research unit of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake

SDGEEResearch Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

DEPARTMENTOF CIVILENGINEERING

ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITYOF THESSALONIKIGREECE

Thessaloniki, Greece2015

sdgee.civil.auth.gr

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contents

Contact Information 02

Introduction 03

Laboratory equipment and testing 04

Field testing equipment, seismic and geophysical surveys 08

Site characterization 12

Large scale facilities I: Euroseistest 14

Large scale facilities II: Europroteas 16

Strong ground motion and site effects 18

Liquefaction 20

Hazard assessment and analysis 22

Microzonation studies 24

Monitoring of structures and system identification 26

Seismic analysis and design of structures 28

Soil-foundation-structure interaction 30

Seismic design and performance of tunnels and underground structures 32

Innovative techniques for ground improvement 34

Early warning systems and real time damage assessment 36

Vulnerability analysis and risk assessment I: Buildings 38

Vulnerability analysis and risk assessment II: Infrastructures and utility systems 40

Seismic analysis, vulnerability assessment and strengthening of monuments 42

Computing and software 44

Projects 45

Major events 48

Academic teaching 49

People 50

Selected publications 53

INTRODUCTION - MISSION

The Research Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geo-technical Earthquake Engineering (SDGEE) of the Department of Civil Engineering of Aristotle University in Thessaloniki, Greece, has a long and worldwide-recognized expertise and know-how in many topics of earthquake engineering, soil dy-namics, engineering seismology, microzonation studies, site effects, vulnerability and risk assess-ment of built environment, infrastructures, lifelines and cultural heritage.

Since 1985 it has participated in many European research projects including EUROSEISTEST, EU-ROSEISMOD, EUROSEISRISK and SYNER-G as coordinator, and LESSLOSS, RISK-UE, NEMISREF, CORSEIS, 3HAZ, MERP, SERIES, SHARE, SAFE-LAND, PERPETUATE, NERA, REAKT, STREST and SIBYL as major partner. Its experience is equally important in other national and international re-search activities and engineering projects.

Research Unit of SDGEE at a glance:

• Staff (2015): Permanent employees: 7 Temporary employees, researchers, PhD students and Post-doc researchers: 17

• Completed PhDs (< 2015): 26

• Publications (2000-2015): > 450

• Major Research Projects (2000-2015): >20

• Facilities: > 1500 sq. m of laboratories with equipment and testing facilities for all kind of laboratory and in-situ testing in geotechnics, soil dynamics, geophysics, site and structural monitoring. Large scale experimental facilities; EUROSEISTEST, EUROPROTEAS

• Collaborations/Funding agencies: European Commission; French Commission of Atomic Energy; General Secretariat of Research & Technol-ogy, Greece (GGET); Public Power Corporation, Greece (DEI); Ministry of Public Works, Greece (YPEXODE); Prefectures, Communities, Municipalities of Greece; Ministry of Culture, Greece (YPPO); Organization of Aseismic Protection, Greece (OASP); Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Environment, Cyprus; Pri-vate consulting companies and contractors in Greece and abroad.

The Research Unit of SDGEE is operating a unique, in European and International level, large experimen-tal facility for earthquake engineering and engineer-ing seismology studies, namely the EUROSEISTEST (http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr), in the area of Thessa-loniki.

The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in seismic design of important engineering projects, like the Metro of Thessaloniki. Equipped with excellent lab-oratory and in-situ measuring devices, as well as com-puting facilities, it is capable of performing full-spec-trum studies ranging from in-situ geophysical surveys, laboratory tests and structural monitoring to seismic design, vulnerability and risk assessment of structures, infrastructures and lifelines.

The Research Unit of SDGEE has established solid co-operation links with numerous research institutes all over the world and the construction sector in Greece and abroad. Among the most prestigious collaboration is with the French Commission of Atomic Energy (CEA-France).

CONTACT INFORMATION

Prof. Kyriazis PitilakisLaboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Department of Civil Engineering | Geotechnical Engineering Division

[email protected]

addressAristotle University of ThessalonikiP.O.Box 424GR-54124 Thessaloniki – GREECE

telephone+30.2310. 995693/ 995813

fax+30.2310. 995619/ 995813

webpagesdgee.civil.auth.gr

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The Research Unit of SDGEE has long and internationally recognized experience in all kind of laboratory testing under static and dynamic conditions. It is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratory apparatuses to perform both routine determination of physical, mechanical and dynamic soil properties, as well as high-quality research in soils, soil mixtures with recycled material (rubbers, pumice etc) and rock. We provide the following services:• Soil classification and evaluation of physical properties• Testing of soil samples (intact and remolded) of different dimensions under various strain/stress condi-

tions for all kind of geotechnical projects• Evaluation of dynamic soil properties (stiffness and damping) at a wide range of strains • Evaluation of liquefaction potential • Small-scale shaking table testing (new)

Triaxial CD tests on sand rubber mixtures

FEM analysis verification on triaxial loading on sand rubber mixture specimen

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Shear Strain: ã(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Gm

ax :(

MPa

)

Borehole: G-1 Sample:S-03 Depth(m):8.45-11.00

Stage 1: ó ï =50 kPa

Post loading after High Amplitude Test 1Stage 2: ó ï =98 kPaPost loading after High Amplitude Test 2

Stage 3: ó ï =197 kPaPost loading after High Amplitude Test 3

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Shear Strain: ã(%)

0

4

8

12

16

Dam

ping

Rat

io: D

T(%

)


Stage 1: ó´ï =50 kPa

Post loading after High Amplitude Test 1Stage 2: ó´ï =98 kPa

Post loading after High Amplitude Test 2Stage 3: ó´ï =197 kPaPost loading after High Amplitude Test 3

Determination of shear modu-lus (G) and damping ratio (DT) from high amplitude resonant column tests

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND TESTING

Cyclic triaxial ELDYN-GDS 5kN device (CU, CD, UU) Resonant column device – Drnevich type, longitudinal and torsion oscillation

Direct shear, ring shear and consolidometers

Triaxial device – SoilTest 25tons Resonant column and torsion shear device – Hardin type

4 5

The Research Unit of SDGEE has recently installed and operates a small (max 100kg) shaking table (ANCO R-201) for earthquake engineering, vibration, system dynamics, control systems, and data acquisition and processing studies and demonstrations:• 1.5g acceleration with 80kg payload• Peak displacement of +/- 12 cm• Peak velocity of 50 cm/s• Frequency range of operation 0 to greater than 20 Hz

Selected projects: NEMISREF • REAKT • SERIES • EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • X-SOILS • CORSEIS • LESSLOSS • RISKU-E • SRM-LIFE • Consulting projects

Selected publications: • Anastasiadis A, Senetakis K, Pitilakis K, 2012. Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand/rubber and gravel/rubber mixtures, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30(2): 363-382.• Senetakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K, 2012. The small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of quartz and volcanic sands, Geo-technical Testing Journal, 35(6), doi:10.1520/GTJ20120073.

Effect of shear strain on shear modulus and damping ratio from resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Shear Strain: ã(%)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

G/G

max

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Dam

ping

Rat

io:D

T(%

)

Stage ó´ï (kPa) G/Gmax DT(%) 1: 50 + , 2: 98 ' * 3: 197 . /

Post loading after High Amplitude Test

Vucetic & Dobry (1991), PI=15%Vucetic & Dobry (1991), PI=30%Darendeli (2001), ó´ï =1.0 atm, PI=15%Darendeli (2001), ó´ï =1.0 atm, PI=30%Darendeli (2001), ó´ï =4.0 atm, PI=15%Darendeli (2001), ó´ï =4.0 atm, PI=30%


CTX Strain Tests

CTX Strain TestsResonant Column Tests

γ

ΕΡΓΟ-PROJECT: ΑΝΑΔΟΧΟΣ-CONTRACTOR:

Βάθος Όρια ATTERBERG Φυσ. Υγρασία ΚατάταξηDepth ATTERBERG Limits Water Content Classification(m) WL WP PI w (%) κατά U.S.C.S.

BH-01 28Φ 11.35-11.50 NP NP NP 36.7 SMBH-01 29Φ 11.55-11.80 40.6 36.2 4.4 55.3 MLBH-01 30Φ 12.00-12.10 27.7 21.0 6.7 18.5 SMBH-01 31Φ 12.10-12.40 NP NP NP 24.6 ML

Ερευνητική Μονάδα Εδαφοδυναμικής και Γεωτεχνικής Σεισμικής Μηχανικής

Κ Ο Κ Κ Ο Μ Ε Τ Ρ Ι Κ Η Α Ν Α Λ Υ Σ Η - G R A I N S I Z E A N A L Y S I S ( E105/86-7, E105/86-9, ASTM D2487 )

Γεώτρ.Borehole

Αρ.Δειγμ.Sample N.

ΣύμβολοSymbol

ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΔΑΦΟΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΤΕΧΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΕΙΣΜΙΚΗΣ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΘ

Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου-ΕΛΕΟλοκληρωμένη Γεωτεχνική/Γεωφυσική Ερευνα στη Θέση 'Καραμαούνα' - Ταμπάκικα Χίου

0

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60

70

80

90

100

0.0010.0100.1001.00010.000100.000

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%

( P A

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G )

Διάμετρος - Diameter (mm)

ΛΙΘ

ΟΙ

ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINE ΙΛΥΣ - SILTΑΜΜΟΣ - SANDΧΑΛΙΚΙΑ - GRAVELS

ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUMΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE

No.ΑΜΕΡ. ΚΟΣΚΙΝΑ Νο. U.S. SIEVES #200#100#43'' 2'' 1.5' 1'' 3/4'' 3/8'2.5' #10 #20 #40 #601/2'' 1/4'' #16 #30 #80#8 #50

ΛΕΠΤΟΚΟΚΚΑ - FINESΑΡΓΙΛΟΣ ΛΕΠΤA - FINEΧΟΝΤΡΑ - COARSE

ΛΙΘ

ΟΙ ΧΑΛΙΚΙΑ - GRAVELS

ΧΟΝΤΡΑ - COARSE ΛΕΠΤA - FINE ΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUM ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINEΑΜΜΟΣ - SAND ΙΛΥΣ - SILT ΑΡΓΙΛΟΣ

ΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUM ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINEΧΟΝΔΡA-COARSE

ΑΜΕΡΙ.ΚΟΣΚΙΝΑ ΣΕ ΙΝΤΣΕΣ - U.S. SIEVE OPENING IN INCHESΑΡΑΙΟΜΕΤΡΟ - HYDROMETER

USCS

BS5930

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND TESTING

Representative results of classification, consolidation and shear strength tests

ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΔΑΦΟΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΤΕΧΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΕΙΣΜΙΚΗΣ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΘΕρευνητική Μονάδα Eδαφοδυναμικής και Γεωτεχνικής Σεισμικής Μηχανικής

ΔΟΚΙΜΗ ΜΟΝΟΔΙΑΣΤΑΤΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ - UNIAXIAL CONSOLIDATION TEST (ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ Ε105/86-13 , ASTM D2435-80)

ΕΡΓΟ - PROJECT : Ολοκληρωμένη Γεωτεχνική/Γεωφυσική Ερευνα στη Θέση 'Καραμαούνα' - Ταμπάκικα ΧίουΓεώτρηση - Borehole : BH-01 Δείγμα - Sample : 8 Ho (mm)= 24.95 γο (kN/m3)= 17.31 eo = 1.31

Βάθος - Depth (m) : 4.10-4.40 D (mm)= 62.75 γdo (kN/m3)= 11.69 Sro (%)= 99Κατάταξη - USCS Classification : SM Wo (%)= 48.03

Δείκτες Συμπιεστότητας : σ'1 S=ΔΗ/Η0 (%) t50% e=e100% Es Cv K Compressibility Indexes : (kPa) S0% S50% S100% (sec) (kPa) (cm2/sec) (cm/sec)

Cc= 0.314 12.5 1.50 3.24 4.98 8 1.194 340 25 5.37 5.72 6.06 19 1.169 1190 1.45E-02 1.22E-06

Cg= 0.019 50 6.86 7.48 8.10 27 1.122 1473 9.64E-03 6.54E-07100 8.70 9.76 10.81 63 1.060 2334 3.99E-03 1.71E-07

Cr= 0.044 200 13.96 0.987 400 17.82 0.898

Ενεργός Τάση Προφόρτισης : 800 22.14 0.798 4533 Effective Preconsol. Pressure: 400 22.32 0.794 -710017

200 22.10 0.799 70084 p'c= 53 kPa 100 21.84 0.805 38984

OCR= 1.47 Overconsolidated Soil

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

10 100 1,000 10,000

Δεί

κτης

κεν

ών

-Voi

d ra

tio e

Ενεργός ορθή τάση στερεοποίησης - Effective normal consolidation stress σ'1 (kPa)

Cc

Cg

Cr

eo

Pc - Horizontal Line

Pc - Tangent Line

Bisector Line

Pc - Point

6 7

Strong ground motion monitoring (Recording of seismic activity, earthquake early warning, etc.)

