research article volume 6-1 (2019) · 2.0. material and methods 2.1. location the present research...

Resumen

La zona de influencia del estudio se localiza en el distrito de Iquitos, provincia de Maynas, Region Loreto, teniendo como zonas de influencialos sectores urbanos y periurbanos de nuestro distrito catalogados en base al catastro como los sectores 02, 05, 07,09 y 11 sectorizacionutilizada en el presente trabajo, siendo un total de 110 manzanas. El objetivo del trabajo de investigacion fue desarrollar un estudio sobrela percepcion de las personas de la ciudad de Iquitos sobre la problematica ambiental local. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en eldesarrollo del estudio, en base al nivel de conocimiento en temas ambientales por parte del poblador local, se determino que las personasposeen un conocimiento inicial no formal, basados con los estilos de vida, actividades cotidianas y asume aspectos de corresponsabilidadante los problemas en la ciudad; es ası, que en base al criterio conciencia ambiental, se determino que existe el interes sobre temasrelacionados por el ambiente, aplican conocimientos adquiridos a situaciones ambientales concretas que se desarrollan en nuestra ciudad;en base al criterio actitudes ambientales, las personas saben identificar en su comportamiento acciones ambientales responsables, ya queestos criterios indican que reconocen la importancia de los conocimientos adquiridos para poder abordar y responder ante problemasambientales; en lo referente al criterio participacion ambiental, se determino que a traves de las respuestas dadas de los problemasambientales, estos afectan las dimensiones social, cultura, polıtica y economica de la ciudad.

Abstract

The area of influence of the study is located in the district of Iquitos, province of Maynas, Loreto Region, having as zones of influence theurban and periurban sectors of our district cataloged based on the cadastre as sectors 02, 05, 07,09 and 11 sectorization used in the presentwork, being a total of 110 apples. The objective of the research work was to develop a study on the perception of the people of the city ofIquitos about local environmental problems. According to the results obtained in the development of the study, based on the level ofknowledge on environmental issues by the local population, it was determined that people possess initial non-formal knowledge, basedon lifestyles, daily activities and assumes aspects of co-responsibility before the problems in the city; This is how, based on the environmentalawareness criterion, it was determined that there is interest in issues related to the environment, apply acquired knowledge to specificenvironmental situations that are developed in our city; Based on the criterion of environmental attitudes, people know how to identifyresponsible environmental actions in their behavior, since these criteria indicate that they recognize the importance of the knowledgeacquired in order to address and respond to environmental problems; Regarding the criterion of environmental participation, it wasdetermined that through the responses given to environmental problems, these affect the social, cultural, political and economic dimensionsof the city

Palabras Claves: Estudio, Percepcion, ambiente, Categorıa, Criterios.

Keywords: Studio, Perception, Environment Criteria.

Weber Earth Science & Environmental EngineeringISSN:2449-1610http://www.weberpub.org/wesee.htm© Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

Perception of Environmental Problems in the City of Iquitos by Local Citizens. Loreto - Peru - 2015

Ing. Jorge Enrique Bardales Manrique Msc.¹ & Ing. Elizabeth Bohabot Gomez. Dra.²

¹,² Facultad De Agronomıa, Universidad Nacional De La Amazonıa Peruana

Accepted 13�� February 2019

Corresponding Author: Ing. Jorge Enrique Bardales Manrique Msc.Facultad De Agronomıa, Universidad Nacional De La Amazonıa Peruana , Peru E‑mail: [email protected]

Research Article Volume 6-1 (2019)

1.0 Introduction

Faced with the problems that arise in our city and thebehavior of the population, it is necessary to know theperception of people about the environmental problem,knowing that the perception results from the level ofinformation that a person manages and the need to have tocope with a specific environment and meet the demands orproblems existing in the community.

