research on games and game design

8/3/2019 Research on Games and Game Design

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Btvxmjv-axgn-Kmnb-Fbzckl-agx-Jrevrxme-Dbxcvmkb-

Agvbclc-Qmebglvc--8?=8-

{{{,qmebglvc,jgn--


2/12

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ZBJVCGL-C9-

KMNB-FBZCKL-

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3/12

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M,-Fbaclclk-kmnbz--m-fbhmvb--

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Gqbx- vdb- sbmxz- m- pebvdgxm- ga- pdcegzgpdbxz- mlf- kmnb-fbzcklbxz- dmqb- mvvbnpvbf- vg- fbaclb- kmnbz,- Kcqbl- vdb- amjv-

vdmv-vdbcx-btczvbljb-zpmlz-gl-ngxb-vdml-v{g-nceebllcm=-glb-{gref- btpbjv- gqbxmee- vdbzb- sbmxz- m- fbaclcvcgl- agx- zrjd- m-

pgpremx- mjvcqcvs-{gref-dmqb-pxbqmcebf,- Cv-nckdv-dmqb- hbbl-

vdb-zrhibjv-ga-mfirzvnblv-mlf-gpvcnczmvcgl-gqbx-vcnb-hrv-vdb-jgxb-ga- vdb- fbaclcvcgl-{gref- dmqb-hbbl- vdb- zmnb%-mz- cv-dmz-

dmppblbf-{cvd-gvdbx-pdblgnblm-vdmv-btczv-zcljb-vdb-mljcblv-

vcnbz-zrjd-mz-fxmnm,-Fbaclclk-kmnbz-dg{bqbx-pxgqbz-vg-hb-m-jgnpebt- vmz - mlf- cl- vdcz- jdmpvbx- m- qmxcbvs- ga- fbaclcvcglz-

mhgrv- kmnbz- cz- btmnclbf%- ebmfclk- vg- vdb- fbaclcvcgl- vdmv-mppbmxz- vg-pxbqmce,- - Ibzpbx- Irre-m- jglvbnpgxmxs-xbzbmxjdbx-

gl- vdb- acbef- ga- kmnb- fbzckl- cl- dcz- pmpbx- Vdb- Kmnb%- vdb-

_emsbx%-vdb-[gxef9-Egg clk-agx-m-Dbmxv-ga-Kmnblbzz-$8??:#-gaabxz-m-vdgxgrkd-xbzbmxjd-gl-fbaclcvcglz-ga-kmnbz-mlf-vdb-

ageeg{clk-xbzbmxjd-dmz-hbbl-hmzbf-gl-dcz-{gx`,-

-Frvjd-mlvdxgpgegkczv-Igdl-Drcyclkm-$=32?#-fbaclbf-kmnb-mz-

m-axbb-mjvcqcvs-zvmlfclk-}rcvb-jglzjcgrzes-grvzcfb-gxfclmxs-ecab-mz-hbclk-lgv- zbxcgrz%- hrv- mv- vdb- zmnb- vcnb-mhzgxhclk-

vdb- pemsbx- clvblzbes- mlf- rvvbxes,- Cv- cz-ml-mjvcqcvs-jgllbjvbf-

{cvd-lg-nmvbxcme-clvbxbzv%-mlf-lg-pxgacv-jml-hb-kmclbf-hs-cv,-Cv-pxgjbbfz- {cvdcl- cvz- g{l- pxgpbx- hgrlfmxcbz- ga- vcnb- mlf-

zpmjb-mjjgxfclk-vg-actbf-xrebz-mlf-cl-ml-gxfbxes-nmllbx,-Cv-pxgngvbz- vdb- agxnmvcgl- ga-zgjcme- kxgrpclkz%-{dcjd- vblf- vg-

zrxxgrlf- vdbnzbeqbz- {cvd- zbjxbjs- mlf- vg- zvxbzz- vdbcx-

fcaabxbljb- axgn- vdb- jgnngl- {gxef- hs- fczkrczb- gx- gvdbx-nbmlz,- Hrcefclk- rpgl- Drcyclkmz- fbaclcvcgl- Axbljd-

zgjcgegkczv- Xgkbx- Jmceegcz- $=31=#- fbaclbf- m- kmnb- mz- ml-

mjvcqcvs%-{dcjd- cz-bzzblvcmees9-Axbb- $qgerlvmxs#%-zbpmxmvb- Pcl-vcnb-mlf-zpmjb^%-rljbxvmcl%-rlpxgfrjvcqb%-kgqbxlbf-hs-xrebz%-

nm`bhbecbqb,- Cl- =348- Jdxcz- Jxm{agxf- m- {gxef`lg{l-jgnprvbx-kmnb-fbzcklbx-cl-dcz-hgg`-Vdb-Mxv-ga-Jgnprvbx-

Kmnb- Fbzckl- mxkrbf- vdmv- kmnbz- zdmxb- agrx- jgnngl-

amjvgxz9- xbpxbzblvmvcgl- P(m- jegzbf- agxnme- zszvbn- vdmv-zrhibjvcqbes- xbpxbzblvz- m- zrhzbv- ga- xbmecvs(^%- clvbxmjvcgl%-

jglaecjv%- mlf- zmabvs- P(vdb-xbzrevz- ga-m- kmnb- mxb- me{msz- ebzz-dmxzd- vdml- vdb- zcvrmvcglz- vdb- kmnb- ngfbez( - $Jxm{agxf%-

=348#,--

-Irre- $8??:#- gaabxz- m-ngxb- pxbjczb- fbaclcvcgl- zvmvclk- vdmv- m-

kmnb- cz- m- xrebhmzbf- agxnme- zszvbn- {cvd- m- qmxcmheb- mlf-

}rmlvcacmheb- grvjgnb%- {dbxb- fcaabxblv- grvjgnbz- mxb-mzzcklbf-fcaabxblv-qmerbz%-vdb-pemsbx-btbxvz-baagxv-cl-gxfbx-vg-

claerbljb- vdb- grvjgnb%- vdb- pemsbx- abbez- mvvmjdbf- vg- vdb-

grvjgnb%- mlf-vdb-jglzb}rbljbz-ga- vdb-mjvcqcvs- mxb-gpvcglme-mlf- lbkgvcmheb,- Gvdbx- jglvbnpgxmxs- btpbxvz- gl- vdb- acbef-

mqgcf-kcqclk-m-zclkeb-fbaclcvcgl,--

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=-Vdb-acxzv-xbjgxfbf-Mljcblv-

