morning following Hurricane Sandy.Flood water resulting from the storm surge generated by Hurricane Sandy engulf the streets.
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THE DAMAGE
Wood-working tools are laid out to dry after being damaged by fl ood-water during Hurricane Sandy.Employees and volunteers remove damaged furniture and materials damaged by fl ood waters from the Beard St. Warehouses in Red Hook
Men and women dispose of damaged furniture and appliances damaged by fl ood-water. A street is littered with the ruined contents of residential basements, fl owing their fl ooding during Hurricane Sandy.
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MAPPINGS
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VACANCY & OPEN SPACENOLI MAP
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Open Space
Parking Lots
Vacant Lots
Occupied Buildings
City Blocks
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MAPPINGS continued
GRID STUDY FRESH TAX INCENTIVE
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EDUCATION & YOUTH MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME
After-School Program
MuseumArt Gallery
Public School
Pre-school
Land Mass
65-85k85k+
45-65k25-45k
under 25k
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VACANT LOTSBUILDING AGE
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MAPPINGS continued
Vacant Lots
Land Mass
Areas of Concentration
1950-2000
2000+1900-1950
1850-1900
1800-1850
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LAND USE OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION
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Mixed Residential & Commercial
Industrial & Manufacturing
Commercial & Offi ce
Multi-Family
1 & 2 Family Residences
Transportation & Utility
Public Facilities
Abandoned Lots & Structures
Open Space and Recreation
Parking Lots & Facilities
Land Mass
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ZONINGFLOOD PLAIN
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MAPPINGS continued
1950-2000
2000+1900-1950
1850-1900
1800-1850
Zone 4Zone 3
Zone 2Zone 1
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HISTORIC LANDMARKS & DISTRICTS LAND OWNERSHIP
1
2
3
4
1
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Proposed Historic Landmark designation
Current designated Historic landmark or district
Other Ownership
Private Ownership
Mixed Ownership
City Ownership
1 & 2 Family Residences
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MAPPINGS continued
WASTE TREATMENT vs. FLOOD ZONES POST-SANDY POWER OUTAGES
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Evacuation Zone A
Evacuation Zone B
Evacution Zone C
North River Plant
Port Richmond Plant
Coney Island Plant
26th Ward Plant
Owls Head Plant
North River Plant
Red Hook Plant
Newton Creek Plant
Howery hay Plant
Hunts Point Plant
Wards Island Plant
Fresh Kills
Willowbrook
Fox Hills Wainwright
Sheepshead Bay
Ocean Parkway
Flatbush
Park SlopeCrown Heights
Park Place
Maspeth
Lower Manhattan
Long Island City
Fordham
Yorkville
Borough Hall
Riverdale
10,000
25,000
50,000
Customers Without Power
Evacuated Zones
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4 5
6
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2
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DREDGED CHANNELS NEW YORK AREA CONTAINER PORTS
1 Elizabeth Bay Chennel2 Newark Bay Channel3 South Elizabeth Channel4 Arthur Kill Channel5 Kill van Kull Channel6 Port Jersey Channel7 Anchorage Channel8 Ambrose Channel9 Bay Ridge Channel
1 Port Newark Container Terminal2 Maher Container Terminal3 APM Container Terminal4 New York Container Terminal5 Globe Marine Container Terminal6 Red Hook Container Terminal
Path of Dredging
Container Terminal
Adjacent Port
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COMMUTER FERRY ANNUAL RIDERSHIP
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MAPPINGS continued
PUBLIC TRANSIT POST HURRICANE SANDY
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PlaNY
New York City Wetlands
Historic Tidal and Stream Corridor Wetlands
National Wetlands Inventory Wetlands
NYC WATERSHED SYSTEM NEW YORK CITY WETLANDS
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National Wetlands Inventory
Historical Tidal and Stream Corridor Wetlands
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?Site Visit 2 - 11/03/12
Site Visit 1 - 09/30/12
SITE VISITSCOMMERCIAL OVERLAY
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MAPPINGS continued
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FREIGHT RAIL & BARGE NETWORK NYS WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONS
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Port Facility
Rail Yard
Freight Rail Network
You can eat the shellfi sh
Port Facility
Rail Yard
Freight Rail Network
Barge Rail Float
Industrial Business Zone
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Light RailBrooklyn Historic Railroad Association
Completed Trackwork
Trackwork in Construction
Proposed Extension
PROPOSED LIGHT RAIL1875 RAILROAD ROUTES
Fort Hamilton RR
Court St. RR
Atlantic St. & Atlantic Ave RR
Van Brunt and Eerie Basin RR Line
South Brooklyn & Bergen st. RR
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MAPPINGS continued
