Craig CampbellProfessor CrowtherENGL 11025 March 2009

Annotated Bibliography

Andrew Carnegie. Columbia University Library. “Rare Book and Manuscript Library”. 7 March 2009 <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/4815/Copy%20of%20ANDREW.jpg>.

This is a very well known picture of Andrew Carnegie. Although it is a simple picture, it still conveys a sense of power that helps to explain how this man rose from the working class to become one of the richest men in the world. It is very important to know all aspects of the subject that is being researched and Carnegie’s physical appearance is not an exception to this rule.

Andrew Carnegie’s Home. Carnegie Corporation. The Andrew Carnegie Story. By Charlie May Simon. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc, 1965. 161.

This picture portrays Andrew Carnegie’s home in New York. This photo is of particular importance to the research since it truly gives a picture as to the gap between Carnegie and the working class. Carnegie’s home can only be described as a beautiful mansion and this will only help to sway readers towards seeing the negative effects of big industry on the divisions of social classes during the 19th century.

Carnegie, Andrew. “Andrew Carnegie.” Project Gutenberg. 1 November 2003. Literary Archive Foundation. 5 March 2009. <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10253/10253-m/10253-m-001.mp3>.

This is an amazing resource to use as it is a voice recording of Andrew Carnegie speaking of the division of classes and how the upper class needs to cast aside its excess riches and help the poor since the gap between the two classes had become too large. This recording was obviously made during Carnegie’s philanthropic years but it provides amazing material to use since Carnegie himself had realized the irreparable harm that industry had caused to the working class Americans.

"Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919)." The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Abington: Helicon, 2005. Credo Reference. 06 March 2009 <http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5786603>.

This article is highly relevant to the research since it goes into great detail as it describes how Andrew Carnegie utilized new technologies in order to dominate the steel industry. While other tycoons were wary of the new advancements, Carnegie embraced them and the payout was huge. This shows how technology has helped change the face of industry and the world. It also supports the idea that

the use of technology has the ability to separate classes since Carnegie’s use of the new advancements helped to secure his position in the upper social class of America.

DeLong, Brad. “Andrew Carnegie.” Berkeley University of California. 5 March 2009. <http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/andrewcarnegie.html>.

This website provides detailed information about the actual expansion and organization of Carnegie’s industry empire. This is very relevant to the research since the research deals with the effects of the growth of industry on the working class. By having detailed accounts of how Carnegie grew his business, one is able to achieve a better understanding of how the America was transformed into a big industry nation.

Gaughan, Willam J. Fort Frick. The William J. Gaughn Collection. Homestead. By William Serrin. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. 200.

This vintage image displays the aspects of the Homestead mill just before the Homestead strike occurred. The mill was called “Fort Frick” (after the boss) since a large whitewashed fence barricaded the entire place. The Carnegie Corporation was obviously readying itself for the strike since they had every intention of ridding itself of the union. This image is compelling because it symbolizes the control that the upper class had over the lower class during this time period, especially since the Carnegie Corporation eventually won out and rid itself of the union at Homestead.

Gaughan, Willam J. Pinkerton Barge on Fire. The William J. Gaughn Collection. Homestead. By William Serrin. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. 202.

This image was taken on July 7, 1892 and displays a Pinkerton barge on fire during the Homestead strikes. The Pinkertons were hired by Carnegie to regain control of the steel works from the workers and the ensuing violence resulted in 10 deaths. This image helps to convey the severity of the violence that occurred on that date and helps to show how the working class and the upper class were truly pitted against one another. This is particularly important to the research as it shows how industry results in a large gap between social classes.

Goldin, Milton. "THE GOSPEL OF ANDREW CARNEGIE." History Today 38.7 (June 1988): 11. MAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://search.ebscohost.com.www.library.gatech.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=4864519&site=ehost-live>.

This article is very relevant to the research since it goes into great detail about the dispersion of wealth in the mid to late 19th century. It ties Carnegie’s steel empire

to these figures and shows how the growth of industry only worsened these conditions and expanded the gap between the rich and the poor.

Goldner, Cheri. “The Homestead Strike.” 1997. Bowling Green State University. 3 March 2009. <http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/strike.html>.

This website has a full description of the homestead strike that occurred on Andrew Carnegie’s steel mill in 1892. This is a key moment in history that pertains greatly to the research since it is a direct clash between the upper and lower classes as the lower classes attempt to “rebel” in order to gain a higher status in the social hierarchy. Andrew Carnegie beats the attempt through brutal business tactics once again proving that big industry only increases the plight of the poor.

Hendrick, Burton J. The Life of Andrew Carnegie. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc, 1932.