Gesnpcj-Kmnbz-{bxb-cl-;;1-HJ-

$Mljcblv-Kxbbjb%-8?==#,-

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4/12

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Fx,-Imlb-NjKglckme-m-{gxefxblg{lbf-kmnb-fbzcklbx8-cl-dbx-

xbjblv-hgg`-Xbmecvs-cz-Hxg`bl-$8?==#-ageeg{clk-Jxm{agxfz-

btmnpeb%- clzvbmf- ga- rzclk- glb- fbaclcvcgl- agx- kmnbz%- zdb-grveclbz-vdb-jdmxmjvbxczvcjz-vdbs-mppbmx-vg-dmqb-cl-jgnngl,-

Mjjgxfclk-vg-NjKglckme-m-kmnb-dmz-agrx-fbaclclk-vxmcvz9-

=, Vdb-kgme0-vdb-zpbjcacj-grvjgnb-vdmv-pemsbxz-{cee-{gx`-vg-mjdcbqb,-Cv-agjrzbz-vdbcx-mvvblvcgl-mlf-jglvclrmees-gxcblvz-vdbcx- pmxvcjcpmvcgl- vdxgrkdgrv- vdb- kmnb,- Vdb- kgme-pxgqcfbz-pemsbxz-{cvd-m-zblzb-ga-prxpgzb,-

8, Vdb- xrebz0- {dcjd- pemjb- ecncvmvcglz- gl- dg{- pemsbxz- jml-mjdcbqb- vdb- kgme,- Hs- xbngqclk- gx- ecncvclk- vdb- ghqcgrz-{msz- ga- kbvvclk- vg- vdb- kgme%- vdb- xrebz- przd- pemsbxz- vg-

btpegxb- pxbqcgrzes- rljdmxvbf- pgzzchcecvs- zpmjbz,- Vdbs-rlebmzd-jxbmvcqcvs-mlf-agzvbx-zvxmvbkcj-vdcl clk,-

:, Vdb-abbfhmj`-zszvbn0-cv-vbeez-pemsbxz-dg{-jegzb-vdbs-mxb-vg- mjdcbqclk- vdb- kgme,- Cv- jml- vm`b- vdb- agxn- ga- pgclvz%-ebqbez%- m-zjgxb%- gx- m-pxgkxbzz- hmx,- - Gx%- cl- cvz-ngzv- hmzcj-

agxn%- vdb- abbfhmj`- zszvbn- jml- hb- mz- zcnpeb- mz- vdb-

pemsbxz-`lg{ebfkb-ga-ml-ghibjvcqb-grvjgnb9-Vdb-kmnb-cz-gqbx-{dbl,,-Xbmevcnb-abbfhmj`-zbxqbz-mz-m-pxgnczb-vg-

vdbpemsbxz- vdmv- vdb- kgme- cz-fbaclcvbes- mjdcbqmheb-mlf- cv-pxgqcfbz-ngvcqmvcgl-vg-`bbp-pemsclk,-

6, Qgerlvmxs-pmxvcjcpmvcgl0-cv-xb}rcxbz-vdmv-bqbxsglb-{dg-cz-pemsclk- vdb- kmnb- `lg{clkes- mlf- {ceeclkes- mjjbpvz- vdb-kgme%- vdb- xrebz- mlf- vdb- abbfhmj`,- @lg{clklbzz-

bzvmheczdbz-jgnngl-kxgrlf- agx-nrevcpeb-pbgpeb- vg-pems-

vgkbvdbx,- Mlf- vdb- axbbfgn- vg- blvbx-gx- ebmqb- m- kmnb- mv-

{cee- blzrxbz- vdmv- clvblvcglmees- zvxbzzare-mlf-jdmeeblkclk-{gx`-cz-btpbxcbljbf-mz-zmab-mlf-pebmzrxmheb-mjvcqcvs,-

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Vdb-mhgqb-fbaclcvcglz-mvvbnpv-vg-cfblvcas-zcncemxcvcbz-mjxgzz-

kmnbz-gx-vxmcvz-vdbs-mppbmx-vg-dmqb-cl-jgnngl%-hrv-mz-Xmpd-@gzvbx-mxkrbz-cl-dcz-hgg`-M-Vdbgxs-ga-Arl-agx-Kmnb-Fbzckl-

$8??2#- ml- bpcvgns- cl- vdb- acbef- ga- kmnb- fbzckl%- mee- vdbzb-jdmxmjvbxczmvcglz-amce-vg-dbep-fbzcklbxz-aclf-arl-m-jgljbpv-

fcxbjves- xbemvbf- vg- kmnclk,- - @gzvbx- cl- dcz- hgg - vm`bz- vdcz-

fbhmvb- ga- fbaclclk- m- kmnb- m- zvbp- arxvdbx%- egg clk- agx- ml-mlz{bx- cl- vdb- btpegxmvcgl- ga- vdb- {ms- vdb- drnml- hxmcl-

arljvcglz,- Hmzbf- gl- @gzvbxz- aclfclkz%- {dcjd- mxb- mlmeszbf-

emvbx- gl%- vdcz- xbpgxv- mvvbnpvz- vg- pxgqb- cl- vdb- ageeg{clk-jdmpvbx-vdmv-kmnbz-mxb-lgvdclk-ngxb-vdml-vmzvs-aggf-agx-grx-

hxmclz-mlf-mz-NjKglckme-mxkrbz-$8?==#-pgzcvcqb-pzsjdgegks%-vdb- zjcbljb- ga- gpvcnme- drnml- arljvcglclk- ga- {dmv- nm`bz-

pbgpeb- aegrxczd- mlf- vdxcqb- gx- zcnpes- abbe- dmpps-

${beehbclk{cymxf%-8??3#%-cz-vdb-prxpgzb-ga-kmnb-fbzckl,-Vdb-lbtv-jdmpvbx-mcnz-vg-jxszvmeczb-vdb-xbemvcgl-hbv{bbl-kmnbz-

mlf-vdb-abbeclk-ga-dmppclbzz,---

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8-Fx,-Imlb-NjKglckme-cz-vdb-Lb{-

