research findings faecal sludge treatment
DESCRIPTION
Jan Spit from WASTE presented the research findings on faecal sludge treatment during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014. This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.TRANSCRIPT
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Research Faecal Sludge Treatment
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Background
Gap Analysis in Emergency Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion (HIF 2013)1. Latrines in locations where no pits are possible
(urban, high watertable/flooding)2. Latrine emptying and desludging3. Faecal sludge disposal options after desludging
and treatment !!MOST CHALLENGING GAP!!4. Urban alternatives for excreta disposal
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Problem
• Lack of space for treatment (urban area)• High water table (no digging possible)• No off site treatment/disposal site, no skilled
labour• Security• Faecal sludge source of disease (Cholera Haiti)• Raised latrine full after 1 week
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Objective
• Sanitization Faecal Sludge• Simple & rapid & easy to put
in place• Easy to operate & maintain
& reliable• Demonstrate feasibility at
scale and document the whole process
• Process to be incorporated in the Oxfam and/or IFRC catalogue
• From Speed to Seed
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Field testing Malawi
• 5 Students from Unesco-IHE & TUD
• 3 Treatment Methods for Centralised Treatment : – Lime, Ammonia, Lactic Acid
• 3 Decentralised Treatment (SEED)- on-going research: – Worm Toilet, Terra Preta
Toilet, Anaerobic Digester
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Emergency Faecal Sludge Treatment Methods:
Preliminary Field Testing Results
Treatment
• Treatment Time
• Final Concentration of E-coli, Salmonella and Faecal Coliform
• pH
• Quantities of Chemical Addition for Treatment
Ammonia
• 4-8 days
• <1000 cfu/ 100ml
• pH 9
• 2% Urea w/w (20g urea/kg Sludge =9g TAN/kg Sludge)
Lime
• 2 hours
• <1000 CFU/ 100ml
• pH 11
• 12-16g Lime per kg Sludge ( The buffer capacity varied considerably between sludges)
Lactic Acid
• 7-9 days
• <1000 cfu/ 100ml
• pH 4
• 20-30 g/L Lactic acid concentration (using 10%w/w preculture, 2g simple sugar/kg sludge)
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Lactic Acid Experiments
• 3 Log removal for E-coli 7-9 days
• 10% w/w milk preculture, 10% w/w molasses ( 2kg simple sugar/1000kg sludge)
• 20-30g/L lactic acid• pH: 3.8-4.2 • Next Phase –
knowledge applied to Terra Preta Toilet
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UREA EXPERIMENTS
• 3 Log removal 4-8 days after addition of urea
• 2% Urea observed to be the most effective
• pH 9 – 9.5• Reactors must be sealed • High temperature can
enhance treatment• Next Phase – upscale to
Bladder
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LIME EXPERIMENTS - MALAWI
• 50L Drum Experiments• pH Control - Addition of
Hydrated Lime ( CaOH) & 10’ mixing
• > pH 10.2 to <1000 CFU/100ml within 1 hour
• No distinct reduction in COD and TS or VS within
• Further research upscaling
ControlpH 7
pH 9 pH 10 pH 11 pH 12
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.51.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
E-coli RemovalControl ( no mix)
Control ( mixing
pH 9
pH 10,2
pH 11
pH 12
Time elapsed since Lime addition (hours)E-
coli
Conc
entr
ation
( CF
U/10
0ml)
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Future Work
Additional Research is essential to ensure that a robust method which safeguards public health can be established for faecal sludge treatment in an emergency context
(De) Centralized:• Lime Treatment• Urea Treatment On site:• Self-mixing Anaerobic
Digester• Worm Toilet• Terra Preta Sanitation Toilet
.
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Future work
(De-) centralized treatment:• Upscale options, test robustness of process on different
sludge types & in different settings• Investigate sanitization, stabilization, costs• Devise the process conditions required for Faecal Sludge
Treatment to achieve the WHO guideline sanitation requirements.
On-site systems:• Compare and contrast each of the on-site sanitation systems• Investigate the functionality of the on-site sanitation systems• Investigate sanitization, stabilization, costs, useful byproducts
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Thank you for your input!
www.emergencysanitationproject.orgwww.speedkits.eu