research for cloud computing

7/31/2019 Research for cloud computing

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ResearchForCloudComputingDetailsWhatisCloudComputing?CloudComputinghasbecomeabuzzwordnowadaysinthehostingindustry.WiththeadvancementsinitcompanieslikeGoogleandMicrosofthasextendedtheirsearch/investigationstowardscloudcomputing.Oneofthehottesttrendsinsmallbusinessandenterprise-sizedITiscloudcomputing.Cloudcomputingrepresentsamajorshiftinthewaycompaniesviewtheirtechnologyinfrastructure.InthispostIamgonnaexplainsomebasicsofcloudcomputingastounderstanditinamoresimplifiedway.

MaybeyouhaveheardaboutCloudComputing,maybenot.Onethingisforsure:Itisall"the-buzz,"andcompanieslikeGoogleandMicrosoftareinvestinginit,alongwithmanyothers.HereisaquickprimeronCloudComputing,whatitis,howitcanbeusedandmore.

Likethesongsays,Letsstartattheverybeginning,becauseitsaverygoodplacetostart."Formethebeginningisadefinition.Basically,CloudComputingisInternetcomputing,where"cloud"isametaphorfortheInternet.UsingSaaS(softwareasaservice),Web2.0andothervirtualtechnologies,applicationsareprovidedtousersviathenetwiththedatastoredontheprovidersservers.Inotherwords,itistheInternetversionofremotecomputing,justwaymorevirtualinnature.

CloudComputinghasitsrootsintheservicebureauconceptsofthe

1960s.Thecloudpart,datesbacktothe1990s,whenthetermwasusedtorefertoATMnetworks.NetworkdiagramsuseacloudsymboltorepresenttheInternet.So,dontletthetermcloudmessyouup--itsimplyrepresentstheInternet.CloudComputingprovidesanalternativetoinvestinginonesowninfrastructureandsoftware.Instead,throughCloudComputing,companiescansubscribetoanonlineserviceusingaperusemodel,thusreducingcapitalinvestmentsandmakingcomputingavariablevs. Cloudcomputingandstorageconvertphysicalresources(likeprocessorsandstorage)intoscalableandshareableresourcesovertheInternet(computingandstorage"asaservice").Althoughnotanewconcept,virtualizationmakesthismuchmorescalableandefficientthroughthesharingofphysicalsystemsthroughservervirtualization.Cloudcomputinggivesusersaccesstomassivecomputingandstorageresourceswithouttheirhavingtoknowwherethoseresourcesare

orhowthey reconfigured.

Thisbringsusbacktotheinitialquestion.Whatiscloudcomputing?Itistheprocessoftakingtheservicesandtasksperformedbyourcomputersandbringingthemtotheweb.

Whatdoesthismeantous?Withthe"cloud"doingmostofthework,thisfreesusuptoaccessthe"cloud"howeverwechoose.Itcouldbeasuper-chargeddesktopPCdesignedforhigh-endgaming,ora"thinclient"laptoprunningtheLinuxoperatingsystemwithan8gigflashdriveinsteadofaconventionalharddrive,orevenaniPhoneoraBlackberry.Wecanalsogetatthesameinformationandperformthesametaskswhetherwear

eatwork,athome,orevenafriend shouse.NotthatyouwouldwanttotakeabreakbetweenroundsofTexasHold emtodosomeworkfortheoffice--buttheprospectofbeingabletodoitisprettycool.SuggestedReadingCloudComputingisoneofthehottesttrendsintheindustry.Thishasprovenasablissforsmallbusinessandenterprise-sizedIT.CloudhostinghasconsideredasthemajorshiftinthewaycompaniesusetolooktheirITinfrastructure.ThistypeofapproachtoITreliesontheInternet,andusuallyinvolvesprovisioned,scalable,dynamicandvirtualsolutions.CloudcomputingpullsthedetailsofITinfrastructuremanagementawayfromthebusinessandputsitsquarelyint