Sgx`-Vcnbz-hbzvzbeeclk-mrvdgx-ga-

Xbmecvs-cz-Hxg`bl-$8?==#-{dcezv-

cl- vdb- pmzv- zdb- dmz- jxbmvbf- mlf-

fbpegsbf- m{mxf{cllclk- kmnbz-

mlf-zbjxbv-nczzcglz-cl-ngxb-vdml-

:?- jgrlvxcbz- gl- zct- jglvclblvz%-

agx- pmxvlbxz- zrjd- mz- vdb-Clvbxlmvcglme- Gesnpcjz-

Jgnncvvbb- mlf- vdb-[gxef-Hml`-

Clzvcvrvb,- Dbx- kmnbz- dmqb- hbbl-

abmvrxbf-cl-Vdb-Lb{-Sgx`-Vcnbz%-

[cxbf%- mlf- Vdb- Bjglgnczv%- mlf-gl- L_X- mlf- JLL,-

$IMLBNJKGLCKME%-8?==#-

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Kmnbz mxb vmzvs aggf

agx vdb drnml hxmcl, -

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5/12

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H,-Blfgxpdclz%-pmvvbxl-xbjgklcvcgl--

mlf-ebmxlclk--

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@gzvbxz- btmjv- fbaclcvcgl- ga- kmnbz- cz- vdb- ageeg{clk9- Vdb&

drnml&hxmcl&cz& m&qgxmjcgrz& jglzrnbx&ga&pmvvbxlz&P,, ,&Kmnbz&mxb&irzv&btjbpvcglmees&vmzvs&pmvvbxlz&vg&bmv&rp ,-Vdcz-jdmpvbx-mcnz-vg-jxszvmeeczb-vdb-ecl`-hbv{bbl-pmvvbxl-xbjgklcvcgl-mlf-

vdb- brpdgxcm- cv- jmrzbz- vg- cvz- pemsbxz- {cvd- vdb- xbzbmxjd-

abmvrxbf-hbeg{-hbclk-hmzbf-gl-Xmpd-@gzvbxz- M-vdbgxs- ga-arl-agx-kmnb-fbzckl-$8??2#,-@gzvbx-jemxcacbz-cl-vdb-hgg`-vdmv-

dcz- xbzbmxjd- cz- hmzbf- gl- vdb- aclfclkz- ga- jgklcvcqb-lbrxgzjcbljb- vdmv- cl- jgnpmxczgl- vg- vxmfcvcglme- jgklcvcqb-

vdbgxs%-{dcjd-fcf-lgv-xbabxbljb-hcgegks-mv-mee%-cv-mvvbnpvz-vg-

xbemvb-clagxnmvcgl-aeg{-vg-dg{-vdb-hxmcl-mjvrmees-{gx`z,---

=,-Blfgxpdclz-xbebmzb-mz-vdb-xbmzgl-drnmlz-abbe-kggf-

-Mjjgxfclk-vg-lbrxgzjcbljb-vdbgxs-bqbxs-abbeclk-{b-dmqb-cz-m-

lbrxgjdbncjme- bqblv- $Igdlzvgl%- 8?==#- frxclk- {dcjd- m-jgj vmce- ga- jdbncjmez- cz- hbclk- xbebmzbf- cl- grx- hgfs,- Agx-

btmnpeb-vdb-abbeclk-ga-fmlkbx%-zvxbzz-mlf-mltcbvs-xbemvbz-vg-

vdb-xbebmzb-ga-mfxblmeclb-mlf-jgxvczge%-jdbncjmez-vdmv-lmxxg{-pbgpebz- agjrz%- zdmxpbl- vdbcx- vdcl`clk- mlf- vbnpgxmxces-

cljxbmzb- vdbcx- zvxblkvd- vg- blmheb- vdbn- vg- kbv- grv- ga- vdcz-

zcvrmvcgl,-Brpdgxcm-gl-vdb-gvdbx-dmlf-xbemvbz-vg-blfgxpdclz%-

vdb-hgfsz-lmvrxme-gpcmvbz%-{dcjd-mxb-hbclk-xbebmzbf-frxclk-emrkdvbx%- xbemtmvcgl- gx- btbxjczb- $Igdlzvgl%- 8?==#,- @gzvbx-$8??2#-mxkrbz-vdmv-vdb-abbeclk-ga-dmppclbzz-xbemvbz-fcxbjves-

vg- vdb- xbebmzb- ga- blfgxpdclz%- {dcjd- jml- hb- jmrzbf- hs-

mbzvdbvcjme- mppxbjcmvcgl- $b,k,- eczvblclk- vg- btjbpvcglmees-pg{bxare-nrzcj#%-hs-pdszcjme-zvcnrec-$b,k,-dmqclk-ml-gxkmzn#-

gx- hs- jdbncjme- nmlcpremvcgl- $b,k,- dmqclk- jgjmclb#,- Vdb-xbebmzb-ga-blfgxpdclz-cl-vdb-drnml-hgfs-jml-hb-btpbxcbljbf-

hs- vdb- pebmzrxmheb- jdceez- glb- kbvz- fg{l- vdb- zpclb- gx- hs-

clzvcljvcqbes-hxbm`clk-grv-clvg-m-znceb,---

8,-Ebmxlclk-mz-m-jmrzb-agx-blfgxpdclz-xbebmzb-

-Mjjgxfclk- vg- @gzvbx- glb- ga- vdb- zrhvebzv- xbebmzbz- ga-

blfgxpdclz- jgnbz- mv- vdb- ngnblv- ga- vxcrnpd- {dbl- glb-ebmxlz-zgnbvdclk-lb{%-gx-nmzvbxz-m-vmz`,-Ibml-_cmkbv+z-vdbgxs-

ga- jgklcvcqb- fbqbegpnblv- zvmvbz- vdmv- drnmlz- jmllgv- hb-

(kcqbl(- clagxnmvcgl%- {dcjd- vdbs- cnnbfcmvbes- rlfbxzvmlf-mlf- rzb,- Clzvbmf- drnmlz- nrzv- (jglzvxrjv(- vdbcx- g{l-