This gives us the ability to act, to commit to a local problem;Thus, through perceptions, an organized frame of referenceis formed that is constantly being built up, through theexperiences of daily life, since the perceptions are notisolated, various characteristics intervene, with which the

villager local is coexisting in its daily life, and perceivedthrough the formal and non-formal information of theproblem in which it lives, understanding then that thecapacity of perception of people cannot be separated fromthe personality of how each of the inhabitants from the cityof Iquitos assume its role in the face of local, national andglobal environmental problems.

For this it is important to know what kind of informationmanages and knows about environmental issues includingsocial, this will allow understanding their role ofparticipation in assuming responsibility in the managementof environmental problems linked to each of us who live inthis city.

http://www.weberpub.org/wesee.htm

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2.0. Material and Methods

2.1. Location

The present research work was developed in the district ofIquitos, having as its zone of influence the following sectors:sector 02, sector 05, sector 07, sector 09, and sector 11,formed by a total of 110 manzanas.

Political and Geographic Location

Department: Loreto

Province: Maynas

District: Iquitos

Geographical coordinates: 694358.09 m E 9585344.89 mN

Altitude: 108 m.s.n.m.

Location: Right bank. Low basin, Itaya River.

How to Cite this Article: Jorge Enrique Bardales Manrique Msc. & Ing. Elizabeth Bohabot Gomez. "Perception of Environmental Problems in the City ofIquitos by Local Citizens. Loreto - Peru - 2015" Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610) , Vol. 6 (1) 2019, Article ID wesee_256,1168-1179

Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610) page 2

Figure 1: District of Iquitos

3.0. Climate and Ecology

Climatically the area is characterized by being warm, tropicaland humid throughout the year. The precipitation regimehas values of 2600 to 3000 mm / year, distributed in such away that there is no long dry period, and almost no monthwith rainfall of less than 100 mm.

The highest precipitation occurs in the month of April andthe lowest in July-August. As for temperatures, the warmestmonths occur at the end of winter, with a minimum averageof 20-23 ° C and a maximum between 30 and 33 ° C. Annualaverages range around 27 ° C and historical highs Absolutesreach 40 ° C. The daily variation of temperature variesbetween 10 and 12 ° C, which is much higher than the annualvariation, which barely reaches 1 to 2 ° C (Paredes, 2012).

3.1. Soil

According to its origin, there are four groups of soil: recentalluvial, derived from recent fluvionicos sediments andlocated in low terraces, distributed along the main rivers;Ancient alluvial, located in high and medium terraces, hillsand low denudacionales hills. (Escobedo 2012).

Taxonomically four orders of entisoles, inceptisols andspodosols and histosoles of soils are identified; of whichseven suborders, 10 large groups and 10 soil subgroupswere determined. In an edible way, 30 soil series dividedinto 24 associations and 5 soil associations were identified,

and a unit of miscellaneous areas was recognized. (Escobedo2012).

3.2. Kind of Investigation

The evaluation in this research work was carried out with aparticipatory approach through surveys and questionnairesto the families of the district of Iquitos, as well as thedocumentary information generated by the operation of theproject.

The methodology used to execute this study is the design ofthe surveys, as well as the structure and size of the samplethat will be used, which will block the entire district andrandomly select five (5) sectors. (Annex 7: sectors 02, 05,07, 09 and 11).

3.3. Population and Sample

We work with families of different strata, the families thatparticipated in the project were selected at random and inthe boxes where they were surveyed they will randomly usethe technique of the number taken at random, so that thesurvey is covered. The different economic groups in the sameblock. To collect the information, an interview form wasapplied, which is the same as applied to all the peopleevaluated:

The entire city was divided into 13 sectors, selecting then,at random, 5 sectors. In each of these 5 sectors chosen at


random, a representative sample will be selected, formed byblocks and houses, where the designed survey will beapplied. (Annex 7 cadastral map of the district of Iquitosdivided into thirteen sectors). For the validation of theinstrument for the sample purposes of the research work, apilot survey was conducted with twenty (20) people.