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hehandsoftrueexperts.Cloudhasbeenusedasthemetaphorfortheinternetcomputing.ThiscanbecategorizedintoSaaS(serviceasasoftware),IaaS(Infrastructureasaservice)&PaaS(PlatformasaService).WhileSaaSisbyfarthemostcommontypeofcloudcomputingimplementationtoday,othertypesarerapidlygainingpopularityascompaniesseethecostandexpertiseadvantagesofeach.ItalsomakeuseofWeb2.0andothervirtualtechnologies,applicationsareprovidedtousersviathenetwiththedatastoredontheprovidersservers.Thebasicneedoftherapidimprovementofthecapacityofonlineconnectivitygavebirthtocloudcomputing.Inawaywecansaythatitisacollageofmanydifferentcomputersandlinkingthemtogethertoformoneverybigcomputer.Thesimplestthingthatacomputerdoesisallowustostoreandretrieveinformation.OftenpeopleassociatecloudcomputingwithmanyothersimilarmodelslikeGridcomputingwhichusesforexample,usesavirtualsupercomputercomposedofnetworked,connectedcomputersthatactinconcerttoperformsignificantlylargetasks.Utilitycomputingisamodelwherecomputerresourcesarepackagedandprovidedasameteredservice,inthesamewaythattraditionalpublicutilitiesarepackagedandprovided.Andadditionallytotheautonomiccomputingisoftenconfusedwithcloudcomputing.Thisisasystemofcomputingwherethesystemsarecapableofmanagingthemselves.Thisisanalternativeofinvestinginonesowninfrastructureandsoftware.Cloudhostingisconsideredasautilityfortheinternetservices-muchlikeelectrical&waterutilityserviceswhereyoupayonlyforthecomputingandstoragethatyouuse,asopposedtopayingtheoverheadofcreating&maintainingyourow

ndatacenter.Instead,throughCloudComputing,companiescansubscribetoanonlineserviceusingaperusemodel,thusreducingcapitalinvestmentsandmakingcomputingavariable.Thisconcepthasmademanypeopleandorganizationtochangetheirthinkingaboutthewaytheyusetothinkpreviously.ThishasgiventheplatformonwhichtheyhavethelibertyofchoosingtheITinfrastructureaspertheirwishandrequirements.Thisisinamostsimplerwaycanbedefinedascloudcomputingistakingservicesandmovingthemoutsideanorganizationsfirewallonsharedsystems.ApplicationsandservicesareaccessedviatheWeb,insteadofyourharddrive.Incloudcomputing,theservicesthataredeliveredandusedovertheInternetarepaidforbycloudcustomersonanas-needed,pay-per-usebusinessmodel.Theinfrastructureisalsomaintainedbythecloudprovider,nottheindividualcloudcustomers.

CloudcomputingisacomprehensivesolutionthatdeliversITasaservice.ItisanInternet-basedcomputingsolutionwheresharedresourcesareprovidedlikeelectricitydistributedontheelectricalgrid.Computersinthecloudareconfiguredtoworktogetherandthevariousapplicationsusethecollectivecomputingpowerasiftheyarerunningonasinglesystem.Theflexibilityofcloudcomputingisafunctionoftheallocationofresourcesondemand.Thisfacilitatestheuseofthesystem scumulativeresources,negatingtheneedtoassignspecifichardwaretoatask.Beforecloudcomputing,websitesandserver-basedapplicationswereexecutedonaspecificsystem.Withtheadventofcloudcomputing,resourcesareusedasanaggregatedvirtualcomputer.Thisamalgamatedconfigurationprovidesanenvironmentwhereapplicationsexecuteindependentlywithoutregardforanyparticularconfiguration.

Cloudcomputingchangesthewaywethinkabouttechnology.Cloudisacomputingmodelprovidingweb-basedsoftware,middlewareandcomputingresourcesondemand.Bydeployingtechnologyasaservice,yougiveusersaccessonlytotheresourcestheyneedforaparticulartask.Thispreventsyoufrompayingforidlecomputingresources.Cloudcomputingcanalsogobeyondcostsavingsbyallowingyouruserstoaccessthelatestsoftwareandinfrastructureofferingstofosterbusinessinnovation.


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IssuesandchallengesTheissuesofcloudcomputingareclearwithprivacyandsecuritybeingtwoofthemostimportant.Privacycanbecombatedwithencryption,butduediligenceisrequiredwhenselectingacloudcomputingservice.Evene-CommercewasviewedinaskepticallightwhentheWebstartedtogrow.Worldwide,trillionsofdollars-worthofe-Commercetransactionsoccurannually,socloudcomputingwillbenefitfromallthetechnologies(suchasSecureSocketsLayer,orSSL)thatmaketheWebsafetoday.

GoingfurtherThecloudcomputingrushhasjustbegun,andsohastheopensourcedevelopmentonLinuxthatwilldriveit.Giventhemassiveinvestmentbeingmadeincloudcomputing,it sclearthatashiftisoccurringbacktocentralizeddatacenters.Itwillbeinterestingtoseethenewtechnologiesandarchitecturesthatarearoundthecorner.

Thisguideprovidesarapidandthoroughgroundingincloudcomputingwithafocusonthebasicconcepts;terminologydefinitions;typesofcloudplatforms,services,andproducts;howtostartdevelopingapplicationsforthecloud;andconnectionstoresourcesthatcanfurtherexpandyourknowledgeofthecloud.