`lg{ebfkb%- {dcjd- vdbs- hrcef- vdxgrkd- btpbxcbljb,-

Btpbxcbljbz-blmheb-vdbn-vg-jxbmvb-zjdbnmz%-nblvme-ngfbez-

cl- vdbcx- dbmfz- vdbs- {cee- emvbx- xbabx- vg- $Jgklcvcqb-Jglzvxrjvcqczv- Vdbgxcbz%- 8?==#,- Hs- fbaclcvcgl- vdcz-jglzvxrjvcgl-ga-`lg{ebfkb-cz-vdb-ebmxlclk-pxgjbzz=,-

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-=- Ebmxlclk- cz- fbaclbf- mz-

`lg{ebfkb- gx- z`cee- mj}rcxbf- hs-

clzvxrjvcgl- gx- zvrfs- $Nbxcmn

[bhzvbx%-8?==#,-

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6/12

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Zbbclk-_mvvbxlz--Clvbeebjvrme-Rlfbxzvmlfclk-

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Hmzbf-gl-_cmkbvz-vdbgxs-{dbl-drnmlz-mxb-amjbf-{cvd-lb{-gx-rlamncecmx- clagxnmvcgl- vdbs- xbabx- vg-pxbqcgrzes- ebmxlbf-

clagxnmvcgl%-c,b,-btczvclk-zjdbnmz%-cl-gxfbx-vg-nm`b-zblzb-ga-

cv,- [dbl- drnmlz- amce- vg- rlfbxzvmlf- vdcz- lb{- clagxnmvcgl-

hmzbf-gl-vdbcx-btczvclk-`lg{ebfkb%-@gzvbxz-clvbxpxbvmvcgl-cz-vdmv-vdbs-amce-vg-xbjgklczb-m-pmvvbxl-cl-cv,-Agx-mz-eglk-mz-vdbs-

jmllgv-aclf-m-pmvvbxl-vdbs-pbxjbcqb-vdcz-clagxnmvcgl-mz-lgczb,-Vdb-ngnblv- drnmlz- nmlmkb- vg- zbb- m- pmvvbxl- cz- vdb- acxzv-

zvbp-ga-vdb-ebmxlclk-pxgjbzz,-Mjjgxfclk-vg-@gzvbx-vdcz-cz-vdb-clvbeebjvrme&rlfbxzvmlfclk-mlf-vm`bz-pmxv-mv-vdb-acxzv-ebqbe-ga-

vdb-drnml-hxmcl%-vdb-jglzjcgrz-vdgrkdv,--

-Vdb-xbjgklcvcgl-ga-lb{-pmvvbxlz%-hbclk-pmxv-ga-vdb-ebmxlclk-

pxgjbzz%- jmrzbz- vdb- xbebmzb- ga- blfgxpdclz- cl- vdb- drnml-hgfs,-Vm clk- mz-ml-btmnpeb- ecvbxmvrxb- mlf- vdb-{gx`-ga-Zcx-

Mxvdrx- Jglml-Fgseb%- cl-bmjd-glb- ga-dcz- zvgxcbz- vdb- xbmfbxz-

kbv-egzv-cl-vdb-nszvbxs-hbclk-rlmheb-vg-cfblvcas-m-pmvvbxl-mlf-zrhzb}rblves-jgnb-vg-vdb-zgervcgl,-Zdbxegj`-Dgenbz-gl-vdb-

gvdbx-dmlf-cz-vdb-glb-vdmv-nmlmkbz-vg-jgllbjv-vdb-fgvz-mlf-

xbqbme- vdb- jgljbmebf- pmvvbxl- cl- vdb- jdmgz,- Gljb- Zdbxegj`%-lbmx- vdb- blf- ga- vdb- zvgxs%- rljgqbxz- vdb- nszvbxs%- xbmfbxz-

jmllgv-dbep-cv-hrv-hxbm - clvg-m-znceb-bligsclk-vdb- amjv-vdbs-{bxb-mheb-vg-zbb-vdb-rlfbxesclk-pmvvbxl-ga-vdb-zvgxs-mlf-ca-cv-

{mz-ml-btjbpvcglmees-kggf-glb%-abbe-vdb-jdceez-fg{l-vdb-zpclb---Ghqcgrz%-ns-fbmx-[mvzgl,-

-Btbxjczb--Clvrcvcqb-Rlfbxzvmlfclk-

-Vdb- zvmkb- vdmv- ageeg{z- glbz- mhcecvs- vg- xbjgklczb- m-pmvvbxl%-

mjjgxfclk- vg- @gzvbx%- cz- vdb- jxbmvcgl- ga- zjdbnmz- hmzbf- gl-vdbzb-lb{es-kxmzpbf-pmvvbxlz-vdmv- acv-{cvdcl- vdb- jglvbtv-ga-

glbz-btczvclk-`lg{ebfkb,-Rzclk-m-vbxn-jgclbf-hs-Ibml-_cmkbv-

vdcz- cz-jmeebf- mzzcncemvcgl%-fbaclbf-mz- vdb- pxgjbzz- ga- vm clk-glbz- blqcxglnblv- mlf- acvvclk- cv- clvg- pxbbtczvclk-jgklcvcqb-

zjdbnmz,- Mzzcncemvcgl%- mjjgxfclk- vg- @gzvbx%- vm`bz- pemjb- mv-vdb-zbjglf-ebqbe-ga-vdb-hxmcl-vdmv-dmz-vg-fg-{cvd-cvz-clvrcvcqb-

pmxv,-Drnmlz-jmllgv-mjjbzz-vdcz-ebqbe-fcxbjves%-dg{bqbx-glb-{ms- vg- pxgqg`b- vdcz- pxgjbfrxb- ga- vrxlclk- pmvvbxlz- clvg-zjdbnmz-vdmv-jml-hb-vdbl-acv-clvg-glbz-btczvclk-`lg{ebfkb-cz-

