research involving human subjects

Research Involving Human Subjects

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Judette Haddad, PhD, CIP

History and Ethical principles

Nuremberg Code 1947 Declaration of Helsinki 1964 Belmont Report 1979

Respect for person- Informed consent Beneficence- Favorable benefit-risk

ratio Justice- Selection of subjects

Human Subject Protection Regulations

DHHS Regulations 45 CFR part 46- Subparts A, B, C, D, & E

FDA Regulations 21 CFR part 50, Protection of Human

Subjects 21 CFR part 56, Institutional Review Boards 21 CFR part 312, Investigational New Drug

Application 21 CFR part 812, Investigational Device

Exemptions

OU Federal Wide Assurance

All research involving the participation of human subjects must be submitted for review by the IRB (Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects)

DHHS Definition

45 CFR 46.102(d) Research means a systematic

investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

DHHS Definition (cntd)

45 CFR 46.102(f) Human subject means a living individual

about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains

(1) Data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or(2) Identifiable private information.

DHHS Definition (cntd)

Private Information: Information about behavior that occurs in a

setting in which the individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place

information that has been provided for specific purposes, other than research, where the individual can reasonably expect that it will not be made public (e.g., a medical record.) [45 CFR 46.102(f)].

Protected Health Identifiers (PHI)

Institutional Review Board IRB is a review committee established to help

protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects.

Authority of the IRB: Approve, disapprove, or modify research Conduct continuing reviews Observe and verify changes Suspend or terminate approval Observe the consent process and research

procedures

Review Categories

Exempt Expedited Review Full board Review Depends on the Risk Level

What is “minimal risk”? Minimal risk means that the probability

and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.

Review Categories (cntd)

May be “Exempt” Projects that present no more than

“minimal risk” to the participants and do not compromise the privacy of the participants or confidentiality of the data

Fits 1 of 6 categories Reviewed by IRB Chair or a designated

member Common in Educational Research- No

identifiers


May be “Expedited” Projects that present no more than

“minimal risk” to the participants, and for minor changes in approved research

Has to fit 1 of 7 categories Reviewed and approved by 2 IRB

Committee Members Common in Educational Research for

data collection methods that use audio/visual data collection- Retain identifiers


Full Board Review Projects involving more than minimal risk Full Committee meets once per month

(Applications must be received at least 10 days before the next meeting date)

Researcher are invited to present the research

Committee members ask the researcher questions regarding the research and participation of human subjects

Vote is taken (in the absence of the researcher) and recommendations are made


Continuing Review Annually for Expedited or Full Board

approved applications. Email notifications sent two month

prior to approval expiration date. Must complete the Continuing Review

Form and attach a copy of the consent form.

Same type of review as the original application with some exceptions.

Criteria for IRB Approval of Research

1. Risks to subjects are minimized sound research design which do not

unnecessarily expose subjects to risk, using procedures already being

performed on the subjects for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

2. Risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits, and the importance of the knowledge that may result. 3. Selection of subjects is equitable.

Criteria for IRB Approval of Research (cntd)

4. Informed consent is sought. 5. Informed consent is appropriately documented.6. Plans for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety of subjects.7. adequate provisions to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.8. additional safeguards to protect vulnerable population (children, prisoners, pregnant women, mentally disabled persons, or economically or educationally disadvantaged persons).

Analyzing Risks and Benefits

To judge the application the IRB needs full information about: the selection and recruitment of

subjects, research design, scientific rationale, conflicts of interest.

Informed Consent Participants must understand the nature

of the research. Participants must be able to

knowledgeably and voluntarily decide whether or not to participate.

Participants must understand the risks and benefits of participation.

The IRB must determine that informed consent will be properly obtained.

Elements of Informed Consent

Eight Basic Elements1. Research, Purpose, Procedures

(experimental), Expected duration2. Risks and discomfort3. Benefit4. Alternatives procedures (Treatments)5. Confidentiality of records6. Medical treatment in case of research

related injury7. Contact Info: Research Qs, Rights Qs,

Injury Qs8. Participation is Voluntary

Elements of Informed Consent (cntd)

Additional elements, as appropriate1. Unforeseeable Risk (embryo or fetus)2. Participation may be terminated by

researcher3. Additional cost to subjects4. Consequences of early withdrawal by

subjects5. Significant new findings that may affect

wiliness to continue participation6. Approximate number of participants


Voluntary Consent if voluntary, free of coercive

elements Right to refuse or withdraw with no penalty Unjustifiable pressures occur when persons in

authority urge a course of action for a subject Coercion is likely whenever possible sanctions

are involved (implied or actual) Undue influence occurs through an offer of an

excessive, unwarranted, inappropriate or improper reward

Consent process may not involve the use of “exculpatory language”


Comprehension Organized Ample time for consideration Opportunities for questions Lay language appropriate for subject

Important Components of Protection

Minimizing Risk Maintaining Confidentiality Maintaining and Destroying Records

Maintained for at least 3 years after the completion of the study and then destroyed in a manner that will protect the identity of human subjects.

