Research Title: Removal Of Dense Non-aqueous Phase

Liquid From Saturated Porous Media Using Surfactant-alcohol

Presenter:Nor Asni binti Azizan

Supervisor:Dr. Samira Albati Kamaruddin

Content

1. Introduction– Background of the Problem– Objectives of the Study

2. Literature Review– Types of DNAPL– Transport and Fate of

DNAPL– Surfactant-Alcohol– Previous Laboratory

Studies– Previous Numerical

Simulation Studies

3. Simulation of DNAPL Removal– T2VOC/Tough2 Software

4. Validation of DNAPL Removal– Experimental and

Photographic Setup– Image Analysis Technique

5. Research Planning and Schedule

6. Expected Findings

Background of the Problem

• Dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) is a group of liquid that classified as soil and groundwater contaminants when hydrocarbon liquid spills or leaks into the ground.

• The DNAPL is toxic and hazardous to human, animals and natural habitats.

• Following this, the researcher has motivated to carry out a study that aimed to investigate the removal of DNAPL.

• The process will be conducted through numerical simulation and

laboratory experiment within two-dimensional (2-D) saturated porous media model by using surfactant alcohol.

DNAPL’s Flow In Subsurface System

Table 1: DNAPL’s flow in subsurface system (Davey, Christine A. ,1998)

Objectives of the Study

• To identify the use of surfactant-alcohol flushing for DNAPL removal process in the 2-D model.

• To investigate the removal of DNAPL in 2-D model of saturated heterogeneous porous media using T2VOC/Tough2 model simulation.

• To validate model simulation with existing experimental data of DNAPL removal in saturated heterogeneous porous media.

Types of DNAPL

• Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), are some of the most common groundwater contaminants (Fischer et al., 1987; Lucius et al., 1992)

• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) • Bunker C, a common marine diesel fuel• Chlorobenzene, a solvent and chemical• Creosote• Coal tar• Chlorinated solvents

Transport and Fate of DNAPL

• Density • Viscosity • Interfacial Tension• Wettability • Capillary Pressure

• Saturation • Vapor Pressure• Volatility • Solubility • Relative Permeability• Residual Saturation

Surfactant-Alcohol

• Surfactant-alcohol are injected into the subsurface and interact with DNAPL to increase their aqueous solubility, which increases recovery of the chemicals.

• Surfactant is a compound that decreases liquids surface tension, adsorb at interfaces between air, water and oil and modify the surface properties.

• Surfactant has been widely used in remediation of DNAPL worldwide.

• Surfactant remediates DNAPL with solubilization and mobilization mechanism.

Previous Laboratory StudiesTypes of Model DNAPL Source Surfactant Porous Media Reference

Micro model0.013x6.4x4.0,0.013x5.9x4.2 Soil column 4.8 i.db

Soil column50 long x 2.42 i.db

Soil column 91.44 long x 5.08 i.db

Soil column 4.8 i.db

Soil column 15.4 height x 5.0 o.dc

Soil column15.0 height 4mL glass tube 61x91 50mL glass tube

Trichloroethylene Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate Automatic transmission fluid

2,3-dimethyl pentane2,2,4-trimethylpentane2,2,5-trimethyhexane Tetrachloroethylene 1,2,4-trichlorobenze Dichlorobiphenyl Tetrachloroethylene,Trichloroethylene,Chlorobenzene,1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,1,2-trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene,Trichloroethylene Hydrophobic dye, DO-11

Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate 14C-labelled dodecane Alcohol ethoxylate Hexadecyl (C16) diphenyl oxide disulfonate Polyoxyethylene Sodium, diamyl, dioctyl, dihexyl sulfosuccinate Sodium diphenyl oxide disulfonate Polyoxyethylene (23) laurl ether, Polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate , Sodium dodecyl sulfate Pure-hydrophobe primary alcohol ethoxylates, Witconol SN-120 primary alcohol ethoxylate, etc

Polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate,

Polyoxyethylene (23) laurl ether

Homogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous

(Jeong et al., 2000), (Jeong and Corapcioglu, 2005) (Abriola et al., 1993)

(Ang and Abdul, 1991) (Sabatini et al., 1997)

(Pennell et al., 1994) (Lee et al., 2002) (Chu and Kwan, 2003) (Cowell et al., 2000) (Saenton et al., 2002)

(Chu, 2002)

Previous Numerical Model Simulation Studies

• Numerical models have been formulated to simulate the flow of DNAPLs and their interactions with surfactant in the subsurface.