pxmjvczb,- Ml- clfcjmvcgl- ga-hxmcl-{gx`clk- gl- mzzcncemvcgl- cz-

{dbl-glb-cz-fxbmnclk-mhgrv-m-lb{es-ebmxlbf-z`cee-gx-zrhibjv,--

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7/12

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Xgrvclb--Xbmjvcqb-Nclf-

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[dbl-mzzcncemvcgl-cz-gqbx-mlf-mee-vdb-pmvvbxlz-drnmlz-dmqb-

kxmzpbf- dmqb- hbbl- vrxlbf- clvg- jgklcvcqb- zjdbnmz- mlf- mxb-

mexbmfs- acvvbf- clvg- vdbcx- btczvclk- `lg{ebfkb%- vdb- ebmxlclk-

pxgjbzz- cz- gqbx,- Lbtv- vcnb- drnmlz- bljgrlvbx- zcncemx-

clagxnmvcgl-vdb-hxmcl-{cee-xbabx-vg-vdbzb-jgklcvcqb-zjdbnmz-mlf- {cee- lgv- kg- vdxgrkd- vdb- ebmxlclk- pxgjbzz- mkmcl,- Vdcz-

pxgjbzz-cz-clzvcljvcqb-mlf-vm`bz-pemjb-mv-vdb-vdcxf-ebqbe-ga-vdb-

hxmcl%- {dcjd- cz- vdb- clzvcljvrme- gx- xbmjvcqb- nclf,- - Vdb-

pebmzrxb- jmrzbf- hs- ebmxlclk- zrhzb}rblves- emzvz- rlvce-

mzzcncemvcgl-cz-gqbx,-

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Fbaclclclk-kmnbz-hmzbf-gl-lbrxgzjcbljb-

-

Jgnclk- hmj - vg- @gzvbxz- vdbgxs%- drnmlz- bligs- ebmxlclk-

hbjmrzb- cv- vxckkbxz- vdb- xbebmzb- ga- blfgxpdclz- cl- vdb- hgfs,-

Dbljb-kmnbz-mxb-abbfclk-pemsbxz-{cvd-jgljbmebf-pmvvbxlz-vg-

xbjgklczb- glb- mavbx- vdb- gvdbx%- mcnclk- vg- `bbp- vdbn- cl- m-

jglzvmlv-zvmvb-ga-ebmxlclk-cl-gxfbx-vg-pxgeglk-vdb-xbebmzb-ga-

blfgxpdclz-agx-vdb-{dgeb-jgrxzb-ga-vdb-kmnb,-Jgljerfclk-vdb-

fbaclcvcgl-kcqbl-cl-vdcz-xbpgxv-m-zcnpecacbf-qbxzcgl-ga-vdb-glb-

kcqbl-hs-@gzvbx-mhgqb,--

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

Zrnnmxczclk-drnmlz-jxmqb-agx-pebmzrxbz-c,b,-vdb-xbebmzb-ga-

blfgxpdclz,- Ml- mjvcqcvs- vdmv- vxckkbxz- vdcz- lbrxgjdbncjme-

bqblv- cz- ebmxlclk- c,b,- vdb- mhcecvs- vg- xbjgklczb-lb{- pmvvbxlz,-

Vdxgrkd-mzzcncemvcgl-cv-cz-gles-m-nmvvbx-ga-vcnb-{dbl-vdbzb-

lb{es-kxmzpbf-pmvvbxlz-{cee-hb-vrxlbf-clvg-zjdbnmz-mlf-{cee-

hb-acvvbf-clvg-glbz-btczvclk-`lg{ebfkb,-Gljb-mzzcncemvcgl-cz-

gqbx-{dblbqbx-drnmlz-bljgrlvbx-zcncemx-clagxnmvcgl-cl-vdb-

arvrxb- vdbs- {cee- xbabx- fcxbjves- vg- vdbzb- zjdbnmz- hspmzzclk-

vdb-pebmzrxb-ga-vdb-ebmxlclk-pxgjbzz%-mz-vdbs-{cee-nm`b-zblzb-

ga-vdb-clagxnmvcgl-clzvmlves,-Kmnbz-mcn-vg-`bbp-pemsbxz-cl-m-

jglzvmlv-pxgjbzz-ga-ebmxlclk,-

- -

Kmnbz mxb mjvcqcvcbz fbzcklbf vg nm`b pbgpeb

dmpps, Vdbcx mcn cz vdb axb}rblv xbebmzb ga

blfgxpdclz cl vdb drnml hgfs hs `bbpclk vdbpemsbxz cl m jglzvmlv zvmvb ga ebmxlclk gx cl gvdbx

{gxfz cl vdb xbjgklcvcgl ga lb{ pmvvbxlz,


8/12

- ==-

J,-Kmnb-nbjdmlcjz--

-

Glb- jgref-mxkrb- vdmv-hbclk-mheb- vg-fbaclb- kmnbz-mlf- vdbcx-prxpgzb- dbepz- gles- ecvveb- m- kmnb- fbzcklbx- vg- fbqbegp- ml-

cnnbxzcqb-mlf-vdxceeclk-btpbxcbljb,-Agx-Zdm`bzpbmxbz-Drlv-cl-gxfbx-vg-mjdcbqb-fbqbegpclk-ml-bligsmheb-kmnb-mv-m-ngxb-

pxmjvcjme- ebqbe- kmnb- nbjdmlcjz- {bxb- rzbf,- Vdcz- jdmpvbx-

mlmeszbz-vdb-fbaclcvcgl-ga-vdb-vbxn-ageeg{bf-hs-m-eczv-ga-kmnb-nbjdmlcjz,-Vdb-emzv-zrhibjv-abmvrxbf-cl-vdcz-jdmpvbx-cz-kmnb-