Cloudcomputingisacategoryofcomputingsolutionsinwhichatechnologyand/orserviceletsusersaccesscomputingresourcesondemand,asneeded,whetherth

eresourcesarephysicalorvirtual,dedicated,orshared,andnomatterhowtheyareaccessed(viaadirectconnection,LAN,WAN,ortheInternet).Thecloudisoftencharacterizedbyself-serviceinterfacesthatletcustomersacquireresourceswhenneededaslongasneeded.CloudisalsotheconceptbehindanapproachtobuildingITservicesthattakesadvantageofthegrowingpowerofserversandvirtualizationtechnologies.Cloudcomputing simportancerestsinthecloud spotentialtosaveinvestmentcostsininfrastructure,tosavetimeinapplicationdevelopmentanddeployment,andtosaveresourceallocationoverhead.

Youcan treadatechnicalWebsitethesedayswithoutsomementionofso-calledcloudcomputing.Cloudcomputingisreallynothingmorethantheprovisioningo

fcomputingresources(computersandstorage)asaservice.Alongwiththatcomestheabilitytodynamicallyscaletheservicetoadditionalcomputersandstorageinasimpleandtransparentway.Allthisissimilartotheideasbehindutilitycomputing,inwhichcomputingresourceswereviewedasameteredservice,asisthecaseformoretraditionalutilities(suchaselectricityorwater).What

sdifferentisnotthegoalbehindtheseideasbuttheexistingtechnologiesthathavecometogethertomakethemareality.Oneofthemostimportantideasbehindcloudcomputingisscalability,andthekeytechnologythatmakesthatpossibleisvirtualization.Virtualizationallowsbetteruseofaserverbyaggregatingmultipleoperatingsystemsandapplicationsonasinglesharedcomputer.Virtualizationalsopermitsonlinemigrationsothatifaserverbecomesoverloaded,aninstanceofanoperatingsystem(anditsapplications)canbemigratedtoanew,lessclutteredserver.

Fromanexternalview,cloudcomputingissimplythemigrationofcomputingandstorageoutsideanenterpriseandintothecloud.Theuserdefinestheresourcerequirements(suchascomputingandwideareanetwork,orWAN,bandwidthneeds),andthecloudprovidervirtuallyassemblesthesecomponentswithinitsinfrastructure.

AnatomyofcloudcomputingAsyoupeerinsidethecloud,youfindthatit sactuallynotjustasingleservicebutacollectionofservices,let sstartatthelowestlevelofserviceprovided,whichistheinfrastructure(Infrastructure-as-a-Service,orIaaS).IaaSi


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stheleasingofinfrastructure(computingresourcesandstorage)asaservice.ThismeansnotonlyvirtualizedcomputerswithguaranteedprocessingpowerbutreservedbandwidthforstorageandInternetaccess.Inessence,it sthecapabilityofleasingacomputerordatacenterwithspecificquality-of-serviceconstraintsthathastheabilitytoexecuteanarbitraryoperatingsystemandsoftware.

ThevalueofcloudcomputingBesidesreducingthemanagementcostassociatedwithcloudcomputingresources,thereareotheradvantages.Forexample,whenyouseparateyourselffromyourresourcesbytheInternet,itdoesn treallymatterwherethoseresourcesreside.Theycouldbe,forexample,inaclimatethatoffersambient(natural)coolingandthereforeminimizesenergyusage.Movingupthestack,thenextlevelofserviceistheplatform(Platform-as-a-Service,orPaaS).PaaSissimilartoIaaSbutincludesoperatingsystemsandrequiredservicesthatfocusonaparticularapplication.Forexample,aPaaSinadditiontovirtualizedserversandstorageprovidesaparticularoperatingsystemandapplicationset(typically,asavirtualmachine,orVM,file,suchasVMware s.vmdkformat)alongwithaccesstonecessaryservicessuchasaMySQLdatabaseorother,specializedlocalresources.Inotherwords,PaaSisIaaSwithacustomsoftwarestackforthegivenapplication.Finally,atthetopisthesimplestservicethatcanbeprovided:theapplication.ThislayeriscalledSoftware-as-a-Service(SaaS),anditisthemodelofdeployingsoftwarefromacentralizedsystemtorunonalocalcomputer(orremotelyfromthecloud).Asameteredservice,SaaSallowsyoutoleaseanapplication

andpayonlyforthetimeused.That sthe30,000-footviewofcloudcomputing.Thisviewignoressomeoftheotheraspectsofthecloud,suchasdata-Storage-as-a-Service(dSaaS),whichprovidesstorageasameteredserviceinwhichtheconsumerisbilledbasedonusedcapacity(theamountofstorageused)andutilization(bandwidthrequirementsforthestorage).Cloudserviceshavealsoemerged,whichprovideinternalmechanismsforinteroperabilityaswellasexternalapplicationprograminterfaces(APIs),suchasWebservices.