This book is of great significance to the research as it gives first-hand accounts of Carnegie’s rise to power and how he personally managed his various assets and businesses. It details everything from how he dealt with his partners to how he handled the various strikes in his many mills. It also includes figures of Carnegie’s personal portfolio, which show the great divide between the rich and poor. The accounts of the strikes and Carnegie’s reactions are of great importance since it shows how the upper class viewed the lower class and how it attempted to control them through subversive means.

Minor, Robert. Comic: Andrew Carnegie. Online image. 1908. Spartacus Educational. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 4 March 2009. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTminor1.jpg>.

This comic strip, dating from 1908, depicts Carnegie in his later years yelling “Down with the rich!” to all of the tycoons of industry. It is very ironic since Carnegie himself is one of the richest men in the world at the time. This comic was obviously drawn during Carnegie’s philanthropic years, during which he gave away 90% of his total wealth to help aid the poor. This is in stark contrast to the former years of his life in which he abused the system of industry in order to exploit the working class to increase profits. This comic is important to the research since it shows that the public was not readily fooled by Carnegie’s words and that they still did remember his harsh treatment of those less fortunate than him.

“Mob Law at Homestead.” New York Times 7 July 1892. 8 March 2009 <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9405EED61538E233A25754C0A9619C94639ED7CF&scp=14&sq=andrew+carnegie+homestead&st=p>.

This is the original front-page article in the New York Times from July 7, 1892 that described the scenes that were taking place during the homestead strike. In particular, this article was written breaking the news of the 10 men killed as a result Carnegie sending in the Pinkertons (private detectives) on barges to take back control of the steel works. This is an amazing resource to use as it provides accounts of the clash between the working class and Carnegie as well as details on how the working class was treated. It also reveals the vast distance between the classes and the resulting animosity each had for the other.

Morris, Charles. The Tycoons. New York: H. Holt and Co, 2005.

This printed source is very important to the overall research and topic as it includes the balance sheets from the Carnegie Steel Company from 1883 to 1900 as well as the income Carnegie accumulated annually from his holdings up until 1900. These figures help show the ever-increasing gap between the rich and the poor as industry began to take hold in 19th century America. It also shows the massive growth of industry as a whole in America during this timeframe.

Poole, Keith T. “Andrew Carnegie.” 1999. University of California. 3 March 2009. <http://voteview.ucsd.edu/Carnegie.htm>.

This website is highly relevant to the research since it contains the information from an entire lecture on Carnegie’s life and business practices. The information also deals with the strikes that Carnegie had to deal with and how he handled them along with data and information regarding his own personal wealth and that of his company’s. This information, tied together, provides strong evidence supporting the growth of industry and the resulting impairment of rights to the poor.

Serrin, William. Homestead. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

This printed source gives detailed accounts about the Homestead strike of 1892 that occurred on one of Carnegie’s steel plants. The document provides quotes and information from primary sources detailing the actual strike, why it occurred, and how the men in power (specifically Carnegie) reacted to it. Specifically, it shows how Carnegie obviously did not show the working class respect as he attempted to decrease their pay and destroy the union in an attempt to increase his own profit margins. This strengthens the connection between the spread of industry and the increase in the gap between classes.

Simon, Charlie May. The Andrew Carnegie Story. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc, 1965.

This biography details Carnegie’s rise from the lower class and also contains articles and quotes written by Andrew Carnegie. The book also goes on to describe how Carnegie embraced new technology whole-heartedly in his steel

factories (specifically Homestead) when many other businessmen simply would not take the risk in trusting the new advances. By embracing technology, this biography shows that Carnegie’s empire of steel was built largely because of the advances in technology and Carnegie’s embracement of them. It also goes on to describe the subsequent negative changes to wages and conditions of the mill workers as a direct result of the new technologies.

"The man of steel. " American History. 1 Apr. 2000: 62. Research Library. ProQuest. Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://www.proquest.com/>

This article provides additional detailed information about the rise of Carnegie from “rags to riches” which can be used to help construct an argument supporting the idea that the growth of industry widened the gap between classes. By crossing this gap, Carnegie provides insight into both sides of these gaps and also strengthens this argument since it was industry that gave him the ability to cross into the upper class.

Wall, Joseph. The Andrew Carnegie Reader. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1992.

This book is a great primary source since it is a compilation of many of Carnegie’s self-written articles and letters. This compilation gives great insight into Carnegie’s mind and shows how he perceived his own growing wealth in respect to the meager state of the world. Many of the written pieces deal specifically with the strike at Homestead and his overall thoughts on the spread of his steel empire across America which are particularly important to this research since it gives details of the events from his point of view.

Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie". EH.Net Encyclopedia. January 11, 2005. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Whaples.Carnegie>.

This web resource provides great information about Carnegie’s life and the Homestead strike. The homestead strike is of great importance to the research since it is a clash between the working class and the upper class (represented by Carnegie). It also goes on to describe Carnegie’s business model of vertical integration, which provides information of industry practices and how big business was emerging.