fbngvcqmvgxz-mlf-xbmzglz-ga-hgxbfgn-cl-m-kmnb,-

-Fbaclcvcgl-

-Zcncemxes-vg-vdb-fbhmvb-gl-vdb-fbaclcvcgl-ga-kmnbz%-vdbxb-cz-m-

pebvdgxm- ga- fbaclcvcglz- agx- kmnb-nbjdmlcjz- mz-{bee,-Nckbe-

Zcjmxv- gl- dcz- mxvcjeb- Fbaclclk& Kmnb& Nbjdmlcjz- gl- Kmnb-Zvrfcbz-igrxlme-$Zcjmxv%-8??4#-gaabxz-m-vdgxgrkd-xbzbmxjd-ga-

pmzv-fbaclcvcglz-ga- vdb- vbxn,-Kmnb-fbzcklbx-Xcjdmxf-Xgrzb-

fbaclbz-kmnb-nbjdmlcjz-{cvd-vdb-kgme-ga-vbmjdclk-vdb-hmzcjz-ga- kmnb- fgjrnblvmvcgl- ga- kmnb- fbzckl,- Agx- Xgrzb%- kmnb-

nbjdmlcjz- mxb- (vdb- krvz- ga- m-fbzckl- fgjrnblv(%- zcljb- vdbs-fbzjxchb-({dmv-vdb-pemsbxz-mxb-mheb-vg-fg-cl-vdb-kmnb{gxef%-

dg{- vdbs- fg- cv%- mlf- dg{- vdmv- ebmfz- vg- m- jgnpbeeclk- kmnb-

btpbxcbljb(-$Xgrzb%-8??2#,-M- zcncemx-pbfmkgkcjme-mppxgmjd-cz-vm`bl-hs-Areebxvgl%-Dgaanml-mlf-Z{mcl-$8??6#%-{dg-fbaclb-

(kmnb& pxgjbfrxbz%- m- zcncemx- jgljbpv- vg-nbjdmlcjz%-mz-(vdb&mjvcglz&gx&nbvdgfz&ga&pems&meeg{bf&hs&vdb&xrebz&$#&vdbs&krcfb&

pemsbx&hbdmqcgrx%&jxbmvclk&clvbxmjvcglz(,-

-Vdb-mhgqb-fbaclcvcglz-mxb-hxgmf%-fbaclclk-kmnb-nbjdmlcjz-mz-

mengzv-bqbxs-pgzzcheb-mjvcgl-pemsbxz-jml-vm`b-vdxgrkdgrv-vdb-

kmnb,- Dg{bqbx- mz- m- vbxn- cv- cz- ngxb- jgnngles- rzbf- vg-jdmxmjvbxczb- jglzvxrjvz- ga- xrebz- clvblfbf- vg- pxgfrjb- ml-

bligsmheb- kmnclk- btpbxcbljb- $[c cpbfcm%- 8?==#,- Hs- zgnb-zrjd- xrebz- mxb- mezg- jmeebf-kmnb& fslmncjz- $Hckkz%- 8?=?#- gx-ngvcqmvgxz-$Ngzbebs%-bv-me,%-8??3#,-Vdcz-cz-mezg-vdb-fbaclcvcgl-

ageeg{bf-cl-vdcz-xbpgxv%-{dbxb-kmnb-nbjdmlcjz-mxb-xrebz-vdmv-gaabx-ml-bligsmheb-kmnb,-

--

-

--

-

--

-

--

-

-

-

--

-

-

---

- -


9/12

- =8-

Xbqcb{-ga-xbzgrxjbz-

-

Frxclk-vdb-fbzckl-pxgjbzz-ga-Zdm`bzpbmxbz-Drlv-m-vdgxgrkd-xbzbmxjd-gl-vdb-zrhibjv-{mz-jglfrjvbf-cl-gxfbx-vg-fbjcfb-vdb-

nbjdmlcjz-vdmv-{gref-emvbx-hb-clvbkxmvbf-cl-grx-kmnb,-Vdb-

eglkbzv-eczv-ga-kmnb-nbjdmlcjz-$Hckkz%-8?=?#-mz-ga-vgfms-dmz-

hbbl- prheczdbf- gl- VbjdJxrljd=%- vdb- pgpremx- vbjdlgegks-igrxlme%-{dcjd-abmvrxbz-vdb-btvblfbf-eczv-ga-kmnb-ngvcqmvgxz-rzbf- cl- vdb- egjmvcglhmzbf- kmnb- ZJQLKX8,- Mlgvdbx-

fgjrnblvmvcgl- ga- kmnb- nbjdmlcjz- cz- pxgqcfbf- hs- vdb-

Kmncacjmvcgl-Bljsjegpbfcm:%-{dcjd-pxgqcfbz-m-{c`c6-agx-vdmv-nmvvbx%- {dbxb- rzbxz- mxb- mheb- vg- jglvxchrvb- lb{- xrebz- mlf-

gpvcnczb-vdb-btczvclk-glbz--$Kmncacjmvcgl-[c c%-8?==#,--

Kmnb-nbjdmlcjz-D-m-eczv-

-Hbeg{- vdbxb- cz- m- eczv- ga- arlfmnblvme- kmnb- nbjdmlcjz-

mppxgpxcmvbf-hs-m-pebvdgxm-ga-jgnnbxjcme-kmnbz,-

-Mjdcbqbnblvz- - mlf- Xb{mxf9-Mjdcbqbnblvz- mxb- m- qcxvrme- gx-

pdszcjme- xbpxbzblvmvcgl- ga- ml- mjjgnpeczdnblv,- Vdbs- mxb- m-{ms-vg-kcqb-pemsbxz-zvmvrz-mnglkzv-vdbcx-pbbxz-mz-{bee-mz-vg-

mff- jdmeeblkb- mlf- jdmxmjvbx- vg- m- kmnb,- Mjdcbqbnblvz- mxb-

gavbl-jglzcfbxbf-(egj`bf(-rlvce-rzbxz-dmqb-nbv-vdb-zbxcbz-ga-vmz`z- vdmv- mxb- xb}rcxbf- vg- (rlegj`(- vdb- Mjdcbqbnblv,- Agx-

btmnpeb-agrxz}rmxb2%-m-nghceb-egjmvcglhmzbf-kmnb%-m{mxfz-

Hmfkbz-agx-pemsbxz-{dbl-vdbs-mxb-qczcvclk-xbme-{gxef-pemjbz-

$Kmncacjmvcgl-[c`c%-8?==#,--Claerbljb-mlf-Zvmvrz9-Vdb-mhcecvs-ga-glb-pemsbx-vg-ngfcas-vdb-

hbdmqcgrx- ga- mlgvdbx- pemsbxz- mjvcglz- vdxgrkd- zgjcme-

pxbzzrxb-$Hckkz%- 8?=?#,- - Zvmvrz- jml- mjv- mz-m-ngvcqmvgx- mz-m-pemsbx-cz-hbclk-xbjgklczbf-agx-dcz-mjdcbqbnblvz-hs-dcz-pbbxz,-