Field surveys/examples: Refraction survey

2D & 3D geological-geophysical models. The case of EUROSEISTEST

Digital 3-axis portable accelerometer

CMG-5TCDE (Guralp)

Digital 3-axis portable acceler-ometer CMG-5TD

(Guralp)

Digital 3-axis portable acceler-ometer CMG-5T

(Guralp)

Surface 3-axis accelerometer EpiSensor FBA

ES-T (Kinemetrics)

Digital 3-axis borehole acceler-ometer CMG-5TB

(Guralp)

Borehole 3-axis accelerometer

HypoSensor FBA ES-DH (Kinemetrics)

3-axis ETNA & K2 accelerometers with 24-bit digitizer (Kinemetrics)

High-quality 3 or 6 channel digitizer DM24 with 24-bit resolution (Guralp)

18-channel Central Recording System Mt. Whitney (Kinemetrics)

Survey deployement P-wave arrivals Dromochromic diagrams and 2D soil stratigraphy

2D cross-section along Profitis-Stivos 3D soil model of EUROSEISTEST

Distance (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)Ti

me

(sec

)

Distance (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)Ti

me

(sec

)

geop

hone

s

Source (explosions)

geop

hone

s

Source (explosions)

Profitis StivosProfitis Stivos

Profitis

Stivos

Euroseistest

N

Profitis

Stivos

Euroseistest

N

FIELD MONITORING AND SURVEYS

The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in field testing and is fully equipped to perform high quality seismic, geotechnical and geophysical surveys and tests, such as: • Refraction, Reflection • Spectral analysis of surface Waves (SASW)• Surface Wave Inversion (SWI)• Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)• Cross-hole (CH) measurements• Down-hole (DH) measurements• Array Microtremor measurements (Spatial Autocorellation Coefficient -SPAC, linear and arbitrary configu-

rations)• Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio-HVSR• Classical Spectral Ratio-SSR• Generalized Inversion method-GIS• Strong ground motion monitoring • Structure health monitoring and system identification

Equipment for field surveys: Surface surveys (Refraction, reflection, SASW, MASW, microtremor measurements, site response esti-

mates, structural monitoring of critical buildings, bridges, monuments, etc.)

Broad-band velocimeter CMG-40T (Guralp)

24-bit AD seismic recorder DAS-130 (Reftek)

24-channel seismograph StrataView with 24-bit AD

recorder (Geometrics)

Horizontal and vertical geo-phones of 4.5, 14, 50Hz natural frequencies (Mark Products)

Borehole surveys (Down-hole and Cross-hole)

Wall-lock borehole triaxial geophones of 10Hz natural frequency (Geostuff)

Wall-lock borehole hammer with oil pump (Bison)

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Selected projects: EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • EUROSEISRISK • MERP • SRM-DGC • XSOILS

Selected publications: • Raptakis D, Chávez-García FJ, Makra K, Pitilakis K, 2000. Site effects at Euroseistest Part I. Determination of the valley structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis, Soil Dyn. & Earthq. Eng., 19:1-22. • Manakou M, Raptakis D, Chavez-Garcia FJ, Apostolidis P, Pitilakis K, 2010. 3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response analysis. Soil Dyn. & Earthq. Eng., 30: 1198-1211.

Site response surveys (HVSR, SSR, GIS)

Site response surveys (HVSR, SSR, GIS)

Profitis StivosProfitis StivosProfitis StivosProfitis Stivos

Survey deployement Spatial variation of the resonant frequency in Euroseistest

0.30 - 0.39 Hz0.40 - 0.50 Hz0.51 - 0.59 Hz0.60 - 0.75 Hz0.76 - 0.90 Hz0.91 - 1.20 Hz1.21 - 1.75 Hz> 1.75 Hz

Resonant frequency (Hz)

1 10

1

10

Ampl

ificat

ion

Frequency (Hz)

HVSR ambient noise /NS component

1 10

0.1

1

10

S-part / EW componentCoda part / EW componentS-part / NS componentCoda part / NS component

Ampl

ificat

ion

Frequency (Hz)

SSR on earthquake/NS & EW components

0.30 - 0.39 Hz0.40 - 0.50 Hz0.51 - 0.59 Hz0.60 - 0.75 Hz0.76 - 0.90 Hz0.91 - 1.20 Hz1.21 - 1.75 Hz> 1.75 Hz

Resonant frequency (Hz)

1 10

1

10

Ampl

ificat

ion

Frequency (Hz)

HVSR ambient noise /NS component

1 10

0.1

1

10

S-part / EW componentCoda part / EW componentS-part / NS componentCoda part / NS component

Ampl

ificat

ion

Frequency (Hz)

SSR on earthquake/NS & EW components

FIELD MONITORING AND SURVEYS

Microtremor measurements

sensor

recorder

GPS

sensor

recorder

GPS

Down-hole and Cross-hole surveys

Source (hammer)Source (hammer)

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

Survey deployment (circular array) Phase velocity dispersion curve ofRayleigh waves

S-wave velocity profile with comparison to stratigraphy of the

site

Survey deployment Recordings and dromochromic diagram of P- and S-waves, and Vp and Vs velocities

Survey deployment Phase velocity dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves

S-wave velocity profile

0m

35m

160m

225m

260m

287m

370m

408m

Myg

doni

an s

yste

mPr

omyg

doni

an s

yste

mBe

droc

k

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Vs (m/sec)

P-waves

P-waves

Period (sec)

Phas

e ve

loci

ty (k

m/s

ec)

10-1 100

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Period (sec)

Phas

e ve

loci

ty (k

m/s

ec)

10-1 100

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Vs velocity (km/sec)

Dep

th (k

m)

0.5 2.01.0 1.5

0.02

0.040.06

0.08

0.10

0.120.14

0.16

0.18

Vs velocity (km/sec)

Dep

th (k

m)

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0.02

0.040.06

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0.120.14

0.16

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Seismic design of structures is based on accurate soil and site characterization. The Research Unit of SDG-EE has a long experience in site characterization, including:• Geotechnical and geophysical surveys and geotechnical mapping of urban areas at different scales• Site-specific ground response and site-amplification studies including liquefaction assessment. 1D, 2D,

3D, linear, equivalent linear and non-linear analyses• Proposal of improved soil amplification factors for the soil classes of Eurocode 8• Proposal of a more detailed and elaborate soil classification system (new CS) and corresponding elastic

response spectra for Eurocode 8 (EC8)

Selected projects: SHARE • NERA

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, 2013. New code site classification, amplification factors and normalized response spectra based on a worldwide ground-motion database. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(4):925-966• Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, 2012. Design spectra and amplification factors for Eurocode 8. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 10(5):1377-1400

Type 1 elastic acceleration response spectra for the new soil classification system by Pitilakis et al. (2013)

Type 1 period-dependent soil amplification factors: improved factors for the soil classes of Eurocode 8 (left) and proposed factors for the soil classes of the new soil classification system by Pitilakis et al. (2013)

SITE CHARACTERIZATION

Geotechnical mapping of Thessaloniki. Spatial distribution and iso-depths of the three main soil formations: (a) archaelogical and man-made debris, (b) hard clay, (c) seismic bedrock (SRMLIFE)

Soil categorization of Thessaloniki according to Eurocode 8 (left) and the new soil classification system by Pitilakis et al. (2013) (right)

Proposal of improved soil amplification factors for Eurocode 8 (Pitilakis et al. 2012)

Soil ClassType 2 (Ms≤5.5) Type 1 (Ms>5.5)

Proposed EC8 Proposed EC8

B 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.20

C 2.10 1.50 1.70 1.15

D 1.80* 1.80 1.35* 1.35

E 1.60* 1.60 1.40* 1.40

*site-specific ground response analysis required

12 13

EUROSEISTEST is an excellent site for testing and validating numerical and analytical methodologies. The facility has already generated more than 200 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. Its facilities and unique database of accelerometric records (http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr) are widely used in seismic risk mitigation.

Selected projects: EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEIS-RISK • EUROSEIS-MOD

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Roumelioti Z, Raptakis D, Manakou M, Liakakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis D, 2013, The EUROSEISTEST strong ground mo-tion database and web portal, Seism. Res. Lett. 84(5): 796-804.• Manakou M, Raptakis D, Chávez-García F, Apostolidis P, Pitilakis K, 2010, 3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response analysis, Soil Dyn. and Earthq. Eng. 30(11): 1198-1211.

EUROSEISTEST web portal: http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr

EUROSEISTEST provides

A valley with perfectly known stratigraphy and soil conditions for

studying ground motion and site effects

Basic input for research towards seismic risk

assessment and mitigation

Facilities for studying soil-foundation-

structure interaction and wave

propagation

Unique data base of high quality seismic records

from surface and downhole stations with

well known soil properties

An instrumented site to perform multidisciplinary studies in soil dynamics,

earthquake engineering, seismology, engineering seismology and geophysics

LARGE SCALE FACILITIES I: EUROSEISTEST

Map view of the EUROSEISTEST area. Triangles: locations of the permanent strong-motion stations; triangles with black core: locations of the downhole arrays; dotted line: bounda-

ries of the Mygdonia graben. To the right, current deployment of the permanent accelerometric stations. Borehole stations are also presented (underneath TST and PRO stations) in an

exaggerated vertical scale.

Time histories of the May 13 1995 earthquake (Ms 6.6, R 130km) recorded in N-S direction stations of the EURO-

SEISTEST network.

EUROSEISTEST is a multidisciplinary European experimental site for integrated studies in Earthquake Engi-neering, Engineering Seismology, Seismology and Soil Dynamics. It is the longest running valley-instrumen-tation project worldwide (for 20 years), and is located in Mygdonia valley (epicenter area of the 1978, M6.4 earthquake), about 30km to the NE of the city of Thessaloniki, in northern Greece. EUROSEISTEST compri-ses a permanent accelerometric network of 21 high-resolution, three-component accelerographs, fourteen of which are installed at the ground surface or within small structures and the remaining six in boreholes, at various depths down to the bedrock.