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BROOKLYN PUBLIC TRANSITIllustrated is the current MTA public transit system overlaid with the system of Brooklyn Rapid transit - the old lines of the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, as shown in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle - 1910
LOCAL TRANSIT
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Bus Route, Bus Stops
Bike Route
Truck Routes - Through
Truck Route - Local
Subway Route, Train Stops
Ferry Stop
1901 Railway, Railroad
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Railroad
Subway Entrance
Bike Route
Truck Route-Local
Truck Route-Through
Bus Stop
Bus Route
Ferry Terminal
Subway Route
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Frederick Lubbertse
JorvisMichaelPicot
Peter Ceasar
Peter Montfort
Jacob Stoffeise Muick Aertse
Mudde Cornelis
Fred Lud
Edward Tiscole
JamesWolocheste
Jan Mance
Claes Jansen
Pieter Corne
Gerret Wolph
Tyson Van Dyke
Mathius Van Dyke
Van Dyke Mill Pond
Remsen
Carret
Johnson
Cornell
Luqueers Jordan
Coles
Farm Map1896
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MAPPINGS continued
19th CENTURY FARMS18th CENTURY PLANTATIONS
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211165
101
101
Source: GrowNYC
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SOIL TYPES21st CENTURY GARDENS
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SENSITIVITY TO FLOODING
Acceptance Zone Sacrificial program at ground level Allows water to flood the first level without damage
Toleration Zone Temporary ground level program Accommodates flexible programs, movable if necessaryPrograms partially accessible from ground level, only where unavoidable
Prevention ZoneSpecial measures taken to prevent flood water from reaching program located here
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DOMINANT PROGRAMS IN SECTION
Light Industrial
Commercial
Residential
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INSPIRATION
VENICEChallenges and Opportunities
ELEVATED TRAINSChallenges and Opportunities
Pedestrians walk atop scaff olding errected by the city to cross a fl ooded Piazza San Marco at acqua alta, or high water, in Venice. The scaff olding is a temporary structure that is taken down by workers when the waters recede.
Nomally croweded by tourists, a fl ooded San Marco discourages pedestrian occupation, but enables alternative, water based transportation. This man explores Venices main square with his kayak.
Elevated trains allow for the continuation of activity below, while hosting an accessible form of transportation above. The structure is both a magnet for activity, and a visual boundary.
The High-Line Park in the Chelsea neighborhood of NYC allows pedestrians to occupy the city on a new, elevated plane.
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AN ELEVATED PLANEalternatives to ground-level occupation
ELEVATED OCCUPATIONprotection from ground-level threats, priveledged vantage, and creation of an in-between space.
Union Station Greenway, Washington D.C.
Vanke Center, Shenzhen, China
Lujiazui Pedestrian Bridge, Shanghai, China
Giant Group Campus , Shanghai, China
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ARMATURE Industry / Connectivity / Flooding
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ARMATURE Industry / Connectivity / Flooding
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PRIMARY ARMATURE response to focus sites
FOCUS SITES
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PHASED DEPLOYMENT SEQUENCE
1 Red Hook Container Port / Cruise Ship Terminal2 Red Hook Houses3 Columbia Street Pier4 Under BQE5 Over BQE
Focus Sites
1
2
4
5
3
phase 1
Primary Armature
Focus Sites
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ARMATURE HOSTS TRANSPORTATION elevated rail
SECONDARY ARMATURE response to vacant lots
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phase 2
Armature
Vacant lots
phase 3
Elevated Rail
Primary & Secondary Armature
Focus Sites / Vacancies
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Elevated Rail
Armature & development sites
Focus Sites
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ARMATURE INSTIGATES FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
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3
4
Elevated Rail
Armature & development sites
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ARMATURE INSTIGATES NEW PROGRAMS
1 Wetlands Park 2 Ferry Terminal 3 Recreation / Evacuation Center 4 Distributed Incubator Sites
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CITIES_ Adaptive Reuse on the Industrial Waterfront Puerto Madero 64 Toronto Waterfront 66
HafenCity 68
PRECEDENTS
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PUERTO MADEROBuenos Aires, Argentina
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The old Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Puerto Madero, is comprised of 650 acres filled with once underutilized or abandoned docks and warehouse buildings. The redevelopment plan creates four new districts: a mixed use district, a government and commercial trade district, a residential district, and an institutional/free-trade district. Vital to the success of the entire development is the transportation system serving it. A new highway adjacent to Puerto Madero ensures maximum utilization and convenience of use. Throughout the plan, adaptive re-use of as many older buildings as possible is emphasized.