-_xgkxbzz9- M- nbjdmlcj- cl- {dcjd- zrjjbzz- cz- fczpemsbf- cl- m-

kxmlremx- amzdcgl- mlf- nbmzrxbf- vdxgrkd- vdb- pxgjbzz- ga-

jgnpebvclk-cvbnczbf-vmz`z-$Hckkz%-8?=?#,----

Mppgclvnblv9- M- nbjdmlcj- cl- {dcjd- vg- zrjjbbf%- glb- nrzv-

xbvrxl- mv- m- pxbfbaclbf- vcnb- vg- vm`b- zgnb- mjvcgl,-Mppgclvnblv-fslmncjz- mxb-gavbl-fbbpes-xbemvbf-vg- clvbxqme-

hmzbf- xb{mxf- zjdbfrebz- gx- mqgcfmljb- fslmncjz- $Hckkz%-8?=?#,- Ml- btmnpeb- mlf- m- kmnb- vdmv- nmfb- vdcz- kmnb-

nbjdmlcj-pgpremx-cz-AmxnQceeb%-cl-{dcjd-pemsbxz-kxg{-vdbcx-

g{l-amxn-mlf-dmqb-vg-kbv-hmj`-vg-vdb-kmnb-vg-{mvbx-vdbcx-pemlvz-mv-pxbfbaclbf-clvbxqmez,-

-

-

---

-

=-Mqmcemheb-mv--

----dvvp9''{{{,VbjdJxrljd,jgn-

-

-

8-Ngxb-clagxnmvcgl-mqmcemheb------

---mv-dvvp9''ZJQLKX,jgn--

-

-

-

:- Kmncacjmvcgl- cz- vdb- pxgjbzz-ga-

mppesclk- kmnb- nbjdmlcjz- gl-acbefz- gvdbx- vdml- kmnclk,- M-

pebvdgxm- ga- hrzclbzzbz- rzb-

vbjdlc}rbz- rzbf- cl- vxmfcvcglme-

kmnbz- vg- cljxbmzb- hxmlf-

blkmkbnblv- mlf- jrzvgnbx-

egsmevs- b,k,- pgclv- zszvbnz- agx-

Zvmxhrj`z-nbnhbxzdcp- zjdbnb,-

Vdb- Kmncacjmvcgl- Bljsjegpbfcm-mz- cz-lmnb- clfcjmvbz- mcnz-vg- hb-

vdb-bljsjegpbfcm- ga-kmncacjmvcgl-

xbesclk- dbmqces- gl- rzbx

kblbxmvbf- jgljblv,- Cv- cz- ml-

clcvcmvcqb- ga- Kmncas- Clj,- m-

jgnpmls- vdmv- gaabxz- kmnb-nbjdmlcjz- mz- m- zbxqcjb-

$Kmncas,cv%-8?==#,-

-

-6- [c`c- cz- m- pcbjb- ga- zbxqbx-

zgav{mxb- vdmv- meeg{z- rzbxz- vg-axbbes- jxbmvb-mlf-bfcv-[bh- pmkb-

jglvblv- rzclk-mls-[bh- hxg{zbx-

$[dmv- cz- m- [c`c%- 8??8#,-

[c`cpbfcm%- vdb- gleclb-bljsjegpbfcm-cz-vdb-ngzv-amngrz-

mlf- {cfbes- rzbf- {c`c-

$[c`cpbfcm%-8?==#,-

-

-2-Ngxb-clagxnmvcgl-mqmcemheb-mv-

----dvvp9''agrxz}rmxb,jgn-

-

1-Ngxb-clagxnmvcgl-mqmcemheb-mv-

----dvvp9''amxnqceeb,jgn--


10/12

- =:-

Zmvczasclk- [gx`9- NjKglckme- mxkrbz- zmvczasclk- {gx - zvmxvz-

{cvd- v{g- vdclkz9- m- jebmx- kgme- mlf- mjvcglmheb- lbtv- zvbpz-

vg{mxf- mjdcbqclk- vdmv- kgme,- Dmqclk- m- jebmx- kgme- ngvcqmvbz-pemsbxz-vg-mjv%-mz-vdbs-`lg{-{dmv-vdbs-mxb-zrppgzbf-vg-fg,-

Mjvcglmheb-lbtv-zvbpz-blzrxb-vdmv-pemsbxz-jml-nm`b-pxgkxbzz-

vg{mxf- vdb- kgme- cnnbfcmvbes,- Cl- vdb- jmzb- {dbl- glb- dmz- m-

jebmx-kgme%-hrv-cz-rlmheb-vg-zbb-vdb-mjvcglmheb-zvbpz-vg{mxf-cv%-vdbl-vdmv-cz-lgv-{gx`,-Cv-cz-m-pxghebn-$NjKglckme%-8?=?#,--

Fbngvcqmvgxz-mlf-hgxbfgn-

-Ngzbebs-mlf-[dcvvgl-$8??3#-mv-vdb-Brxgpbml-Jglabxbljb-agx-

Kmnbz-meglk-{cvd- m- zbv- ga-ngvcqmvgxz- eczvbf- mezg- amjvz- vdmv-{gref- fbngvcqmvb- pemsbxz,- - Vdbcx- xbzbmxjd- agjrzbf- gl-