ThecloudcomputinglandscapeInrecentmonths,there sbeenanexplosionofinvestmentintocloudcomputingandrelatedinfrastructure.Thismassiveinvestmentindicatesthatthereisdeman

dforvirtualizationofresourcesinsidethecloud.

LinuxandopensourceinthecloudLet snowexplorehowLinuxandtheopensourcecommunitycontributetotheworldofcloudcomputing.Asyoumighthaveguessed,Linuxandopensourcetechnologiesplayahugerole.

Software-as-a-ServiceSaaSistheabilitytoaccesssoftwareovertheInternetasaservice.AnearlyapproachtoSaaSwastheApplicationServiceProvider(ASP).ASPsprovidesubscriptionstosoftwarethatishostedordeliveredovertheInternet.TheASPdeliv

ersthesoftwareandchargesfeesbasedonitsuse.Inthisway,youdon tpurchasethesoftwarebutsimplyleaseitonanas-neededbasis.

ExampleSaaSAninterestingexampleoftraditionalversusSaaSapplicationsistheapplicationlifecyclemanagementtoolfromSoftwarePlanner.com.Thiscompanyofferstheirtoolusingthetraditionalmodel,wherecustomershosttheapplicationsuitewithintheirenterprise,orasSaaS,wherecustomershosttheapplicationsuitean


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dmakeitavailableovertheInternet.AnotherperspectiveonSaaSistheuseofsoftwareovertheInternetthatexecutesremotely.Thissoftwarecanbeintheformofservicesusedbyalocalapplication(definedasWebservices)oraremoteapplicationobservedthroughaWebbrowser.OneexampleofaremoteapplicationserviceisGoogleApps,whichprovidesseveralenterpriseapplicationsthroughastandardWebbrowser.Remotelyexecutingapplicationscommonlyrelyonanapplicationservertoexposeneededservices.AnapplicationserverisasoftwareframeworkthatexposesAPIsforsoftwareservices(suchastransactionmanagementordatabaseaccess).ExamplesincludeRedHatJBossApplicationServer,ApacheGeronimo,

Platform-as-a-ServicePaaScanbedescribedasanentirevirtualizedplatformthatincludesoneormoreservers(virtualizedoverthesetofphysicalservers),operatingsystems,andspecificapplications(suchasApacheandMySQLforWeb-basedapplications).Insomecases,theseplatformscanbepredefinedandselected;inothers,youcanprovideaVMimagethatcontainsallthenecessaryuser-specificapplications.OneinterestingexampleofaPaaSisGoogleAppEngine.AppEngineisaservicethatallowsyoutodeployyourWebapplicationsonGoogle sveryscalablearchitecture.AppEngineprovidesyouwithasandboxforyourPythonapplicationthatcanbereferencedovertheInternet(andadditionallanguageswillbesupportedinthefuture).AppEngineprovidesPythonAPIsforpersistentlystoringandmanagingdata(usingtheGoogleQueryLanguage,orGQL)inadditiontosupportforauthenticatingusers,manipulatingimages,andsendinge-mail.Thesandboxinwh

ichtheWebapplicationrunsrestrictsaccesstotheunderlyingoperatingsystem.AlthoughAppEnginelimitsthefunctionalityavailabletoyourapplication,itsupportstheconstructionofusefulWebservices..

Infrastructure-as-a-ServiceIaaSisthedeliveryofcomputerinfrastructureasaservice.ThislayerdiffersfromPaaSinthatthevirtualhardwareisprovidedwithoutasoftwarestack.Instead,theconsumerprovidesaVMimagethatisinvokedononeormorevirtualizedservers.IaaSistherawestformofcomputingasaservice(outsideofaccesstothephysicalinfrastructure).Themostwell-knowncommercialIaaSproviderisAmazonElasticComputeCloud(EC2).InEC2,youcanspecifyaparticularVM(operatingsystemandapplicationset),andthendeployyourapplicationsonitor

provideyourownVMimagetoexecuteontheservers.You rethenbilledsimplyforcomputetime,storage,andnetworkbandwidth.

OtherclouddevelopmentsInadditiontothedevelopmentsalreadydiscussed,severalotherLinux-basedopensourcepackagesareusefulincloudenvironments.HadoopisanopensourceJavasoftwareframeworksimilartoPaaSbutfocusedonmanipulatinglargedatasetsoverasetofnetworkedservers(inspiredbyGoogleMapReduce,whichenablesparallelprocessingoflargedatasets).Assuch,itfindsuseinWebsearchandadvertisingapplicationsinparticular,atYahoo!Hadoopalsoprovidesseveralsub-projects,mimickingGoogleapplications.Forexample,HBaseprovidesGoogleBigTabledatabase-likefunctionality,andtheHadoopDistributedFileSystem(HDFS)providessimilarfunctionalitytoGoogleFileSystem(GFS).