These buildings, emblematic of Puerto Maderos shipping past, will find new life as restaurants, offices, cultural buildings, retail shops, and residences, and will provide a counterpoint to the many new low, mid, and high rise buildings in the
redeveloped area. The Urban Development Project in Puerto Madero transforms a vast underutilized railway and port area through a state initiative to promote a new model of active political and strategies concerted public and private sector.
The reconversion project was based on the area to save it from neglect and deterioration reordered to balance the urban character and preserve its activities that require central location public and private offices, commercial and cultural services and residential were not in the urban areas of land and proper environ-ment context, and restore the relationship with the river entering public areas for recreation and relaxation.
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Central Waterfront
East Bayfront
West Don Lands
Lower Don Lands
Upper Port Lands
Lower Port Lands
1974
1959
1912
1886
1834
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WATERFRONTTORONTOToronto, Canada
Waterfront Toronto is building the largest urban revitalization project in North America. It brings together sustainable technology, excellence in urban design, real estate development, leading technology infrastructure and the delivery of important public policy objectives. The main focus of the project is reconnecting the people with the waterfront. Most of the previously industrial space is being reimagined to a public recreational waterfront. There is an overarching empha-sis on increasing parks and public space and encouraging environmentally and economically sustainable design. The edge where the city meets the water is called the blue edge where previously underused and unappreciated space is being transformed to a public asset for the community.
East Bayfront will feature 6,000 residential units, including 1,200 affordable residences, and millions of square feet of employment space able to accommodate 8,000 jobs. The area will also be a hub for retail, entertainment and cultural amenities and will be easily accessible by public transportation.
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Waterfront Toronto plans to transform the largely underutilized industrial area into new sustainable parks and communities. The naturalization and shifting of the mouth of the Don River is the centrepiece of the plans for the Lower Don Lands. This part of the site is being transformed from former industrial lands into a sustainable, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly, riverside community. The revitalized West Don Lands will feature 6,000 new residential units, ample employment and commercial space, at least one elementary school, and two child-care centres, all surrounded by 23 acres of parks and public spaces.
The Port Lands are man-made and were created by decades of infilling what was once the largest wetland on the Great Lakes. Beginning in the 1880s, the area was gradually filled in to make more land available for industry and ship-ping. Since it was created, most of the Port Lands have been utilized for indus-trial uses and the majority of the area currently lacks servicing for other uses.
Much of the area is also in the flood plain of the Don River and flood protection must be created before the area can be fully developed.
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HAFENCITYHamburg, Germany
HafenCity reveals one approach to tackling future-adaptive urban development. The raised roadways and buildings, water resilient surfaces, floating waterfront promenades, terraced landscapes and bridges all work together as important infrastructure and create an architecturally vibrant district that connects residents to the waterfront while also making the whole area resilient in the face of more frequent flooding.
In addition to its water adaptive design strategies, HafenCity exemplifies many other sustainable urban planning ideas. It is dense, walkable, bikeable, served by public transit, and full of multi-use buildings and public spaces. Much of the land was formerly brownfields and has now been cleaned and developed. Additionally, the historic character of the area is honored. Many buildings in the neighboring Speicherstadt area have been refurbished and some buildings in HafenCity, like the new concert hall, adaptive reuse existing buildings.
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HafenCity Hamburg is a project of city-planning where the old port warehouses of Hamburg are being replaced with offices, hotels, shops, official buildings, and residential areas. The project is the largest rebuilding project in Europe in scope of landmass. The area of the HafenCity used to be part of the free port, but with the decreased economic importance of free ports in an era of European Union free trade, large container ships and increased border security, the Ham-burg free port was reduced in size, removing the current HafenCity area from its restrictions. When completely developed, it will be home to about 12,000 people and the workplace of 40,000 people mostly in office complexes.
Floating docks are accessible at sea level, which changes twice daily: The pontoons of the Traditional Ship Harbor provide a level of urban perception which rises and falls with the tide. Since the water level of the River Elbe varies twice daily by more than 3 meters, depending on the ebb and flow of the tide, perception of the quarter is constantly changing.
The relationship here between water level, quay walls and edges, pontoons, watercraft and buildings is continuously shifting.reated before the area can be fully developed.
Because HafenCity has so many different levels of public space there are many interesting points of interaction between levels. In HafenCity quarter proper, the terraces are the sites of the most dramatic places of transition. They link the waterfront to the streets above; stepping up from sea level (0 m), to promenade level (4.5 m) to street level (7.5 m).
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2RESILIENT REDHOOKdegree project research
school of architecturepratt institute
brooklyn, NY
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