Mevbxlmvb-Xbmecvs-Kmnbz=- dg{bqbx- vdb- fbngvcqmvgxz- hbeg{-

vdmv-jml-hb-agrlf-cl-kmnbz-ga-mee-kblxbz-mxb9---

=, Rlamcxlbzz%-{dbl-m-pemsbx-zvgpz-dmqclk-vxrzv-cl-vdb-kmnb,-8, Emj`-ga-clvbxbzv%-{dbl-glb-cz-lgv-clvbxbzvbf-cl-vdb-zrhibjv-

abmvrxbf-cl-vdb-kmnb,-

:, Rlfbnmlfclk-gx-vgg-fbnmlfclk-kmnbpems%-hgvd-jmzbz-ga-{dcjd-ebmf-vg-hgxbfgn,-

-

Hgxbfgn- cl- kmnb- fbzckl- dmz- hbbl- jgqbxbf- vdgxgrkdes- hs-@gzvbx-$8??2#,-Dcz-fbaclcvcgl-ga-m-kggf-kmnb-cz-vdb-glb-vdmv-

vbmjdbz- bqbxsvdclk- cv- dmz- vg- gaabx- hbagxb- vdb- pemsbx- zvgpz-

pemsclk,- Eczvclk- xbmzglz- ga- hgxbfgn- cl- kmnbz%- @gzvbx-

nblvcglz-vdb-ageeg{clk9-=, Rzclk-m-jdmxmjvbxczmvcgl-ga-Ngzbebs-mlf-[dcvvgl-vdb-acxzv-

xbmzgl-ga-hgxbfgn-mjjgxfclk- vg-@gzvbx- cz-m-kmnb-hbclk-

rlfbnmlfclk,-Cl-vdcz-jmzb-vdb-pemsbx-nmzvbxz-vdb-kmnb-cl-

m- qbxs- zdgxv- mngrlv- ga- vcnb- mlf- vdbl- fcznczzbz- cv- mz-vxcqcme-$@gzvbx%-8??2#,-

8, Rzclk-mlgvdbx-jdmxmjvbxcymvcgl-ga-Ngzbebs-mlf-[dcvvgl-@gzvbxz-zbjglf-xbmzgl-ga-hgxbfgn-cz-emj`-ga-clvbxbzv,-Dcz-

btpemlmvcgl-cz-vdmv-pemsbxz-nckdv-rlfbxzvmlf-vdmv-vdbxb-

cz-kxbmv-fbpvd-vg-vdb-pgzzcheb-pbxnrvmvcglz-cl-m-kmnb-hrv-vdbzb-mxb-hbeg{-vdbcx-ebqbe-ga-clvbxbzv-$@gzvbx%-8??2#,-Glb-

nckdv-rlfbxzvmlf-vdbxb-cz-kxbmv-fbpvd-cl-vbllcz%-hrv-aclfz-

vdb-gqbxmee-zrhibjv-rlclvbxbzvclk-gx-ga-lg-rzb,-:, Vdb-vdcxf-xbmzgl-ga-hgxbfgn-cz-m-kmnb-hbclk-pbxjbcqbf-

mz- lgczb,- Fbaclbf- mhgqb%- lgczb- cz- clagxnmvcgl- cl-{dcjd-drnmlz-amce-vg-zbb-m-pmvvbxl,-Vdb-kmnb-cz-vdbl-jglzcfbxbf-

vgg-dmxf,-

6, Lbtv-xbmzgl-ga-hgxbfgn-cz-{dbl-vdb-vmz`z-agx-m-pemsbx-vg-nmzvbx- mxb- hbclk- xbqbmebf-mv-m- qbxs- zeg{-pmjb,-_emsbxz-

vdbl-fcznczz-vdb-kmnb-mz-vxcqcme-vgg-bmxes-$@gzvbx%-8??2#,-

-

---

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

=- Mevbxlmvb- Xbmecvs- Kmnbz-

$MXKz#-mxb-btpemclbf-cl-vdb-lbtv-

zbjvcgl,-

- -


11/12

- =6-

-

2, [dbl-gl-vdb-gvdbx-dmlf-vdb-vmz`z-agx-pemsbxz-vg-nmzvbx-mxb- hbclk- xbqbmebf- mv- m- qbxs- amzv- pmjb- vdbl%- glb-nckdv-egzb-jglvxge-ga-vdb-kmnb-mlf-pbxjbcqb-cv-mz-lgczb,-Ngzbebs-

mlf- [dcvvglz- jdmxmjvbxczmvcgl- agx- vdcz- jmzb- cz- vdmv- vdb-

kmnb-cz-hbclk-vgg-fbnmlfclk,--

1, Vdb-emzv-xbmzgl-ga-hgxbfgn-cz-pemsbxz-nmzvbx-bqbxsvdclk-vdmv- dmz- hbbl- kcqbl- vg- vdbn,- Cl- vdcz- jmzb- @gzvbx- lgvbz-vdbs-dmqb-btdmrzvbf-vdb-arl%-jglzrnbf-cv-mee,-Vdbs-dmqb-

hbmvbl-cv,-

-Kmnb- nbjdmlcjz- dmqb- hbbl- clvbkxmvbf- cl- Zdm`bzpbmxbz-

Drlv- cl- gxfbx- vg- ngvcqmvb- pemsbxz- pxgkxbzz%- {dcezv- vdb-xbmzglz-ga-hgxbfgn-mlf- vdb- fbngvcqmvgxz-{bxb-mezg- vm`bl-

clvg- jglzcfbxmvcgl- vdxgrkdgrv- vdb- kmnbz- fbzckl- pxgjbzz,-

Vdb-lbtv-jdmpvbx-cz-ml-mlmeszcz-ga-Zdm`bzpbmxbz-Drlv-mlf-vdb-fbjczcglnm`clk-hbdclf-cv,-

-

-

-

-

-


12/12

-

--

--

---

-

--

--

-

--

-

--

-

Btvxmjv-axgn-Kmnb-Fbzckl-agx-Jrevrxme-Dbxcvmkb-

Agvbclc-Qmebglvc--8?=8-

{{{,qmebglvc,jgn--

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