GRΑ

-197m

-136m-40m

PROGRB TST FRM

STCSTE

N S

GRΑ

-197m

-136m-40m

PROGRB TST FRM

STCSTE

GRΑ

-197m

-136m-40m

PROGRB TST FRM

STCSTE

N S

14 15

A large-scale prototype soil-foundation-structure system has been built in Euroseistest, named “EuroPro-teas”, a symbolic name from the derivatives “Euro” and “Proteas” – for the first of its kind large-scale model structure in Europe. EuroProteas is dedicated to studying soil - foundation - structure interaction (SFSI) and wave propagation in the soil and the structure.EuroProteas is ideal for experimental SFSI investigation due to its unique configuration:• Excellent knowledge of the physical, mechanical and dynamic properties of the soil• Stiff structural system founded on soft soil to promote SFSI• Steel moment frame for flexibility and ease of construction• Reconfigurable bracing system for stiffness and damping modification• Two distinct reinforced concrete roof slabs for structural mass modification, as well as for shaker and wire

rope mounting• Resonant frequency varying between 2.9Hz and 11.8Hz, depending on configuration• Three-dimensional instrumentation with more than 80 instruments (accelerometers, seismometers, MEM

sensors), on the structure and in the soil, covering a volume of 21x21x12m• Two boreholes (30m and 12m), in the center of the foundation and 0.5m from the foundation, for place-

ment of recording instruments and geophysical testing• Appropriate size for small-scale models in shaking tables and centrifuge apparatuses• Reconfigurable for forced-vibration, free-vibration and ambient noise measurements

Selected projects: SERIES • NERA

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis D, Rovithis E, 2013. Full-scale testing of a model structure in Euroseistest to study soil-foundation-structure interaction. Proc. 4th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Kos, Greece • Pitilakis D, Lamprou D, Manakou M, Rovithis E, 2014. System identification of soil-foundation structure systems by means of ambient noise records: the case of EuroProteas model structure in Euroseistest, Proc. 2ECEES, Istanbul, Turkey

Numerical simulation of recorded acceleration in the soil

3D finite element modeling of EuroProteas in Opensees

LARGE SCALE FACILITIES II: EUROPROTEAS

EuroProteas during forced-vibration experiments

ANCO eccentric mass vibrator MK-500U (provided by EPPO-ITSAK) and GURALP CMG-5 accelerometers

30m borehole at the center of the foundation slab with a downhole recorder

16 17



The Research Unit of SDGEE is a world leader in experimental and numerical studies of strong ground mo-tion and site effects. Among its diversified activities, it operates since 1995, with the collaboration of several European institutes and ITSAK, a unique experimental site (EUROSEISTEST) dedicated to the in-depth study of site-effects and strong ground motion. In particular, we perform:• 1D empirical site response characterization (HVSR, SSR, GIS methods)• 1D, 2D and 3D numerical modeling of site response • 2D/1D aggravation factor

Parametric analyses of site response of 2D trapezoidal homo-geneous sedimentary basins with finite-difference code (2DFD-DVS): Maximum 2D/1D aggravation factor AGF (2D /1D accel-eration response spectra ratio) along the surface of the basin.

Selected projects: EUROSEISRISK • EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • CASHIMA • SHARE • NERA

Selected publications: • Chávez-García FJ, Raptakis D, Makra K, Pitilakis K, 2000. Site effects at Euroseistest—II. Results from 2D numerical modeling and comparison with observations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 19: 23–39.• Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, Makra K, 2015. New elastic spectra, site amplification factors and aggravation factors for complex subsurface geometry towards the improvement of EC8, Invited Lecture, 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical En-gineering (6ICEGE) Christchurch, New Zealand, 1-4 November.

Topographic Aggravation Factor as a function of the normal-ized distance and period from the crest of step-like slopes for relatively stiff (top) and stiff (bottom) soil formations.

Elastic bedrock

Vs, soil=250, 400m/s

x

H

i

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5x/W

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

max

AG

F

h=60mh=120mh=250mh=500m

w=5000m, a1=a2=20o, Vs=250m/s

VsVs

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5x/W

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

max

AG

F

w=2500mw=5000mw=10000m

h=120m, a1=a2=45o, Vs=250m/s

STRONG GROUND MOTION AND SITE EFFECTS

Dominant frequency map (in Hz) of the Euroseistest basin. Seismic section computed at the surface of the 2D cross-section

Profitis-Stivos for vertical incidence of SH-waves. Traces have been low-pass filtered with a 3.5 Hz frequency cutoff. Anelastic attenuation was included in the computations. 2D/1D aggrava-

tion factor is shown along the same cross-section.

Dominant frequency map (in Hz) of the Euroseistest basin. Seismic section computed at the surface of the 2D cross-section

Profitis-Stivos for vertical incidence of SH-waves. Traces have been low-pass filtered with a 3.5 Hz frequency cutoff. Anelastic attenuation was included in the computations. 2D/1D aggrava-

tion factor is shown along the same cross-section.

18 19



The Research Unit of SDGEE provides the whole spectrum of studies and expertise related to liquefaction risk assessment: • In-situ testing and surveys• Laboratory testing (cyclic triaxial tests)• Numerical analysis under total and effective stresses• Evaluation of the liquefaction susceptibility• Liquefaction risk assessment including evaluation of permanent displacements and lateral spreading• Recommendation and design of mitigation measures

Example of liquefaction risk assessment applying different methodologies using in-situ testing parameters (SPT, Vs), numeri-cal modeling (1D analysis) and relevant code prescriptions (NCEER98). Determination of factor of safety against liquefaction potential (right) with depth at a specific site for earthquake scenario of 500 years return period.

Selected projects: EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • STREST • SYNER-G • RISK-UE • LESSLOSS • Microzonation studies: Thessaloniki, Larissa, Volos, Lemesos • Consulting projects

Selected publications: • Papathanassiou G, Pavlides S, Christaras B, Pitilakis K. 2005. Liquefaction case histories and empirical relations of earthquake mag-nitude versus distance from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynamics, 40, 2-3: 257–278 • Anastasiadis A, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K, 2001. Thessaloniki’s detailed microzoning: Subsurface as basis of site response analysis, PA-GEOPH, 158, 11

LIQUEFACTION

Determination of liquefaction characteristics of liq-uefiable soils or soil mixtures with recycled rubber materials: Axios River sand with 20% granulated

recycled rubber. Results of stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests.

Thessaloniki M6.4, 1978 earthquake: Sand boil of 50cm in depth and 1.5m in diameter at Scholari (left); Liquefaction susceptibility map (middle); Computed vertical displacements (in cm) due to liquefaction for a scenario of an earthquake with 500 years return

period (right).

-8 -4 0 4Axial Strain (%)

-40

-20

0

20

40

Dev

iato

ric S

tress

(kPa

)

0 20 40 60 80Effective Confining Stress (kPa)

-40

-20

0

20

40

Dev

iato

ric S

tress

(kPa

)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Time (s)

-40

-20

0

20

40

Dev

iato

ric S

tress

(kP

a)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Time (s)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Axi

al S

train

(%)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Time (s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Pore

Wat

erP

ress

ure

(kPa

)

CTX Stress Controlled ResultsAXIOS SAND Dr=55%

Rubber

20 21



Realistic seismic hazard assessment is a fundamental prerequisite for to effectively mitigating mitigate risk from earthquakes. The Research Unit of SDGEE has a multi-year experience in both probabilistic and deter-ministic seismic hazard assessment, methodologies and has been a key partner in most pertinent European projects, including the most recent SHARE (http://www.share-eu.org) project that produced the new seis-mic hazard map of Europe. Our specialization covers the fields of:• Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment • Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment• Site response analyses (1D, 2D, 3D, linear, non-linear, equivalent-linear)• Development of Ground Motion Prediction Equations• Studying the Variability of Strong Ground Motion (Single Station Sigma)

Our tools include a variety of broadly adopted codes, e.g. EERA, DEEPSOIL, Cyclic1D, Strata, ABAQUS, FLAC, OpenSees, 2DFD_DVS for site response analyses and EQRM, CRISIS2007, OPENQUAKE, EQRISK, FRISK, SMSIM, FINSIM, EXSIM, COMPSYN for seismic hazard computations.

Shake maps of PGA on rock in Thessaloniki greater area for different seismic events (left: M= 6.5, R=15km East, right: M=5.5, R=24km North of city center) based on ‘‘shakefields’ method (SYNER-G project):

i) generation of seismic events through a Monte Carlo simulation, ii) median ground motion field is attenuated across the spatial grid using a GMPE, iii) spatial correlation model is applied to account

for the ground motion uncertainty.

Selected projects: SHARE • STREST • SYNER-G

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Franchin P, Khazai B, Wenzel H (eds), 2014, SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex ur-ban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and Applications. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 31, ISBN 978-94-017-8834-2, Springer Netherlands. • Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, 2015, New design spectra in Eurocode 8 and preliminary application to the seismic risk of Thessa-loniki, Greece, In: Ansal A, Sakr M (eds), Perspectives on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 37, Springer Netherlands.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

Computation of Uniform Hazard Spectrum for mean return period of 475 years at rock, soil conditions type C according to EC8 and improved EC8 (Pitilakis et al. 2012, SHARE), and C1 according to the new soil Classification

Scheme (Pitilakis et al. 2013, SHARE).

Computed PGA on ground surface applying the improved S factors for EC8 (Pitilakis et al.,2012)

Historical (<1911)

Instrumented (>1911)

20 Jun 1978, M6.4

Computed PGA on ground surface applying the new soil Classification Scheme and the associated S factors

(Pitilakis et al. 2013)

Computed PGA on ground surface with EC8 S factors

Seismicity of Thessaloniki region (M ≥ 4.0)

Hazard curve for Thessaloniki (SHARE)

22 23

Microzonation is a detailed and multidisciplinary study that aims at dividing the area of study into zones with respect to geological, geotechnical, geophysical and geometrical characteristics, and to provide reliable maps of seismic ground shaking parameters considering local site effects, as well as induced hazards like liquefaction and landslides. A detailed microzonation study provides the basis for an advanced seismic risk assessment of urban areas, and for earthquake design of new engineering projects. The Research Unit of SDGEE is recognized as a world expert on conducting detailed microzonation and site-effect studies. In particular, we provide the following services:• Geological and geophysical investigations and surveys• Geotechnical investigations (in-situ and laboratory testing, dynamic soil properties and strength charac-

teristics, soil classification, geophysical and seismic surveys)• Study of site-effects and strong ground motion using state-of-the-art methods and numerical tools (1D

linear and nonlinear, 2D linear, equivalent-linear and non-linear, and 3D linear software)• Experimental and numerical study of complex site-effects, including basin and topographic effects• Seismic hazard analyses (probabilistic, deterministic)• Microzonation mapping of ground motion characteristics: Detailed maps with maximum acceleration,

velocity and displacements, both transient and permanent (PHGA, PGVA, PHGV and PGD); Acceleration, velocity and displacement response spectra (PHSA, PHSV, SD); Transient soil shear strains and seismic stresses at different depths; Amplification coefficients; Predominant period of the soil deposits

• Studies and thematic maps of liquefaction, subsidence, land sliding zones and the associated perma-nent ground displacements

• Seismic Code-oriented site-effects studies

Selected projects: Microzonation studies of: Thessaloniki, Grevena, Kozani, Larisa, Volos (Greece) • Lemesos, Paphos (Cyprus) • Duzce (Turkey) • SHARE • SRM-LIFE

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Anastasiadis A, Kakderi K, Manakou M, Manou D, Alexoudi M, Fotopoulou S, Argyroudis S, Senetakis K, 2011. Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city: seismic hazard, geotechnical and lifeline aspects. Earth-quakes and Structures, 2(3)• Anastasiadis A, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K, 2001. Thessaloniki’s detailed microzoning: Subsurface as basis of site response analysis, PAGEOPH, 158, 11

Lemesos (Cyprus): Seismic zonation of the central part of the cityThessaloniki (Greece): Seismic zonation of the central part of the city

WC

E 1-E

2-E

3-E4-E

1-C

2-C3-C

1-W

2-W

3-W

4-WR*

2-E

4-E

KAL? ? ?