What sthedifferencebetweenaprivateandapubliccloud?Andwhatabouthybrids?Ingeneral,apublic(external)cloudisanenvironmentthatexistsoutsideacompany sfirewall.Itcanbeaserviceofferedbyathird-partyvendor.Itcouldalsobereferredtoasasharedormulti-tenanted,virtualizedinfrastructuremanagedbymeansofaself-serviceportal.Aprivate(internal)cloudreproducesthedeliverymodelsofapubliccloudanddoessobehindafirewallfortheexclusivebenefitofanorganizationanditsc


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ustomers.Theself-servicemanagementinterfaceisstillinplacewhiletheITinfrastructureresourcesbeingcollectedareinternal.Inahybridcloudenvironment,externalservicesareleveragedtoextendorsupplementaninternalcloud.IscloudcomputingthesameasSoftwareasaService?InfrastructureasaService?PlatformasaService?AgrowingnumberofpeopleintheindustryconsiderSoftwareasaService(SaaS)--softwareapplicationsdeliveredoverthewebtobeasubsetofcloudcomputing.AndyoucouldprobablysaythesamethingaboutIaaS(remotelyaccessibleserverandstoragecapacity)andPaaS(letsdevelopersbuildanddeploywebapplicationsonahostedinfrastructure).WherecanIlearnmoreaboutcloudcomputing?Startwithourfortechnicalarticles,tutorials,demos,andotherresources.Then,discoverthewealthofinteractiveknowledgewe veamassedoncloudcomputingbynetworkingwithyourpeersinthedeveloperWorkscommunity:Whattypesofapplicationscanruninthecloud?Anythingcanruninacloud,butthatdoesn tmeananythingshouldruninacloud.Anysoftwarethatbenefitstheuserbybeingresidentonadesktoporworkstation(systemanalysistools,defragmentationutilities,etc.)wouldbebetteroffremaininglocal.Also,sensitivecustomerdatamaybeshouldnotbeonapubliccloud.AcloudisrightontargetforapplicationsthatdealwithITmanagement,busine

ssandproductivity,developmentanddeployment,capacity(serverand/orstorage),andcollaborationCloudComputingisatermthatisoftenbandiedaboutthewebthesedaysandoftenattributedtodifferentthingsthat--onthesurface--don tseemtohavethatmuchincommon.SojustwhatisCloudComputing?I vehearditcalledaservice,aplatform,andevenanoperatingsystem.Someevenlinkittosuchconceptsasgridcomputing--whichisawayoftakingmanydifferentcomputersandlinkingthemtogethertoformoneverybigcomputer.AbasicdefinitionofcloudcomputingistheuseoftheInternetforthetasksyouperformonyourcomputer.The"cloud"representstheInternet.CloudComputingisaServiceThesimplestthingthatacomputerdoesisallowustostoreandretrieveinformation.Wecanstoreourfamilyphotographs,ourfavoritesongs,orevensavemov

iesonit.Thisisalsothemostbasicserviceofferedbycloudcomputing.CloudComputingisaPlatformThewebistheoperatingsystemofthefuture.Whilenotexactlytrue--we llalwaysneedalocaloperatingsystem--thispopularsayingreallymeansthatthewebisthenextgreatplatform.What saplatform?Itisthebasicstructureonwhichapplicationsstand.Inotherwords,itiswhatrunsourapps.Windowsisaplatform.TheMacOSisaplatform.Butaplatformdoesn thavetobeanoperatingsystem.Javaisaplatformeventhoughitisnotanoperatingsystem.CloudComputingandInteroperabilityAmajorbarriertocloudcomputingistheinteroperabilityofapplications.WhileitispossibletoinsertanAdobeAcrobatfileintoaMicrosoftWorddocument,thingsgetalittlebitstickierwhenwetalkaboutweb-basedapplications.