• Solute movement through heterogeneous porous media containing residual saturation was modeled by Hatfield and Stauffer in 1993.

• The simulated injection of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was shown to increase the recovery of PCE in a horizontal, one-dimensional porous medium (Reitsma and Kueper, 1996).

• Surfactant flooding has been simulated by modifying a three-dimensional finite-difference enhanced oil recovery package (Brown and Pope, 1994).

• Three-dimensional simulations of DNAPLs in heterogeneous saturated and unsaturated porous media have also been performed using the multiphase flow package T2VOC (Falta et al., 1995; Hodges and Falta, 1996).

• Brame developed a three-dimensional multiphase simulator, ALCLFD, which combines heterogeneous and alcohol/water/DNAPL ternary phase systems (Brame, 1993).

T2VOC/Tough2 Software

• T2VOC is a TOUGH module for three-phase flow of water, air, and a volatile organic compound (VOC).

• T2VOC was designed to simulate processes such as– The migration of hazardous non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in

variably saturated media– Forced vacuum extraction of organic chemical vapors from the

unsaturated zone (soil vapor extraction)– Evaporation and diffusion of chemical vapors in the unsaturated zone– Air injection into the saturated zone for removal of volatile organics

(air sparging)– Direct pumping of contaminated water and free product– Steam injection for the removal of NAPLs from contaminated soils

and aquifers.

Research Design and Procedure

Experimental and Photographic Setup

• An experimental setup of the multiphase flow experiment consists of 2-D model fabrication, porous media and DNAPL source preparation, and fluid content sensors and probes.

• The sand tank is placed with the glass wall facing a camera.

• Only the tank and two 500-W tungsten filament floodlights will be placed inside the black curtain.

• The position of the lighting sources is carefully adjusted to avoid reflection from the lighting stand and the soft box’s flash, and to produce constant lighting for the entire flow region.

Image Analysis Technique

• The procedures facilitated by the Image Pro-Plus software.

• The image is registered to a grid mask representing the actual dimensions of the sand tank.

• Each image will be calibrated to the actual measurement and median smoothing is assigned to all images to remove impulse noise from images.

• The average optical density of the AOI is measured using the Bitmap Analysis tool and the data is extracted to an Excel spreadsheet for DNAPL and water saturation calculation.

• The data then used will be visualize in the shape of contour map using the Surfer software.

Research Planning and ScheduleNo. Activities

2013 2014 2015

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

1 Preparation for paper published and apply for grant

2 Literatures review

3 Analysis of existing study

4

Submission of research proposal and application for full research programmed

1st Semester 2013/2014 9th 9th

5 Literatures review

6 1st Paper published (IENFORCE 2013)

7 Purchasing of research materials

8 Writing up

9 Progress Report Semester 1

10 Analysis of existing study

11 Model testing and simulation

Research Planning and Schedule

2nd Semester 2013/2014 10th 29th

12 Writing up

13 Analysis of existing study

14 Purchasing of research materials

15 Research Methodology

16 2nd Paper published

17 Assessment Level 1

18 Progress Report Semester 2

19 Experimental setup

20 Model testing and simulation

21 Photographic setup

No. Activities 2013 2014 2015

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

Research Planning and Schedule

No. Activities 2014 2015 2017

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

3rd Semester 2014/2015 9th 9th

22 Evaluation of DNAPL removal

23 Writing up

24 Model testing and simulation

25 Photographic setup

26 Data and image acquisition

27 Image analysis using Image-Pro Plus

28 Evaluation of DNAPL removal

29 3rd Paper published

30 Assessment Level 2

31 Progress Report Semester 3

Research Planning and Schedule

No. Activities 2014 2015 2017

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

4th Semester 2014/2015 10th 29th

32 Image analysis using Image-Pro Plus

33 Evaluation of DNAPL removal

34 Writing up

35 4th Paper published

36 Progress Report Semester 4

37 VIVA (Oral examination)

38 Final editing of thesis

39 Final thesis submission

Expected Findings

• Solubilization and mobilization is the dominant process in DNAPL removal using surfactant alcohol.

• The successful rate of removal shall be more than 95% successful.

• The numerical model simulation shall validate the existing experimental data or the extraction of data from laboratory experiment using the IPP.

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