1-C

3-W

1-W

MICROZONATION STUDIES

Thessaloniki (Greece): Spatial distribution of ground shaking parameters (PGA, PGV) and settlements due to liquefaction (PGD) for a seismic scenario with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years

Düzce (Turkey): Seismic zonation (left). Calculated normalized response spectra acceleration for the two zones of the city in comparison with the Turkish Seismic Code and EC8 (right)

PGA (g) PGV (m/s) PGD (cm)

Normalized Mean Response Spectra Acceleration (ξ = 5%)Calculated AVERAGE ± 1STDEV - South Part of Duzce

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0T (sec)

Sa

/ PH

GA

AVERAGEAVER+STDEVAVER-STDEVTurkish Seismic Code (Z3)EC8 C - Type 1 (CEN 2004)

Grevena (NW Greece): Seismic zonation of the city into five regions of “uniform” seismic response

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0 5 10 15 20 25 305 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

24 25

Rapid development of data acquisition and processing capabilities has given rise to major advances in the experimental operational studies, particularly in the field of structural health monitoring. Monitoring of civil engineering structures becomes increasingly popular, as it offers the opportunity to better understand the dynamic behavior of structures under seismic loading, to measure structural response, as well as to detect damages and monitor their evolution. Therefore, it is a significant tool for seismic protection and risk mitiga-tion ensuring integrity and improving resilience, performance and reliability of structures. The Research Unit of SDGEE specializes in monitoring of ordinary structures and infrastructures (e.g. hos-pitals, bridges and industrial facilities) as well as cultural heritage assets. In particular, our expertise covers the following: • Development of temporary and permanent monitoring networks• Identification of structural dynamic properties (frequencies, mode shapes, damping ratios)• Finite element model updating procedures to yield more reliable numerical models with respect to the

real condition of structures• Vulnerability and risk analysis using field monitoring data• Structural health monitoring and evaluation of strengthening interventions• Real-time monitoring of critical structures and infrastructures

Selected projects: NERA • SIBYL • REAKT • PEPRETUATE

Selected publications: • Bindi D, Petrovic B, Karapetrou S, Manakou M, Boxberger T, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K and Parolai S (2014) Seismic response of an 8-story RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9713-y. • Karatzetzou A., Negulescu C, Manakou M, François B, Seyedi D, Pitilakis D, Pitilakis K (2015) Ambient vibration measurements on monuments in the Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:331-345, doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9649-2.

Average HVSR ratios at Suleiman mosque, Medieval city of Rhodes recorded on the ground soil and on first floor of the minaret.

0.1 1 10

0.1

1

10

on soil / site-1

0.1 1 10

0.1

1

10

0.1 1 10

0.1

1

10

Frequency (Hz)Frequency (Hz)

Frequency (Hz)

Ampl

ificat

ion

Ampl

ificat

ion

1st floor

0.1 1 10

0.1

1

10

Frequency (Hz)

2nd flooron soil / site-2

MIN-1

MONITORING OF STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

Real-time monitoring of a hospital building in Thessaloniki. Temporary array: 39 triaxial Mark products short-period seismometers coupled to Earthdata recorders EDL and 7 triaxial broadband Guralp seismometers coupled to Reftek recorders.

Permanent array: 13 triaxial accelerometric sensors SOSEWIN (in cooperation with the Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam- German Research Centre for Geosciences laboratory).

Singular values for the selection of modes based on the Fre-quency Domain Decomposition (FDD) method for the hospital building

f1=1.65Hz, f2=1.90Hz, f3=2.29Hz, f4=3.58Hz, f5=5.18Hz

Mode shapes of the hospital buildings based on noise measurements

26 27

Numerical simulation of an 8-storey building with 3-storey basement founded on piles in Thessaloniki, Greece– Contour of the horizontal displacement of the soil-structure system

The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in analysis and design of structures in highly seismic regions, accounting for realistic soil conditions. Using advanced numerical tools, we perform state-of-the-art earthquake assessment of existing buildings, bridges, monuments and infrastructures, as well as state-of-practice design of new structures.• Analysis of new and existing structures• Performance-based design of structures and infrastructures• 2D-3D soil-foundation-structure interaction and topography effects• Seismic assessment and retrofitting of structures• Seismic assessment and mitigation design of monumental buildings• Earthquake resistant design of foundations

Selected projects: SERIES • NEMISREF • Consulting projects in Greece

Selected publications: • Karatzetzou A, Pitilakis D, Kržan M, Bosiljkov V (2015). Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulnerability assessment of the Neo-classical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13(1): 411-428.• Karapetrou S, Fotopoulou S, Pitilakis K (2015). Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-ductile RC buildings considering soil-structure interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 73: 42-57.3D finite element model of De Bosset historical bridge

in Cephalonia, GreeceSeismic analysis and design of residential building

accounting for topographic and soil-structure interaction effects

SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

3D finite element model of AHEPA hospital building in Thessaloniki, Greece

Typical floor plan and sections along the longitudinal (Section A-A’) and transverse (B-B’) directions of the hospital building

3D finite element model of Arsenal De Milly in Rhodes, Greece

3D finite element model of the Neoclassical School in Rhodes, Greece

b

28 29

Soil-foundation-structure interaction and topographic effects

The response of structures when subjected to dynamic loading is affecting the underlying soil response and vice-versa. The, so-called, dynamic soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) could be beneficial or detrimental for the structures. The Research Unit of SDGEE has long experience in modeling complex soil-foundation-structure interaction problems. Our expertise focuses on:• Experimental and theoretical soil-foundation-structure interaction investigation, using the full-scale facil-

ity of EuroProteas in EuroSeistest• 3D numerical modeling of coupled soil-foundation-structure systems• Numerical modeling of surface and deep foundation systems• Analysis and design of bridge foundations and piers• Linear, equivalent-linear and non-linear numerical modeling of SFSI• Vulnerability of structures considering SFSI effects• Soil-tunnel-structure interaction modeling• Structure-soil-structure interaction modeling• Performance-based design of soil-foundation-structure systems• Analysis and mitigation of monumental soil-foundation systems• Dynamic foundation impedance functions

Selected projects: SERIES • NERA • PERPETUATE • NEMISREF • INDES-MUSA

Selected publications: • Pitilakis D, Clouteau D, 2010. Equivalent linear substructure approximation of soil-foundation-structure interaction: model presentation and validation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(2): 257-282• Rovithis E, Pitilakis K, Mylonakis G, 2009. Seismic analysis of coupled soil-pile-structure systems leading to the definition of a pseudo-natural SSI frequency. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(6): 1005-1015

Analytical and numerical simulation of soil-caisson-pier-deck interaction of a typical bridge

Investigation of “city effects” – Contour of the horizontal acceleration around the structures

SOIL-FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

Soil-pile-basement interaction in buildings

Effects of tunneling on surface structures accounting for soil-tunnel-structure interaction

3D finite element modeling of EuroProteas soil-foundation-structure system in ABAQUS, and 3D finite element modeling

of EuroProteas structure in SAP2000

30 31

Although recent earthquake events (e.g. Kobe 1995, Duzce 1999, Chi-Chi 1999, Wenchuan 2008) have dem-onstrated that underground structures and tunnels may undergo extensive deformations or even collapse, their seismic response has not been adequately explored compared to aboveground structures, due to lack of well-documented experimental data and field evidence. In this regard, design specifications in modern seismic codes are based primarily on simplified methods, the implementation of which may lead to sub-stantially different seismic design for underground structures. Along these lines, the Research Unit of SDGEE expertise regarding tunnels and underground structures cov-ers the following areas:• Investigation of the seismic behaviour of circular tunnels and box-type structures• Experimental and numerical modelling of the seismic behaviour of embedded structures• Seismic design of pipelines (gas, water, waste water), tunnels and metro stations• Vulnerability assessment of tunnels and underground structures• Evaluation of seismic design methods• Site and structure specific studies for pipelines, metro lines and underground structures

Selected projects: RRTT • SERIES • Consulting: Thessaloniki METRO, Thermaiki ODOS

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Tsinidis G (2014) Performance and seismic design of underground structures. In: Maugeri M and Soccodato C (eds) Earth-quake geotechnical engineering design. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 28: 279–340, Springer. • Tsinidis G, Pitilakis K, Madabhushi SPG, Heron C (2014) Dynamic response of flexible square tunnels: Centrifuge testing and validation of existing design methodologies. Geotechnique, DOI: 10.1680/geot./SIP 15-P-004.

Collapse of a flexible tunnel-model under seismic shaking during a centrifuge test at the centrifuge facility of the University of Cam-bridge, UK (Tsinidis et al. 2014)

Numerical model – plastic strains Numerical predictions vs. Experimental data

(bending moments)

SEISMIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF TUNNELS AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

Numerical analysis of circular tunnels in dynamic centrifuge tests: Contour diagrams of soil shear stress and deformed tunnel shapes

3D numerical analysis of a tunnel crossing a fault and an adjacent station. Settlements 3D contour.

Design of immersed tunnels

Seismic analysis and design of metro stations

Above structure - ground and tunnel dynamic interactions

g

32 33

Ground improvement methods to ensure structure’s safety under static conditions, and to mitigate seismic risk of structures and infrastructures, became during the last years a challenging research topic with sub-stantial economic interest in global scale. Soil mixtures (essentially sand and gravels) with lightweight geo-materials (such as volcanic pumice or other industrial materials, as recycled car tires after special process-ing) are commercially available in the form of grains in a variety of sizes, and present an attractive solution to improve structural safety and to reduce the seismic risk. At the same time, such mixtures offer an interesting solution to the eco-friendly use of recycled materials. Our research activities focus on:• Laboratory testing of the mechanic and dynamic properties of soil mixtures with volcanic coarse materi-

als and granulated rubber derived from recycled used tires• Investigation of factors influencing the dynamic properties of the mixtures (i.e. percentage of rubber, size

of the granules, ratio of the mean diameter between the soil and the synthetic material)• Proposal of analytical expressions for the dynamic properties of lightweight mixture materials and of the

best practices for specific applications in a wide range of cyclic strains and compositions• Numerical analysis of the seismic response of different structures (i.e. buildings, tanks, bridge piers and

abutments) and geo-structures (i.e. retaining walls and embankments) using the rubber/pumice soil mix-tures as foundation or backfill material, in order to evaluate the improved earthquake behavior and the most influencing parameters

Selected projects: NEMISREF • Consulting projects

Selected publications: • Kirtas E, Rovithis E, Pitilakis K, 2009. Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part I: Validation of numerical simula-tions, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(2):155-169• Senetakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K., 2011. Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (RSM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitude”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 33(1): 38-53

G/G0 - γ- D/D0 curves for sand and sand-rubber mixtures proposed by SDGEE after resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1

D/D

o

G/G

o

γ [%]

sand

sand (80%) - rubber (20%)

sand (40%) - rubber (60%)

INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT

Using lightweight backfill material in the seismic response of a quay wall results in a considerable reduction of peak ground acceleration on the quay wall

Rubber or/and pumice and soil mixtures can be used as foundation soil or backfill material to improve the structure’s behavior under static and dynamic or earthquake loading conditions. The use of recycled car tires aims towards “green and smart infrastruc-tures”

Foundation improvement with soil-rubber mixture layer

soil-rubber mixture layer

34 35

During the past few years, in the framework of a pilot project the Research Unit of SDGEE has installed and operates in real-time a strong motion network of more than 30 instruments in and around Thessaloniki, aim-ing at contributing to the cutting-edge research effort of seismic risk mitigation in real and near-real time at European level. This network is the backbone of the under-development Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system in Thessaloniki, the first of such systems to be deployed in Greece. EEW system is combined with results from the dense instrumentation of selected buildings, concerning the building-specific behaviour and vulnerability assessment during earthquakes as well as its alteration with time (time-dependent vulner-ability).The objective is to develop a rigorous end-user oriented methodology with appropriate instrumentation set-up to provide in real, or almost real, time (e.g. in a few seconds from the generation of the earthquake event and before the seismic waves reach the structure) accurate prediction of the expected seismic damages. The structures that are envisaged for potential installation of the network are public buildings, critical facili-ties, schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructures (roads, railways, harbour and airport facilities), utility systems (gas, water, waste water networks) and industrial facilities.