Thisiswheresomeofthemostattractiveelementstocloudcomputing--storingtheinformationonthewebandallowingthewebtodomostofthe computing --becomesabarriertogettingthingsdone.WhilewemightonedaybeabletoinsertourGoogleDocswordprocessordocumentintoourGoogleDocsspreadsheet,thingsarealittlestickierwhenitcomestoinsertingaBuzzworddocumentintoourGoogleDocsspreadsheet.IgnoringforamomentthatGoogleprobablydoesn twantyoutohavetheabilitytoinsertacompetitor sdocumentintotheirspreadsheet,thiscreatesatonofdatasecurityissues.Sonotonlywouldweneedastandardforweb documents tobecomeweb objects capableofbeinggenericallyinsertedintoanyotherweb


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document,we llalsoneedasystemtomaintainacertainlevelofsecuritywhenitcomestothistypeofdatasharing.Inthelastfewyears,InformationTechnology(IT)hasembarkedonanewparadigmcloudcomputing.Althoughcloudcomputingisonlyadifferentwaytodelivercomputerresources,ratherthananewtechnology,ithassparkedarevolutioninthewayorganizationsprovideinformationandservice.OriginallyITwasdominatedbymainframecomputing.Thissturdyconfigurationeventuallygavewaytotheclient-servermodel.ContemporaryITisincreasinglyafunctionofmobiletechnology,pervasiveorubiquitouscomputing,andofcourse,cloudcomputing.Butthisrevolution,likeeveryrevolution,containscomponentsofthepastfromwhichitevolved.Thus,toputcloudcomputinginthepropercontext,keepinmindthatintheDNAofcloudcomputingisessentiallythecreationofitspredecessorsystems.Inmanyways,thismomentouschangeisamatterof"backtothefuture"ratherthanthedefinitiveendofthepast.Inthebravenewworldofcloudcomputing,thereisroomforinnovativecollaborationofcloudtechnologyandfortheprovenutilityofpredecessorsystems,suchasthepowerfulmainframe.ThisveritablechangeinhowwecomputeprovidesimmenseopportunitiesforITpersonneltotakethereinsofchangeandusethemtotheirindividualandinstitutionaladvantage.

CloudcomputingbuildingblocksThecloudcomputingmodeliscomprisedofafrontendandabackend.Thesetwoelementsareconnectedthroughanetwork,inmostcasestheInternet.Thefrontendisthevehiclebywhichtheuserinteractswiththesystem;thebackendis

theclouditself.Thefrontendiscomposedofaclientcomputer,orthecomputernetworkofanenterprise,andtheapplicationsusedtoaccessthecloud.Thebackendprovidestheapplications,computers,servers,anddatastoragethatcreatesthecloudofservices.

Layers:ComputingasacommodityThecloudconceptisbuiltonlayers,eachprovidingadistinctleveloffunctionality.Thisstratificationofthecloud scomponentshasprovidedameansforthelayersofcloudcomputingtobecomingacommodityjustlikeelectricity,telephoneservice,ornaturalgas.Thecommoditythatcloudcomputingsellsiscomputingpoweratalowercostandexpensetotheuser.Cloudcomputingispoisedtobecomethenextmega-utilityservice.

Thevirtualmachinemonitor(VMM)providesthemeansforsimultaneoususeofcloudfacilitiesVMMisaprogramonahostsystemthatletsonecomputersupportmultiple,identicalexecutionenvironments.Fromtheuser spointofview,thesystemisaself-containedcomputerwhichisisolatedfromotherusers.Inreality,everyuserisbeingservedbythesamemachine.Avirtualmachineisoneoperatingsystem(OS)thatisbeingmanagedbyanunderlyingcontrolprogramallowingittoappeartobemultipleoperatingsystems.Incloudcomputing,VMMallowsuserstomonitorandthusmanageaspectsoftheprocesssuchasdataaccess,datastorage,encryption,addressing,topology,andworkloadmovement.

Thesearethelayersthecloudprovides: Theinfrastructurelayeristhefoundationofthecloud.Itconsistsofthephy

icalassetsservers,networkdevices,storagedisks,etc.InfrastructureasaService(IaaS)hasproviderssuchastheIBMCloud.UsingIaaSyoudontactuallycontroltheunderlyinginfrastructure,butyoudohavecontroloftheoperatingsystems,storage,deploymentapplications,and,toalimiteddegree,controloverselectnetworkingcomponents.PrintOnDemand(POD)servicesareanexampleoforganizationsthatcanbenefitfromIaaS.ThePODmodelisbasedonthesellingofcustomizableproducts.PODsallowindividualstoopenshopsandselldesignsonproducts.Shopkeeperscanuploadasmanyorasfewdesignsastheycancreate.Manyuploadthousands.Withcloudstoragecapabilities,aPODcanprovideunlimitedstoragespace.