With the results of the pilot survey, we proceeded todetermine the sample, using the random sampling techniquewith proportional allocation (SCHARAGER and ARMIJO2001). Whose formula is the following :

Npqn = --------------- (N-1)D + pq

Where:

n = number of apples in the sample

N = number of apples in the population (sectors 02, 05, 07,9 and 11)

N = 110

p = 0.05

q = 0.95

B2D = -------------------------- 4Where:

D = Coefficient of determination based on the margin of errorestablished by the researcher

B = Margin of error established by the researcher

Applying the formula you have the following:

110 (0.05) (0.95)Nn = ------------------------------------- 109 (0.000625) + 0.05

5.225n = ------------------- n = 45.198 0.1156

46 apples were taken for the application of the surveys.

To determine the number of surveys that will be developed,6 dwellings per block will be taken. Applying theproportional allocation procedure to each of the randomlydetermined sectors, the number of surveys to be developedwas established.

page 3 Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610)

Sector Nh nh nA (2) 26 5X6 30B (5) 16 3X6 18C (7) 21 4X6 24D (9) 17 3X6 18

E (11) 30 6X6 36110 22 126

Source: Thesis 20153.3. Methods

3.3.1. Design

It was executed based on the results of the survey and thestatistical description of the sample, based on a qualitative- quantitative type statistic, represented in contingencytables, frequency distribution tables, central tendencymeasures and graphs. For the processing of the dataobtained from the surveys, the statistical program SPSS 21was used.

4.0. Results

The results obtained by applying the test in this researchwork, were analyzed based on the categories and criteria,established in knowledge, skills, attitudes, participation; allthese criteria allowed us to know the level of involvementof people in the environmental problems of their community.

4.1. Characterization of the Evaluated Population

4.1.1. Age of the Persons Evaluated

Table 1: the number of 126 surveys in the five sectors selected at random from the district of Iquitos

Source: Thesis 2015

Age Frequency Percentage %[18 - 27) 28 22¸2%[28 - 38) 45 35¸7%[39 - 48) 24 19¸0%(49 - 59) 20 15¸9%[60 - 70) 9 7¸1%

Total 126 100¸0%

Table 2: Age of the interviewees



In table No. 02, it can be seen that of the total number ofpeople interviewed, the largest age group was between 28and 38 years of age with 36%, followed by a very younggroup whose ages ranged from 17 to 27 years. 22%, thisshows that the level of response is going to have a veryinteresting contrast since we observe a very young groupversus a group of adults, whose conceptual aspects arediverse due to environmental problems.

4.1.2. Degree of instruction

Table 3 shows that the majority of respondents havecomplete secondary education with 63%, followed by thosewith higher education either technical and / or universitywith 28% and a small population are the that only havecomplete primary school with 10%. This shows us that thegroup with which they worked have a conceptual aspect ofthe problem of the environment and that their opinions mustfollow a transversality with respect to their education.

In order to have a comparison within the opinions of each

group, it was tried that both genders are represented in thesame number of people within the sample, as shown in tablen ° 04, where the male gender 48% and feminine with 52%.

4.1.3. Gender and Age of the Interviewees

It is observed that the largest age group is between 28 and38 years of age, and within them they are in greaterrepresentation in the female gender with 21%, only withinthe ranges of 17 to 27 years of age the male gender exceedsthe feminine with 19%.

4.1.4. Age and Level of Education

It is observed that the highest percentages for the degree ofinstruction are grouped in the parameters of 17 to 48 years,then it is dispersed towards older ages, that is, the groupthat was interviewed have a formation that goes fromprimary to higher, has knowledge of the subject and they areinformed, so that the level of answers obtained will beinteresting in their corresponding analysis.