Selected projects: REAKT • SIBYL

Selected publications: • Bindi D, Petrovic B, Karapetrou S, Manakou M, Boxberger T, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K and Parolai S, 2014. Seismic response of an 8-story RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering • Roumelioti Z, Sokos E, Manakou M, Paraskevopoulos P, Liakakis K, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K, 2014. Toward real-time earthquake damage assessment in Thessaloniki: implementation of earth-quake early warning, 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, August 25-29

Playback of rapid risk assessment for one hospital building. Input data correspond to the recorded waveforms of the 1978, M6.5 earthquake of Thessaloniki, Greece

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS AND REAL TIME DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

Snapshot from PRESTo software (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem, http://www.prestoews.org; e.g., Satriano et al. 2010; Zollo et al. 2010). Playback application for the October 10, 2013, M4.2 earthquake, which was felt in Thessaloniki. A warning

was available 9 seconds before the arrival of the strongest seismic waves at the port of Thessaloniki

Instrumented sites and buildings in Thessaloniki, Greece, with different types of sensors

36 37

Earthquakes, tsunami and landslides represent a major threat to urban environment in many regions around the world, due to both direct physical damages and socio-economic losses and impacts. Hence, vulnerabil-ity of buildings is of high importance for the risk assessment of critical facilities (e.g. hospitals, transportation terminals etc) as well as urban systems and populations. The Research Unit of SDGEE has long experience in vulnerability and risk analysis of structures in complex urban systems, including:• Development of fragility curves for different hazards (earthquakes, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami)• Consideration of aging effects (e.g., corrosion) and soil-structure interaction• Real-time vulnerability assessment• Vulnerability and risk assessment based on detailed hazard analyses, considering site effects and in-

duced phenomena at local (i.e. building, infrastructure), city or regional scale• Damage and loss assessment (physical, casualties, economic), GIS mapping with damage distribution

Selected projects: STREST • SIBYL • SYNER-G • SHARE • NERA • SAFELAND • REAKT • LESSLOSS • SRM-DGC • MERP • SRM-LIFE • RISK-UE

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Karapetrou S, Fotopoulou S, 2014, Consideration of aging and SSI effects on seismic vulnerability assessment of RC build-ings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12(4):1755-1776.• Fotopoulou S, Pitilakis K, 2013, Fragility curves for reinforced concrete buildings to seismically triggered slow-moving slides. Soil Dy-namics and Earthquake Engineering 48:143–161.

Vulnerability of buildings in Thessa-loniki for the Uniform Hazard Spectrum of SHARE project for a mean return period of 475 years in terms of percentage of damaged floor area per damage state.

Vulnerability of buildings in Thessaloniki for specific seismic scenario with mean return period of 500 years. Damaged buildings (left). Displaced people considering building damages, water and electric power supply (right) (SYNER-G project).

VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT I: BUILDINGS

Time-dependent fragility surfaces for RC buildings due to seismically triggered landslide displacements (Fotopoulou and Pitilakis 2013).

Fragility curves for RC buildings exposed to forces due to tsunami (Fi: debris impact, Fd: hydrodynamic, Fs: impulsive; FEMA P646)

Time-dependent fragility curves for a high rise, low code RC building when considering fixed base and SSI structural configurations under linear and nonlinear soil behaviour (Pitilakis et al 2014).

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Prob

abilit

y of

dam

age

Inundation depth (m)

Low rise / low code MRF buildings

minor damagemoderateextensivecomplete

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

Prob

abilit

y of

dam

age

PGA (g)

High rise / low code MRF - t= 50 years

Fixed base, rock Fixed base, rockSSI linear, coupled SSI linear, coupledSSI nonlinear, coupled SSI nonlinear, coupled

CP

IO

IO: immediate occupancy CP: collapse prevention

0

2

4

020

4060

80

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

PGD (m)Time (years)

Prob

abili

ty o

f dam

age

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

38 39

Modern societies and economies become more complex and sophisticated and, at the same time, more vulnerable to multiple hazards. Taking into consideration the rapid climate change, anthropogenic activities, growing urbanization, uncontrolled land-use and increased vulnerability of population and infrastructure, as well as interactions between different components of the urban system, the total risk is even higher. There-fore, the need to estimate the associated vulnerability and risk is of high importance towards the increase of society resilience and robustness to natural hazards. The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in vulnerability and risk assessment projects as coordinator (SYNER-G) or major partner. Our expertise fo-cuses on:• Classification and inventorying of all elements at risk (buildings, lifelines, utility systems, transportation

networks and infrastructures)• Development of fragility curves for different hazards (earthquakes, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami)• Vulnerability and risk assessment based on detailed hazard analyses, considering site effects and in-

duced phenomena at infrastructure, city or regional scale• Systemic and network analysis considering interaction between elements and systems• Assessment of expected damages and losses, GIS mapping with damage distribution• Socioeconomic losses. Damage restoration priorities and mitigation measures

Selected projects: STREST • SYNER-G • SAFELAND • REAKT • LESSLOSS • SRM-DGC • MERP • SRM-LIFE • RISK-UE

Selected publications: • Pitilakis K, Crowley E, Kaynia A (eds), 2014, SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk. Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 27, ISBN 978-94-007-7871-9, Springer Netherlands. • Argyroudis S, Selva J, Gehl P, Pitilakis K, 2015, Systemic seismic risk assessment of road networks considering interactions with the built environment. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, doi: 10.1111/mice.12136

Vulnerability and risk assessment of electric power facilities in Thessaloniki (SYNER-G project)

Systemic analysis of water supply system (WSS) in Thessaloniki consider-ing interactions with electric power network (EPN). Correlation of dam-aged pipes and broken electric power transmission stations to network connectivity (left). Effect of interaction with electric power network to the mean annual loss of water supply connectivity (right) (SYNER-G project)

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.060.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

Water Connectivity Loss % (WCL)

Mean Annual Frequency

of exceedance (

)

Interaction with EPN

No interaction with EPN

Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for cantilever retaining walls of different geometry and ground types (EC8)

Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for waterfront structures of different geometry and soil conditions

Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for shallow tunnels in alluvial deposits according to EC8 ground types (Argyroudis and Pitilakis 2012)

VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT II: INFRASTRUCTURES AND UTILITY SYSTEMS

Port of Thessaloniki: Components’ functionality for specific seismic

scenario with mean return period of 500 years (SYNER-G project).

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Prob

abilit

y of

dam

age

PGA (g)

Gravity quaywallsH<=10m, Vs=250 m/sH<=10m, Vs=500 m/sH>10m, Vs=250 m/sH>10m, Vs=500 m/sH<=10m, Vs=250 m/sH<=10m, Vs=500 m/sH>10m, Vs=250 m/sH>10m, Vs=500 m/sH<=10m, Vs=250 m/sH>10m, Vs=250 m/s

minor damage

moderate

extensive

40 41

Preventive actions must be adopted in order to perpetuate life of monuments and historical aggregates in seismic areas, in due time. One of the main specificities regarding the protection of cultural heritage assets is to consider both safety and conservation that guarantees their capacity of lasting over time against decay, natural hazards and extreme events, without losing their authenticity and usability. The Research Unit of SDGEE provides advanced assessment of cultural heritage assets including:• Seismic hazard analysis and estimation of design strong motions• Soil-foundation-structure interaction analysis• Ambient noise measur e ments and strong ground motion instrumentation• Structural health monitoring and pathology assessment• Dynamic analysis and design of strengthening interventions• Vulnerability assessment and risk analysis

Selected projects: PERPETUATE • Consulting: KB Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities

Selected publications: • Karatzetzou A, Pitilakis D, Kržan M, Bosiljkov V, 2015, Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulnerability assessment of the Neo-classical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:411-428.• Pitilakis D, Karatzetzou A, 2015, Dynamic stiffness of monumental flexible masonry foundations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:67-82.

Medieval city of Rhodes, Greece: Location of studied single monuments (as-built information, creation of a database with all avail-able information, modal analyses, static and dynamic nonlinear and elastic analyses, rehabilitation decisions), building aggregates (Kisthiniou and Street of the Knights), in-situ microtremor measurements (SPAC and HVSR measurements), and locations of works

for fortresses’ restoration.

Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece: Numerical modeling of Suleiman Mosque (a) a single cantilever column and (b) modeling of the whole structure. Sensors configuration is also shown

Investigation of the seismic behaviour of ancient multi-drum column at Lindos, Rhodes

SEISMIC ANALYSIS, VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND STRENGTHENING OF MONUMENTS

Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece: Numerical modeling of Arsenal De Milly

Investigation of the seismic behaviour of ancient multi-drum columns and portals

42 43

PROJECTS

Title Funding RoleHarmonized approach to stress tests for criti-cal infrastructures against natural hazardswww.strest-eu.org

European Commission, ENV.2013.6.4-4-603389

P

Seismic monitoring and vulnerability frame-work for civil protection

European Commission, ECHO.SUB.2014.695550

P

RARE-SYNERGASIA

Development of earthquake rapid response system for metropolitan motorways

General Secretariat for Re-search and Technology, 2012-2015

P

THALIS Contemporary evaluation methodology of seismic vulnerability and upgrade of port facilities

Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, 2012-2015

P

Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk analy-sis for buildings, lifeline networks and infra-structures safety gainwww.syner-g.eu

European Commission, ENV.2009.1-244061

C

Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assess-ment, effects of global change and risk man-agement strategieswww.safeland-fp7.eu

European Commission, ENV.2008.1-226479

P

Seismic hazard harmonization in Europewww.share-eu.org

European Commission, ENV.2008.1.3.1.1-226967

P

Seismic engineering research infrastructures for European synergieswww.series.upatras.gr

European Commission, IN-FRA.2008.1.1.2- 227887

P

Performance-based approach to earthquake protection of cultural heritage in European and Mediterranean countrieswww.perpetuate.eu

European Commission, ENV.2009.3.2.1.1-244229

P

Network of European research infrastructures for earthquake risk assessment and mitiga-tionwww.nera-eu.org

European Commission, IN-FRA.2010.1.1.27- 262330

P

Strategies and tools for real time earthquake risk reductionwww.reaktproject.eu

European Commission, ENV.2011.1.3.1-1- 282862

P

CASHIMA Synthesis of EUROSEISTEST and theoretical modeling

CEA/CADARACHE- No4000311888 & No 4000422704

P

E2VP CASHIMA Detailed geological and geotechnical de-scription of the EUROSEISTEST experimental facility and preparation of earthquake data and recordings from the permanent strong motion array for the validation of numerical models and codes for site effect and engi-neering seismology studies

CEA/CADARACHE-No 4000535543

P

COMPUTING AND SOFTWARE

• FINITEDIFFERENCEANALYSISFLAC2DFLAC3D2DFD_DVS

• 1D WAVE PROPAGATIONSHAKECYBERQUAKEEERASTRATACYCLIC 1DDEEPSOIL

• STRONG MOTION DATA PROCESSSACSEISMOSIGNAL

• SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSISCRISIS2007EQRMEQRISKOPENQUAKE

• GIS & CADArcGIS AutoCAD

• FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISABAQUSOPENSEESANSYSPLAXIS (2D, 3D)SAP2000SEISMOSTRUCTTREMURI

• TECHNICAL COMPUTINGMATLABMATHCAD

44 45

Title Funding Role Structural assessment monitoring and control www.samco.org

European Commission, G1RT-CT-2001-05040

P

ISMOD Towards an integrated strong motion mod-eling: Comparison of source path and site ef-fects on the example of EUROSEISTEST data

European Union, Copernicus , 1997-2000

P

MERP Marmara Earthquake Rehabilitation Project Turkish Government-European Commission, PIU-ID-MERP-2002-2004

P

X-SOILS Foundation design in seismically “problem-atic” soils under strong ground shaking

General Secretariat for Re-search and Technology, Greece_DP23

P

Dynamic soil testing of geophysical survey for the seismic design of Thessaloniki Metro Infrastructure

Bouygues T.P, 1999 C

Microzoning study of Thessaloniki General Secretary of Central Macedonia, Greece, 2000-2004

C

Microzoning study of Volos urban area – N. Ionia

Prefecture of Magnesia, Greece, 1995-2002

C

Microzoning study of Kozani urban area Municipality of Kozani, Greece, 1997-2003

C

Microzoning study of Lemesos urban area Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Cyprus. Depart-ment of Geological Prospect-ing, Cyprus, 1998-2001