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Themiddlelayeristheplatform.Itprovidestheapplicationinfrastructure.PatformasaService(PaaS)providesaccesstooperatingsystemsandassociatedservices.Itprovidesawaytodeployapplicationstothecloudusingprogramminglanguagesandtoolssupportedbytheprovider.Youdonothavetomanageorcontroltheunderlyinginfrastructure,butyoudohavecontroloverthedeployedapplicationsand,tosomedegreeoverapplicationhostingenvironmentconfigurations.PaaShasproviderssuchasAmazon sElasticComputeCloud(EC2).ThesmallentrepreneursoftwarehouseisanidealenterpriseforPaaS.Withtheelaboratedplatform,world-classproductscanbecreatedwithouttheoverheadofin-houseproduction. Thetoplayeristheapplicationlayer,thelayermostvisualizeasthecloud.pplicationsrunhereandareprovidedondemandtousers.SoftwareasaService(SaaS)hasproviderssuchasGooglePack.GooglePackincludesInternetaccessibleapplications,toolssuchasCalendar,Gmail,GoogleTalk,Docs,andmanymore.

CloudformationsTherearethreetypesofcloudformations:private(onpremise),public,andhybrid. Publiccloudsareavailabletothegeneralpublicoralargeindustrygroupandareownedandprovisionedbyanorganizationsellingcloudservices.Apubliccloudiswhatisthoughtofasthecloudintheusualsense;thatis,resourcesdynamicallyprovisionedovertheInternetusingwebapplicationsfromanoff-site

third-partyproviderthatsuppliessharedresourcesandbillsonautilitycomputingbasis. Privatecloudsexistwithinyourcompany sfirewallandaremanagedbyyourorgnization.Theyarecloudservicesyoucreateandcontrolwithinyourenterprise.Privatecloudsoffermanyofthesamebenefitsasthepubliccloudsthemajordistinctionbeingthatyourorganizationisinchargeofsettingupandmaintainingthecloud. Hybridcloudsareacombinationofthepublicandtheprivatecloudusingserviesthatareinboththepublicandprivatespace.Managementresponsibilitiesaredividedbetweenthepubliccloudproviderandthebusinessitself.Usingahybridcloud,organizationscandeterminetheobjectivesandrequirementsoftheservicestobe createdandobtainthembasedonthemostsuitablealternative.

ITrolesinthecloudLetusconsidertheprobabilitythatmanagementandadministrationwillrequiregreaterautomation,requiringachangeinthetasksofpersonnelresponsibleforscriptingduetothegrowthincodeproduction.Yousee,ITmaybeconsolidating,withaneedforlesshardwareandsoftwareimplementation,butitisalsocreatingnewformations.TheshiftinITistowardtheknowledgeworker.Inthenewparadigm,thetechnicalhumanassetswillhavegreaterresponsibilitiesforenhancingandupgradinggeneralbusinessprocesses.

ThedeveloperThegrowinguseofmobiledevices,thepopularityofsocialnetworking,andotheraspectsoftheevolutionofcommercialITprocessesandsystems,willguaranteeworkforthedevelopercommunity;however,someofthetraditionalrolesofdevelopmentpersonnelwillbeshiftedawayfromtheenterprise sdevelopersduetothesystemicandsystematicprocessesofthecloudconfigurationmodel.

Theadministrator


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AdministratorsaretheguardiansandlegislatorsofanITsystem.Theyareresponsibleforthecontrolofuseraccesstothenetwork.Thismeanssittingontopofthecreationofuserpasswordsandtheformulationofrulesandproceduresforsuchfundamentalfunctionalityasgeneralaccesstothesystemassets.Theadventofcloudcomputingwillnecessitateadjustmentstothisprocesssincetheadministratorinsuchanenvironmentisnolongermerelyconcernedaboutinternalmatters,butalsotheexternalrelationshipofhisenterpriseandthecloudcomputingconcern,aswellastheactionsofothertenantsinapubliccloud.Thisalterstheroleofthefirewallconstructsputinplacebytheadministrationandthenatureofthegeneralsecurityproceduresoftheenterprise.Itdoesnotnegatetheneedfortheguardianofthesystem.Withcloudcomputingcomesevengreaterresponsibility,notless.Undercloudcomputing,theadministratormustnotonlyensuredataandsystemsinternaltotheorganization,theymustalsomonitorandmanagethecloudtoensurethesafetyoftheirsystemanddataeverywhere.

ThearchitectThefunctionofthearchitectureistheeffectivemodelingofthegivensystem sfunctionalityintherealITworld.Thebasicresponsibilityofthearchitectisdevelopmentofthearchitecturalframeworkoftheagency scloudcomputingmodel.Thearchitectureofcloudcomputingisessentiallycomprisedoftheabstractionofthethreelayerconstructs,IaaS,PaaS,andSaaS,insuchawaythattheparticularenterprisedeployingthecloudcomputingapproachmeetsitsstatedgo

alsandobjectives.Theabstractionofthefunctionalityofthelayersisdevelopedsothedecision-makersandthefootsoldierscanusetheabstractiontoplan,execute,andevaluatetheefficacyoftheITsystem sproceduresandprocesses.Theroleofthearchitectintheageofcloudcomputingistoconceiveandmodelafunctionalinteractionofthecloud slayers.ThearchitectmustusetheabstractionasameanstoensurethatITisplayingitsproperroleintheattainmentoforganizationalobjectives.