Reporting Adverse Events Related to Research

Approved Research Research must be conducted as approved

by the IRB. Any changes to original application must

also be approved before implementation. Report changes to IRB through e-mail

message to Dr. Haddad [email protected]

IRB approval is valid for a maximum of one year – a “Continuing Review Form” must be submitted to extend the research beyond one year.

How to Apply Submit and application at

http://www.oakland.edu/research All sections of the form must be completed An endorsed hard copy of the signature

page must be forwarded to the Research Office, 530 Wilson Hall.

All research must be conducted or sponsored by an Oakland faculty member.

What Happens? For research falling within the categories of

exempt or expedited review, maybe reviewed and approved within 2-3 weeks.

For research review by the full committee, you will be sent a written invitation to attend the committee meeting at which it will be discussed.

Investigator will provide explanations and rationale for all procedures, discuss the risks and benefits, and information about informed consent procedures.

If approved by the majority of IRB members attending the meeting, you will be notified in writing within a few days.

Faculty Responsibilities All investigators conducting research

involving human subjects need to be familiar with Oakland University IRB Guidelines http://www.oakland.edu/?id=9074&sid=177

Complete CITI Training Faculty training is available periodically

throughout the year Faculty must inform students with

whom they are working to read OU Guidelines

Faculty Responsibilities (cntd)

Faculty must approve student application before it is submitted to the IRB

All research must be exempted or approved before it can be conducted

Research must be conducted as described in the approved or exempted application

Research applications must be submitted through the Research Application Manager (RAM 2.0)

Where Do I Find Information?

Most information on guidelines, procedures, and submitting research applications can be found at http://www2.oakland.edu/research

Contact Dr. Judette Haddad (Compliance Officer) at [email protected] or 370-4898

Contact Dr. Chris Stiller (IRB Chair) at [email protected] or 370-4047

Tips: Before you Apply Get a login and password for the RAM 2.0 Be familiar with the questions that are asked on

the application Write the major components of the application

(Abstract, Protocol, Consent Form(s), Instruments)

Use the “suggested language” on the checklist within the consent form

Attach other items given to subjects such as survey questionnaire or advertisements

Allow ample time for the review process to take place

CITI Training Collaborative Institutional Training

Initiative https://www.citiprogram.org Register- Choose OU as Participating

Institution Student Module Mandatory Starting January 2011

CITI Course in Basic Human Subject Research

Undergraduate Students1. Oakland University2. Research Misconduct 1-12153. Students in Research – SBR

CITI Course in Basic Human Subject Research- OU Maters Final Projects or Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations

1. Oakland University2. Belmont Report and CITI Course Introduction3. Defining Research with Human Subjects – SBR4. Assessing Risk in Social and Behavioral Sciences – SBR5. Informed Consent – SBR6. Privacy and Confidentiality – SBR7. Records-Based Research8. Internet Research – SBR9. Research and HIPAA Privacy Protections10. Research Misconduct 1-121511. Data Acquisition, Management, Sharing and Ownership 1-130812. Conflicts of Interest and Commitment 1-1622If Applicable:1. Research with Children– SBR2. Research with Prisoners – SBR3. Vulnerable Subjects - Research Involving Pregnant Women and

Fetuses in Utero

CITI Course in Basic Human Subject Research-

OU Faculty Modules 1. Oakland University2. Belmont Report and CITI Course Introduction3. Defining Research with Human Subjects – SBR4. Assessing Risk in Social and Behavioral Sciences – SBR5. Privacy and Confidentiality – SBR6. HIPAA and Human Subjects Research7. Data Acquisition, Management, Sharing, and Ownership8. Informed Consent – SBR9. Conflicts of Interest in Research Involving Human Subjects10. Records-Based Research11. Internet Research – SBRIf Applicable:1. Research with Children – SBR2. Research with Prisoners3. Vulnerable Subjects – Research Involving Pregnant Women

and Fetuses in Utero

Questions?

[email protected]

research involving human subjects

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