C

Microzoning study of Larisa urban area Municipality of Larisa, Greece, 1998

C

Analytical and experimental study of the effect of local soil conditions for the evaluation an review of the EAK design forces

Earthquake Planning and Pro-tection Organization (OASP), Greece, 2000-2005

C

Stability study for the Lindos Acropolis Ministry of Culture, Greece, 1999

C

Retrofitting studies in the Rhodes Medieval City Fortress and monuments

Ministry of Culture, Greece, 1999-2005

C

Microzonation study of Paphos Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Geological Survey Department, 2002-2008

C

C: Coordinator, P: Partner

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

SDGEE

Title Funding RoleSeismic hazard assessment, site effects and soil structure interaction studies in an instru-mented basineuroseisdb.civil.auth.gr

European Commission, EVG1-CT-2001-00040

C

EUROSEIS-MOD Development and experimental validation of advanced modeling techniques in eng. seis-mology and earthquake engineeringeuroseisdb.civil.auth.gr

European Commission, ENV4-CT96-0255 (DG12-DTEE)

C

Volvi-Thessaloniki: A European test-site for engineering, seismology, earthquake engi-neering and seismologyeuroseisdb.civil.auth.gr

European Commission, ENV4960255

C

An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different Euro-pean towns

European Commission, EVK4-CT-2000-00014

P

Risk mitigation for earthquake and landslidewww.lessloss.org

European Commission, SUSTDEV.2002.3.IV.2.a-GOCE-CT-2003-505448

P

New methods for mitigation of seismic risk of existing foundations

European Commission, G1RD-CT-2002-00702

P

Cooperation agreement in the field of seis-mology in Greece

Institute de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire (IRSN) RCS Nanterre No440 546 018, 2003

P

3HAZ-CORINTH Earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides in the Corinth Rift, Greece. A multidisciplinary ap-proach for measuring, modeling and predicting their triggering modes and their effects

European Commission, SUSTDEV.2002.3.IV.2.a-4043

P

CORSEIS An integrated study of seismic hazard assess-ment in the area of Aegion Gulf of Corinth, Greece

European Commission, EVG1-CT-1999-00002

P

SRM-LIFE Development of a global methodology for the vulnerability assessment and risk manage-ment of lifelines, infrastructures and critical facilities. Application to the metropolitan area of Thessaloniki

General Secretariat for Re-search and Technology, Greece_DP19

C

Development and proposition for implemen-tation of an efficient methodology and appro-priate local instruments for the management, prevention and reduction of seismic risk in Duzce-Turkey, Grevena-Greece and Catania-Italy

European Commission, Minis-try of Economy and Finance, INTERREG III B Archimed

P

PROJECTS

46 47

ACADEMIC TEACHING

Graduate Studies Program “Seismic Design of Structures”

• ASTE01 - Soil Dynamics and Engineering Seismology

• ASTE05 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Design of Foundations, Retaining Walls, Underground and Earth Structures. Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction.

Undergraduate Studies Program

• TG0600 - Laboratory and In-Situ Tests in Geomechanics (*)

• TG1100 - Foundations, Retaining Structures and Geotechnical Works (*)

• TG1300 - Soil Improvement and Strengthening of Foundations (*)

• TG2500 – Introduction in Soil Dynamics and Engineering Seismology

• TG2600 - Environmental Geotechnical Engineering (*)

• TG3100 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering I: Seismic Ground Re-sponse, Design Ground Motions and Liquefaction Risk Assessment

• TG2800 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering II: Seismic Design of Foun-dations and Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction

(*) Courses given jointly with other members of the academic staff in the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering Thessaloniki, 18-22 June 2018Chairman: Prof. K. Pitilakis

4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical EngineeringThessaloniki, 26-28 June 2007Chairman: Prof. K. Pitilakis

Workshop: SYNER-G FP7 project Thessaloniki, 1 March 2013

Workshop: LESS-LOSS FP6 project Thessaloniki, 20 April 2007

Workshops: Microzonation Study of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, 14 April 2003 & 4 June 2004

Workshop: SRM-LIFE project Thessaloniki, 29 May 2008

48 49

research group research staff

stavroula fotopoulouDr Civil EngineerResearcherVulnerability assessment of buildings and infrastructures due to seismically induced landslides; Finite Element/Difference modeling; Time-dependent seismic vulnerability assessment; Lifeline earthquake engineering; GIS applications

Tel +30 2310994208 [email protected]

evi riga Civil Engineer, MSc Researcher, PhD CandidateSoil and site classification; Soil amplifi-cation factors; Design response spectra; 2D numerical analyses of valleys; Aggra-vation factors; Applications for seismic code provisions


grigoris tsinidisDr Civil Engineer,ResearcherSeismic analysis and design of under-ground structures – tunnels; Physical and numerical studies of SSI systems; Finite element modeling; Sesmic behav-ior of structures


anna KaratzetzouDr Civil Engineer,ResearcherNumerical studies of soil-structure inter-action; Earthquake engineering; Seismic response of structures


sotiria KarapetrouCivil Engineer, MSc Researcher, PhD CandidateTime-dependent vulnerability assesse-ment of RC buildings; Soil-foundation-structure-interaction; Aging effects; Vulnerability assessment based on field measurements; System identification


achileas g. pistolasCivil Engineer, MSc Researcher, PhD CandidateExperimental soil dynamics; Mechanics and dynamics of granular soil/ volcanic geo-materials/granulated tire rubber mixtures


aggelos tsinaris Civil Engineer, MScResearcher, PhD CandidateExperimental soil dynamics; Laboratory investigation of the mechanical and dynamical properties of typical granural/volcanic coarse materials with granu-lated rubber derived from recycled used tires; Seismic analysis and design of retaining structures - walls

stella Karafagka Civil Engineer, MScResearcher, PhD CandidateVulnerability assessment of buildings and infrastructures due to natural haz-ards; Numerical analyses; Seismic be-havior and rehabilitation of monuments

Tel +30 2310995648, +30 2310994347 [email protected]


Kyriazis pitilakis Dr Civil EngineerProfessor, Director of the Research UnitGeotechnical earthquake engineering;Engineering seismology; Numerical and stochastic methods; Soil dynam-ics; Microzoning studies; Protection of monuments and historical structures against natural hazards; Soil-foundation -structure interaction; Seismic design of technical projects

Tel +30 2310995693 | Fax +30 [email protected] | users.auth.gr/kpitilak

Dimitrios raptakis Dr PhysicistAssociate ProfessorEngineering seismology; Seismic ground motion; Site effects; Geophysical methods for soil and site characteriza-tion; Microzonation studies


anastasios anastasiadisDr Civil EngineerAssistant ProfessorLaboratory and in-Situ Testing; Soil and site characterization in geo-technical and earthquake engineering; Site effects and microzoning studies; Soil dynamics; Soil mechanics; Seismic performance and design of geotechni-cal structures and infrastructures

Tel +30 2310995806 | [email protected] mendeley.com/profiles/anastasios-anastasiadis

Dimitris pitilakisDr Civil EngineerAssistant ProfessorGeotechnical earthquake engineering; Soil-foundation-structure interaction; Performance based design; Structural dynamics; Numerical analysis; Foun-dation design and analysis; Seismic behavior and rehabilitation of historical buildings and monuments; Soil dynam-ics; Soil mechanics

Tel +30 2310994357 [email protected] | users.auth.gr/dpitilak

Maria ManakouDr GeologistLaboratory & Teaching StaffApplication of geophysical methods for soil and site characterization (CH, DH, microtremors, SWI, SASW, refraction); Experimental studies of site effects; Microzonation studies


sotiris argyroudisDr Civil EngineerLaboratory & Teaching StaffLifeline earthquake engineering; Vulner-ability assessment of infrastructures; Risk analysis; Numerical modeling of geostructures; Earthquake risk scenari-os; GIS applications

Tel +30 2310994341 [email protected] | linkedin.com/in/sargyroudis

Zafeiria roumelioti Dr SeismologistLaboratory & Teaching StaffKinematic modeling of earthquake sources; Simulation of strong ground motion; Near-fault effects on strong ground motion; Variability of strong ground motion due to source and site effects; Moment tensor determination; Study of non-linear site response; Seis-micity studies; Real-time seismological applications

Tel +30 2310995810 [email protected] | users.auth.gr/zroum

anastasia argyroudiSecretariatAdministrative and financial manage-ment of projects

Tel +30 2310995813 | Fax +30 [email protected]

research group perManent staff

50 51

More than 450 scientific publications since 1990 in:• scientific journals • peer-reviewed conference proceedings• special issues • books• book chapters

PUBLICATIONS

Konstantia MakraDr Civil EngineerHead of Soil Dynamic Division, EPPO/ITSAKSoil dynamics; Strong motion site characterization and soil categoriza-tion; Empirical and theoretical studies on strong ground motion; Site effects; Microzonation studies; Soil structure interaction; Seismic behavior and design of geotechnical structures; Numerical and analytical methodsand analytical methods

[email protected]

Manolis RovithisDr Civil Engineer Researcher, EPPO/ITSAKSoil dynamics; Aseismic design of foun-dations and structures; Soil-structure interaction with emphasis to pile founda-tions; Numerical and analytical studies of soil seismic response; Numerical simulation of physical SSI experiments; Subsoil interventions; Rehabilitation of historical monuments and structures

[email protected]

Kalliopi KakderiDr Civil EngineerTechnical Service, Hospital “G. Papanikolaou”Lifeline earthquake engineering; Numer-ical modeling of utility and transporta-tion infrastructures; Interconnectiveness between lifelines; Vulnerability; Liquefac-tion phenomena; GIS applications

[email protected]

Jacopo SelvaDr Physicist Researcher, INGV ItalyUncertainty treatment in hazard and risk assessments; Multi-hazard and multi-risk; Bayesian Volcanic, Tsunami and Seismic hazard; Bayesian inferece on fragility analyses; Statistical analysis of earthquakes and eruption spatio-temporal distribution; Serviceability of systems; Precursory patterns of volcanic eruptions

[email protected] | jacoposelva.altervista.org

Manolis KirtasDr Civil Engineer Assistant Professor, T.E.I of SerresStructural seismic behavior and dynam-ic soil-foundation-structure interaction; Dynamic behavior of soil deposits under seismic loading; Contemporary methods of seismic design of structures; Struc-tural analysis using the finite element method; Inelastic analysis of structures

[email protected] | kirtas-eng.weebly.com

Kostas SenetakisDr Civil EngineerLecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia Experimental micromechanics of soils; Compression behavior of gap-graded and clayey soils; Transitional behavior in soils and particle breakage; Mechanics and dynamics of granular soil/ volcanic geo-materials/granulated tire rubber mixtures; Reinforced soils; Structures seismic response; Liquefaction of soils

[email protected] | senetakis.weebly.com

Olga-Joan KtenidouDr Civil Engineer Researcher, GFZ Potsdam, Germany Engineering seismology; Seismic and noise record processing; Downhole ar-rays; Local (topographic & basin edge) site effects; 2D site response simula-tions; High-frequency attenuation effects (kappa); Ground motion uncertainty (sigma) and variability

[email protected]

Chiara SmerziniDr Environmental Engineer Researcher, Politecnico di Milano, Italy3D numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation in complex earth media; Spectral Element Method (SEM); High Performance Computing; Variability of earthquake-induced ground shaking due to source and site effects; Seismic hazard analysis; Seismic response of underground structures; Strong ground motion selection and scaling

[email protected]

RESEARCH GROUP EXTERNAL COLLABORATORS

52 53

Karatzetzou A., Pitilakis D., Kržan M., Bosiljkov V. (2015). Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulner-ability assessment of the Neoclassical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 411-428.

Ktenidou O.-J. , Roumelioti Z., Abrahamson N., Cotton F., Pitilakis K., Hollender F. (2015). Site effects and ground motion variability: traditional spectral ratios vs. GMPE residuals. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (submitted).