Tocloudornottocloud:RiskassessmentThemainconcernsvoicedbythosemovingtothecloudaresecurityandprivacy.Thecompaniessupplyingcloudcomputingservicesknowthisandunderstandthatwithoutreliablesecurity,theirbusinesseswillcollapse.Sosecurityandprivacyarehighprioritiesforallcloudcomputingentities.

Governance:Howwillindustrystandardsbemonitored?Governanceistheprimaryresponsibilityoftheownerofaprivatecloudandthesharedresponsibilityoftheserviceproviderandserviceconsumerinthepubliccloud.However,givenelementssuchastransnationalterrorism,denialofservice,viruses,wormsandthelikewhichdoorcouldhaveaspectsbeyondthecontrolofeithertheprivatecloudownerorpubliccloudserviceproviderandservic

econsumerthereisaneedforsomekindofbroadercollaboration,particularlyontheglobal,regional,andnationallevels.Ofcourse,thiscollaborationhastobeinstitutedinamannerthatwillnotdiluteorotherwiseharmthecontroloftheowneroftheprocessorsubscribersinthecaseofthepubliccloud.

BandwidthrequirementsIfyouaregoingtoadoptthecloudframework,bandwidthandthepotentialbandwidthbottleneckmustbeevaluatedinyourstrategy.IntheCIO.comarticle:TheSkinnyStraw:CloudComputing sBottleneckandHowtoAddressIt,thefollowing


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statementismade:Virtualizationimplementersfoundthatthekeybottlenecktovirtualmachinedensityismemorycapacity;nowthere sawholenewslewofserverscomingoutwithmuchlargermemoryfootprints,removingmemoryasasystembottleneck.Cloudcomputingnegatesthatbottleneckbyremovingtheissueofmachinedensityfromtheequationsortingthatoutbecomestheresponsibilityofthecloudprovider,freeingtheclouduserfromworryingaboutit.Forcloudcomputing,bandwidthtoandfromthecloudproviderisabottleneck.Sowhatisthebestcurrentsolutionforthebandwidthissue?Intoday smarketthebestansweristhebladeserver.Abladeserverisaserverthathasbeenoptimizedtominimizetheuseofphysicalspaceandenergy.Oneofthehugeadvantagesofthebladeserverforcloudcomputinguseisbandwidthspeedimprovement.Forexample,theIBMBladeCenterisdesignedtoacceleratethehigh-performancecomputingworkloadsbothquicklyandefficiently.Justasthememoryissuehadtobeovercometoeffectivelyalleviatethebottleneckofvirtualhighmachinedensity,thebottleneckofcloudcomputingbandwidthmustalsobeovercome,solooktothecapabilitiesofyourprovidertodetermineifthebandwidthbottleneckwillbeamajorperformanceissue.

FinancialimpactBecauseasizableproportionofthecostinIToperationscomesfromadministrativeandmanagementfunctions,theimplicitautomationofsomeofthesefunctionswillpersecutcostsinacloudcomputingenvironment.Automationcanreducetheerrorfactorandthecostoftheredundancyofmanualrepetitionsignificantly.Thereareothercontributorstofinancialproblemssuchasthecostofmaintainingphysicalfacilities,electricalpowerusage,coolingsystems,andofcourseadministrationandmanagementfactors.Asyoucansee,bandwidthisnotalone,byanymeans.

MitigatetheriskConsiderthesepossiblerisks: Adverseimpactofmishandlingofdata. Unwarrantedservicecharges. Financialorlegalproblemsofvendor. Vendoroperationalproblemsorshutdowns. Datarecoveryandconfidentialityproblems. Generalsecurityconcerns. Systemsattacksbyexternalforces.Withtheuseofsystemsinthecloud,thereistheeverpresentriskofdatasecurity,connectivity,andmaliciousactionsinterferingwiththecomputingprocesses.However,withacarefullythoughtoutplanandmethodologyofselectingthe

serviceprovider,andanastuteperspectiveongeneralriskmanagement,mostcompaniescansafelyleveragethistechnology.

InconclusionInthisrevolutionarynewera,cloudcomputingcanprovideorganizationswiththemeansandmethodsneededtoensurefinancialstabilityandhighqualityservice.Ofcourse,theremustbeglobalcooperationifthecloudcomputingprocessistoattainoptimalsecurityandgeneraloperationalstandards.Withtheadventofcloudcomputingitisimperativeforusalltobereadyfortherevolution.

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