Maufroy E., Chaljub E., Hollender F., Kristek J., Moczo P., Klin P., Priolo E., Iwaki A., Iwata T., Etienne V., De Mar-tin F., Theodoulidis N., Manakou M., Guyonnet-Benaize C., Pitilakis K., Bard P.-Y. (2015). Earthquake ground motion in the Mygdonian basin, Greece: the E2VP verification and validation of 3D numerical simulation up to 4 Hz. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, doi: 10.1785/0120140228.

Pitilakis D., Karatzetzou A. (2015). Dynamic stiffness of monumental flexible masonry foundations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 67-82.

Raptakis D., Makra K. (2015). Multiple estimates of soil structure at a vertical strong motion array: Under-standing uncertainties from different shear wave velocity profiles. Engineering Geology 192: 1-18.

Tsinidis G., Pitilakis K., Madabhushi G., Heron C. (2015). Dynamic response of flexible square tunnels: Centri-fuge testing and validation of existing design methodologies. Geotechnique 65(5): 401-417.

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2015). A comparison of material damping measurements in reso-nant column using the steady-state and free-vibration decay methods, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake En-gineering 74: 10–13.

Bindi D., Petrovic B., Karapetrou S., Manakou M., Boxberger T., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K., Parolai S. (2014). Seis-mic response of a 8-story RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9713-y.

Chávez-García F.J., Manakou M., Raptakis D. (2014). Subsoil structure and site effects: A comparison be-tween results from SPAC and HVSR in sites of complex geology. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineer-ing 57: 133–142.

Corominas J., Van Westen C., Frattini P., Cascini L., Malet J.-P., Fotopoulou S., Catani F., Van Den Eeckhaut M., Mavrouli O., Agliardi F., Pitilakis K., Winter M. G., Pastor M., Ferlisi S., Tofani V., Hervás J., Smith J. T. (2014). Recommendations for the quantitative assessment of landslide risk. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(2):209-263.

Eidsvig U., McLean A., Vangelsten B.V., Kalsnes B., Ciurean L., Argyroudis S., Winter M., Mavrouli O.C., Foto-poulou S., Pitilakis K., Bails A. , Malet J.P., Kaiser G. (2014). Assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to landslides using an indicator-based approach. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(2): 307-324.

PUBLICATIONS

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS (2000-2015)

International Journals

Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M. (2015). Analytical seismic fragility functions for highway and railway embank-ments and cuts. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, doi: 10.1002/eqe.2563.

Argyroudis S., Selva J., Gehl P., Pitilakis K. (2015). Systemic seismic risk assessment of road networks considering interactions with the built environment. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering doi: 10.1111/mice.12136.

Cattari S., Lagomarsino S., Karatzetzou A., Pitilakis D. (2015). Vulnerability assessment of Hassan Bey’s Mansion in Rhodes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 347-368.

Cauzzi C., Gasparini P., Sousa Oliveira C., Amaral Ferreira M., Iervolino I., Colombelli S., Emolo A., Picozzi M., Zollo A., Erdik M., afak E., Zülfikar C., Pitilakis K., Karapetrou S., Vogfjord K., Jonsdottir K., Bindi D., Lai C., Zuccolo E., Sokos E., Clinton J., Behr Y., Wiemer S., Zschau J. and the WP7 working group (2015). To-wards Real-time Risk Reduction for Strategic Facilities through Earthquake Early Warning: summary of the REAKT experience. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (submitted).

Chávez-García F.J., Raptakis D. (2015). Local Amplification and Subsoil Structure at a Difficult Site: Un-derstanding Site Effects from Different Measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (submitted).

Douglas J., Seyedi D., Ulrich T., Modaressi H., Foerster E., Pitilakis K., Pitilakis D., Karatzetzou A., Gazetas G., Garini E. and Loli M. (2015). Evaluation of seismic hazard for the assessment of historical elements at risk: description of input and selection of intensity measures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 49-65.

Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2015). Predictive relationships for seismically induced slope displacements using numerical analysis results. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, doi: 10.1007/s10518-015-9768-4.

Hemeda S., Pitilakis K., Bandis S. (2015). Geotechnical, geophysical investigation and seismic response analysis of the underground tombs in Mustafa Kamil Necropolis, Alexandria, Egypt. Mediterranean Ar-chaeology and Archaeometry 15 (1): 191-207.

Karapetrou S., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2015). Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-ductile RC buildings considering soil-structure interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 73: 42-57.

Karapetrou S., Manakou M., Bindi D., Petrovic B., Pitilakis K. (2015). “Time-building specific” seismic vul-nerability assessment of a high rise RC building using field monitoring data. Engineering Structures (sub-mitted).

Karatzetzou A., Negulescu C., Manakou M., François B., Seyedi D., Pitilakis D., Pitilakis K. (2015). Ambient vibration measurements on monuments in the Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 331-345.

54 55

Rovithis E., Mylonakis G., Pitilakis K. (2013). Dynamic stiffness and kinematic response of single piles in inho-mogeneous soil. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(6): 1949–1972.

Selva J., Argyroudis S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Impact on loss/risk assessments of inter-model variability in vulner-ability analysis. Natural Hazards 67(2): 723-746.

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis K. (2013). Normalized shear modulus reduction and damping ratio curves of quartz sand and rhyolitic crushed rock. Soils and Foundations 53(6): 879-893.

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K., Coop M. (2013). The dynamics of a pumice granular soil in dry state under isotropic resonant column testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 45: 70-79.

Anastasiadis A., Senetakis K. and Pitilakis K. (2012). Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand/rubber and gravel/rubber mixtures. Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering 30(2): 363-382.

Anastasiadis A., Senetakis K., Pitilakis K., Gargala C., Karakasi I. (2012). Dynamic behavior of sand/rubber mixtures, Part I: Effect of rubber content and duration of confinement on small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio. Journal of ASTM International 9(2), Paper ID JAI103680, doi: 10.1520/STP154020120011.

Argyroudis S., Pitilakis K. (2012). Seismic fragility curves of shallow tunnels in alluvial deposits. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 35: 1–12.

Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2012). Design spectra and amplification factors for Eurocode 8. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 10(5): 1377-1400.

Raptakis D. (2012). Pre-loading effect on dynamic soil properties: Seismic methods and their efficiency in geotechnical aspects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 34(1): 69-77.

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2012). The small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of quartz and volcanic sands. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal 35(6), doi: 10.1520/GTJ20120073

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis K. (2012). Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (RSM) and grav-el/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 33: 38-53.

Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K., Souli A. (2012). Dynamic behavior of sand/rubber mixtures, Part II: Effect of rubber content on G/Go--DT curves and volumetric threshold strain. Journal of ASTM International 9(2), Paper ID JAI103711, doi: 10.1520/JAI103711.

Ktenidou O.-J., Chávez-García F.J., Pitilakis K. (2011). Variance reduction and signal-to-noise ratio: Reducing uncertainty in spectral ratios. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101(2): 619-634.

Pitilakis K., Anastasiadis A., Kakderi K., Manakou M., Manou D., Alexoudi M., Fotopoulou S., Argyroudis S., Senetakis K. (2011). Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city: seismic hazard, geotechnical and lifeline aspects. Earthquakes and Structures 2(3): 207-232.

Manos G. C. , Pitilakis K.D., Sextos A.G., Kourtides V., Soulis V. , Thauampteh J. (2014). Field experiments for monitoring the dynamic soil-structure-foundation response of a bridge-pier model structure at a Test Site. Journal of Structural Engineering 141, SPECIAL ISSUE: Field Testing of Bridges and Buildings, D4014012.

Mavrouli O., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K., Zuccaro G., Corominas J., Santo A., Cacace F., De Gregorio D., Di Crescenzo G., Foerster E., Thomas U. (2014). Vulnerability assessment for reinforced concrete buildings ex-posed to landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73(2): 265-289.

Pitilakis K., Karapetrou S., Fotopoulou S. (2014). Consideration of aging and SSI effects on seismic vulner-ability assessment of RC buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12(4): 1755-1776.

Pitilakis K., Tsinidis G., Leanza A., Maugeri M. (2014). Seismic behaviour of circular tunnels accounting for above ground structures interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 67: 1-15.

Tsinidis G., Pitilakis K., Trikalioti A.D. (2014). Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels using a simplified kinematic hardening model. Acta Geotechnica 9(4): 641-659.

Winter M.G., Smith J.T., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K., Mavrouli O-C., Corominas J., Agryroudis S. (2014). An expert judgment approach to determining the physical vulnerability of roads to debris flow. Bulletin of Engi-neering Geology and the Environment 73(2): 291-305.

Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M., Pitilakis K. (2013). Development of fragility functions for geotechnical construc-tions: Application to cantilever retaining walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 50: 106–116.

Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismically triggered slow-moving earth slides. Landslides 10(5): 563-582.

Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Fragility curves for reinforced concrete buildings to seismically triggered slow-moving slides. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 48: 143–161.

Pitilakis D., Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi A., Clouteau, D (2013). Equivalent-Linear Dynamic Impedance Functions of Surface Foundations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139(7): 1130–1139.

Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2013) New code site classification, amplification factors and normalized response spectra based on a worldwide ground-motion database, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(4): 925-966.

Pitilakis K., Roumelioti Z., Raptakis D., Manakou M., Liakakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis D. (2013). The EUROSEISTEST strong ground motion database and web portal. Seismological Research Letters 84(5): 796–804.

Raptakis D. (2013). Pre-loading effect on site response: Site amplification and soil properties mismatch. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 53: 1–10.

PUBLICATIONS

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Chávez-García F.J., Luzón F., Raptakis D., Fernández J. (2007). Shear-wave velocity structure around Teide volcano: Results using microtremors with the SPAC method and implications for interpretation of geodetic results. Pure and Applied Geophysics 164(4): 697-720.

Pitilakis K., Alexoudi M., Argyroudis S., Monge O., Martin C. (2006). Earthquake risk assessment of lifelines, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4(4): 365-390.

Apostolidis P., Raptakis D., Pandi K., Manakou M., Pitilakis K. (2005). Definition of subsoil structure and pre-liminary ground response in Aigion city (Greece) using microtremor and earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 26(10): 922 – 940.

Comodromos, E., Pitilakis, K. (2005). Response evaluation of horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups using 3-D nonlinear analysis. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical methods in Geomechanics 29(6): 597-625.

Papathanassiou G., Pavlides S., Christaras B., Pitilakis K. (2005). Liquefaction case histories and empirical relations of earthquake magnitude versus distance from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynam-ics 40(2-3): 257–278.

Raptakis D., Manakou M., Chavez-Garcia F., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2005). 3D configuration of Mygdonian ba-sin and preliminary estimate of its site response. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25: 871-887.

Semblat J.F., Kham M., Parara E., Bard P.Y., Pitilakis K., Makra K., Raptakis D. (2005) Seismic wave amplifica-tion: Basin geometry vs soil layering. Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25(7-10): 529-538.

Apostolidis P., Raptakis D., Roumelioti Z., Pitilakis K. (2004). Determination of S-Wave velocity structure using microtremors and SPAC method applied in Thessaloniki (Greece). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineer-ing 24(1): 49-67.

Raptakis D., Makra K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2004). Complex site effects in Thessaloniki (Greece) – I: Soil structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2(3): 271-290.

Raptakis D., Makra K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2004). Complex site effects in Thessaloniki (Greece) – II: 2D SH modeling and engineering insights. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2(3): 301-327.

Pitilakis K., Makropoulos K., Bernard P., Lemeille Fr., Lyon-Caen H., Berge-Thierry C., Tika Th., Manakou M., Diagourtas D., Raptakis D., Kallioglou P., Makra K., Pitilakis D., Bonilla F. (2004). The Corinth Gulf Soft Soil Ar-ray (CORSSA) to study site effects. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 336(4-5): 353-365.

Sextos A., Kappos A., Pitilakis K. (2003). Inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges accounting for spatial vari-ability of ground motion, site effects and soil-structure interaction phenomena – Part 2: Parametric analysis. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32(4): 629-652.

Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Mylonakis G. (2011). A note on a pseudo-natural SSI frequency of coupled soil-pile-structure systems. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31(7): 873-878.

Hemeda S, Pitilakis K. (2010). Serapeum temple and the ancient annex daughter library in Alexandria, Egypt: Geotechnical–geophysical investigations and stability analysis under static and seismic conditions. Engi-neering Geology 113(1–4): 33-43.

Lagomarsino S., Modaressi H., Pitilakis K., Bosiljkov V., Calderini Ch., D’ Ayala D., Benouar D., Cattari S. (2010). PERPETUATE project: the Proposal of a Performance-based Approach to Earthquake Protection of Cultural Heritage. Advanced Materials Research 133-134: 1119-1124.

Manakou M., Raptakis D., Apostolidis P., Chávez-García F. J., Pitilakis K. (2010). 3D soil structure of the Myg-donian basin for site response analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30: 1198-1211.

Pitilakis D., Clouteau D. (2010). Equivalent linear substructure approximation of soil–foundation–structure interaction: model presentation and validation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8(2): 257–282.

Pitilakis D., Makris N. (2010). A study on the effects of the foundation compliance on the response of yielding structures using dimensional analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8(6): 1497–1514.

Raptakis D., Makra K. (2010). Shear wave velocity structure in western Thessaloniki (Greece) using mainly alternative SPAC method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30(4): 202–214

Kallioglou P., Tika Th., Koninis G., Papadopoulos St., Pitilakis K. (2009). Shear modulus and damping ratio of organic soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 27(2). 217-235.

Kirtas E., Rovithis E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part I: Vali-dation of numerical simulations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 13(2): 155-169.

Kirtas E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part II: Parametric investigation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 13(3): 328-344.

Rovithis E., Kirtas E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Experimental P-y loops for estimating seismic soil-pile interaction. Bul-letin of Earthquake Engineering 7(3): 719-736.

Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Mylonakis G. (2009). Seismic analysis of coupled soil-pile-structure systems leading to the definition of a pseudo-natural SSI frequency. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29: 1005-1015.Kallioglou P., Tika Th., Pitilakis K. (2008). Shear modulus and damping ratio of cohesive soils. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 12(6): 879-913.

Pitilakis D., Dietz M., Muir Wood D., Clouteau D., & Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi A. (2008). Numerical simu-lation of dynamic soil–structure interaction in shaking table testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engi-neering 28(6): 453–467.

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Chapters

Cattari S., Karatzetzou A., Degli Abbati S., Pitilakis D., Negulescu C., Gkoktsi K. (2015). Seismic performance based assessment of the Arsenal de Milly of the medieval city of Rhodes. Seismic Assessment, In: Psycharis I., Pantazopoulou V., Papadrakakis M. (eds.), Seismic Assessment, Behavior and Retrofit of Heritage Build-ings and Monuments, Series: Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 365-392, Springer International Publishing.

Pitilakis K. (2015). Earthquake risk assessment: Certitudes, fallacies, uncertainties and the quest for sound-ness. In: Ansal A. (ed), Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Series: Geo-tech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Springer International Publishing (in press).

Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2015) Earthquake risk mitigation of lifelines and critical facilities. In: Beer M., Kou-gioumtzoglou I., Patelli E., Au I. S.-K. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidel-berg, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_395-1

Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2015). New design spectra in Eurocode 8 and preliminary application to the seismic risk of Thessaloniki, Greece, In: Ansal A., Sakr M. (eds.), Perspectives on Earthquake Geotechni-cal Engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 37, pp. 45-91, Springer International Publishing.

Tsinidis G., Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Chazelas J.-L. (2015). Dynamic response of shallow rectangular tunnels in sand by centrifuge testing. In: Taucer F., Apostolska R. (eds.) Experimental Research in Earthquake Engi-neering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 35, pp. 493-507, Springer International Publishing.

Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2014) Seismic vulnerability assessment: lifelines. In: Beer M., Kougioumtzoglou I., Patelli E., Au I. S-K., (eds) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_255-1

Anastasiadis A., Riga, E. (2014). Site classification and spectral amplification for seismic code provisions, In: Maugeri M, Soccodato C. (eds.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Design, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 28, pp 23-72, Springer International Publishing.

Argyroudis S., Selva J., Kakderi K., Pitilakis K. (2014) Application to the city of Thessaloniki. In: Pitilakis K., Franchin P., Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.) SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex urban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications. Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 31, pp. 199-240, Springer Netherlands.

Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M. (2014) Fragility functions of highway and railway infrastructure In: Pitilakis K., Crowley H., Kaynia A.M. (eds.), SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk. Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 27, pp. 299-326, Springer Netherlands.

Sextos A., Pitilakis K., Kappos A. (2003). Inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges accounting for spatial vari-ability of ground motion, site effects and soil-structure interaction phenomena – Part 1: Methodology and Analytical tools. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32(4): 607-627.

Anastasiadis A., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K. (2001). Thessaloniki’s detailed microzoning: Subsurface as basis of site response analysis. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158(12): 2597-2633.

Makra K., Raptakis D., Chavez-Garcia F., Pitilakis K. (2001). Site effects and design provisions: The case of Euroseistest. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158(12) 2349-2367.

Raptakis D., Chavez-Garcia F., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2000). Site effects at EURO-SEISTEST – I: 2D determina-tion of the valley structure and confrontation of the observations with 1D analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earth-quake Engineering 19(1): 1-22.

Chavez-Garcia F., Raptakis D., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2000). Site effects at EURO-SEISTEST – II: Results from 2D numerical modeling and comparison with observations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 19(1): 23-39.

Books

Pitilakis K., Crowley H., Kaynia, A. (eds.) (2014). SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk, Buildings, Lifelines, Transportation Networks and Critical Facilities, Se-ries: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 27, ISBN: 978-94-007-7871-9, Springer Netherlands.

Pitilakis K., Franchin P., Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.) (2014). SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex urban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 31, ISBN 978-94-017-8834-2, Springer Netherlands.

Pitilakis K. (2010). Geotechnical earthquake engineering. ISBN 978-960-456-226-8, Ziti (in Greek).

Pitilakis K. (ed.) (2007). Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering - Invited Lectures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Springer Netherlands.

PUBLICATIONS

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Pitilakis K., Raptakis D., Makra K., Manakou M., Chavez-Garcia F.J. (2011). Euroseistest 3D Array for the Study of Complex Site Effects. In: Akkar A., Gülkan P., van Eck T. (eds.) Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology, Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, pp. 145-166, Springer Netherlands.

Pitilakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis D., Trevlopoulos K. and Senetakis K., (2010). Elastic demand spectra. In: Fardis M. N. (ed.), Advances in performance-based earthquake engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 13, pp. 89-99, Springer Netherlands.

Chávez-García F.J., Luzón F., Raptakis D., Fernández J. (2007). Shear-wave velocity structure around Teide volcano: Results using microtremors with the SPAC method and implications for interpretation of geodetic results. In: Wolf D., Fernández J, (eds.), Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism, and Climate Change, Pageoph Topical Volumes, Birkhäuser Basel.

Elgamal A., Pitilakis K., Raptakis D., Garnier J., Madabhushi SP, Pinto A., Steidl J., Stewart H., Stokoe K., Tau-cer F., Tokimatsu K. and Wallace J. (2007). A review of large-scale testing facilities in geotechnical earth-quake engineering. In: Pitilakis K. (ed.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering - Invited Lectures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 6, pp: 93-129, Springer Netherlands.

Paolucci R., Pitilakis K. (2007). Seismic risk assessment of underground structures under transient ground deformations. , In: Pitilakis K. (ed.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering - Invited Lectures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 6, pp. 433-459, Springer Netherlands.

Liolios A., Iosifidou C., Tsotsos S., Pitilakis K. and Yeroyanni M. (2006). A numerical approach to the unilateral contact dynamic problem of soil-pile interaction. In: Rackwitz F. (ed.), Entwicklungen in der Bodenmechanik, Bodendynamik und Geotechnik, pp: 153-159, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,

Pitilakis K., Alexoudi M., Argyroudis S., Anastasiadis A. (2006). Seismic risk scenarios for an efficient risk management: The case of Thessaloniki (Greece). In: Wasti T., Ozcebe G. (eds.), Advances in Earthquake Engineering for Urban Risk Reduction, NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 66, pp. 229-244, Springer Netherlands.

Pitilakis K., Alexoudi M., Argyroudis S., Monge O. and Martin C. (2006). Vulnerability and risk assessment of lifelines. In: Oliveira C., Roca A., Goula X. (eds.), Assessing and Managing Earthquake Risk: Geo-scientific and Engineering Knowledge for Earthquake Risk Mitigation: developments, tools, techniques, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., pp. 185-211, Springer Netherlands.

Pitilakis K. (2004). Site Effects. In: Ansal A. (ed.), Recent advances in earthquake geotechnical engineering and microzonation, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 1, pp. 139-197, Springer Netherlands.

Kakderi K., Argyroudis S. (2014) Fragility functions of water and waste-water systems. In: Pitilakis K, Crowley H, Kaynia AM (eds.), SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk, Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 221-258, Springer Netherlands.

Kakderi K., Selva J., Pitilakis K. (2014) Application in the harbor of Thessaloniki. In: Pitilakis K., Franchin P., Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.), SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex urban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 347-368, Springer Netherlands.

Kakderi K., Pitilakis K. (2014) Fragility functions of harbor elements. In: Pitilakis K, Crowley H, Kaynia AM (eds.), SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk, Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 327-356, Springer Netherlands.

Tsinidis G., Heron C., Pitilakis K., Madabhushi G. (2014). Centrifuge modelling of the dynamic behavior of square tunnels in sand. In: Taucer F., Apostolska R. (eds.) Experimental Research in Earthquake Engineering, Series: Geotechnical, Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 35, pp. 509-523, Springer International Publishing.

Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2014). Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk analysis of urban systems, lifelines and infrastructures. In: Klinkel S., Butenweg C., Lin G., Holtschoppen B. (eds.), Seismic Design of Industrial Facilities, Proceedings of the International Conference on Seismic Design of Industrial Facilities (SeDIF-Conference), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Pitilakis K., Tsinidis G. (2014). Performance and seismic design of underground structures. In: Maugeri M, Soccodato C. (eds.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Design, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 28, pp. 279 - 340, Springer International Publishing.

Pitilakis K., Tsinidis G., Chalatis A. (2014). Shallow immersed rectangular tunnel in soft soils. ISO/WD 12930 Seismic design examples based on ISO 23469 - JISC-Japanese Industrial Standards Committee.

Tsinidis G., Heron C., Pitilakis K., Madabhushi S.P.G (2014). Physical modeling for the evaluation of the seis-mic behavior of square tunnels. In: Ilki A., Fardis M.N. (eds.), Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Struc-tures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng. Vol. 26, pp. 389 - 406, Springer International Publishing.

Argyroudis S., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Semi-empirical assessment of road vulnerability to seismi-cally induced slides. In: Margottini C., Canuti P., Sassa K. (eds.), Landslide Science and Practice, Vol. 5: Com-plex Environment, pp. 321-326, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Fotopoulou S., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2013) Building vulnerability to the 2008 Ilia- Achaia earthquake induced slides. In: Margottini C., Canuti P., Sassa K. (eds.), Landslide Science and Practice, Vol. 5: Complex Environment, pp. 219-226, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Pitilakis K., Terzi V. (2012). Experimental and theoretical SFSI studies in a model structure in Euroseistest. In: Sakr M.A., Ansal A. (eds.), Special Topics in Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 16, pp. 175-215, Springer Netherlands.

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SDGEEResearch Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

DEPARTMENTOF CIVILENGINEERING

ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITYOF THESSALONIKIGREECE

Thessaloniki, Greece2015

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research unit of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake

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