Degree of instruction Frequency Percentage %completed primary 12 9¸5%

completed secondary 79 62¸7%full superior 35 27¸8%

Total 126 100¸0%

Table 3: Degree of Instruction

Source: Thesis 2015

Gender Frequency Percentage %Male 60 47¸6%

Female 66 52¸4%Total 126 100¸0%

Table 4: Gender of the Group Evaluated

Source: Thesis 2015

Source: Thesis 2015

GenderAge of the Interviewees

Total[18 - 27) [28 - 38) [39 - 48) (49 - 59) [60 - 70)

Male 19¸0% 15¸1% 6¸3% 5¸6% 1¸6% 47¸6%

Female 3¸2% 20¸6% 12¸7% 10¸3% 5¸6% 52¸4%

Total 22¸2% 35¸7% `19¸0% 15¸9% 7¸1% 100¸0%

Table 5: Gender Age of respondents

Source: Thesis 2015

Age of theinterviewed

Degree of instructionTotal

complete primary completed secondary full superior[18 - 27) 17¸5% 4¸8% 22¸2%[28 - 38) 0¸8% 19¸0% 15¸9% 35¸7%[39 - 48) 1¸6% 14¸3% 3¸2% 19¸0%(49 - 59) 1¸6% 10¸3% 4¸0% 15¸9%[60 - 70) 5¸6% 1¸6% 7¸1%

Total 9¸5% 62¸7% 27¸8% 100¸0%

Table 6: Age and Degree of Instruction

Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610)


4.2.0. Evaluation of the Perception of the EnvironmentalProblem in the City of Iquitos by the Local Populator

For this variable, it was implemented as follows:

1. Each criterion was analyzed based on the items thatcomprise it.

2. For each item, responses were averaged according tothe response options proposed (TA: totally agree, A:Agree, I: Undecided, D: Disagree, TD: Strongly disagree).

3. For each response average, the percentage that wasused for the construction of the graphs shown belowwas determined.

For this, the first thing that was defined are the fourcategories in which, for each of them, 2 to 3 criteria are

included, each criterion has items that will allow toimplement the observations for each criterion evaluatedwithin each category studied.

4.2.1. Definition of categories and criteria

4.2.1.1. CATEGORY 1: Environmental Knowledge.

Environmental knowledge constitutes the process ofconstruction of the environmental dimension.

Criteria:

A. Theoretical knowledge about the environment.

This variable shows us that both people know about whatthe environment is and how it defines its conceptual aspect,which is shown in the following results.

Source: Thesis 2015

Response CRIT1.1 CRIT1.2 CRIT1.3TA 3.17 3.17 41.27A 13.49 16.67 43.65I 5.56 1.59 6.35D 49.21 59.52 5.56

TD 28.57 19.05 3.17

Table 7: Expression of the items based on the criterion Theoretical knowledge about the environment. (%)

As shown in table n ° 07, the three questions establish thelevel of knowledge that people have about the environment,in it we observe that based on answers 1, 2 that do not leadto formal expression, 49 and 60% of the interviewees do not

agree with the expression that in itself does not express whatthe environment is, in comparison with the answer 3 inwhich 85% agree with the expression that represents whatthe environment is.

Figure 2. Producer port interviewing merchants

B. Internalized Knowledge about the Environment

In this criterion, several questions were implemented basedon environmental problems, excessive use of resources, localmobility, local environmental policies and the increase ofthe local population, seeking to know what is the opinion ofthe people before each of them.

90% of the interviewees are aware that environmentalproblems do affect us directly in various aspects of health,

economically and in the aspect of community and well-being,87% of which is one of the problems associated with this.the deforestation of our forests, 90% associated with ouranthropic action and within it the increase of the automotivepark in the city that grows every day contaminating ouratmosphere with gases that tend to be cumulative making itunsustainable in many places of our city to be able to live,this as indicated by the 66% population, is based on thefragility of our policies and / or regulations or lack ofapplication in many aspects in the environmental, health,



etc., since the increase of the population in the In recentyears, where the ecological footprint on our planet hasincreased, the population feels it so that the increase inpopulation is one of the social problems that is increasingwith 73%; all this is associated with the needs of thepopulation that every day tends to increase in aspects offood, health, comfort and mobility, this is generating greatpressure on non-renewable resources such as oil whoseextraction brings environmental pollution processes that itdirectly affects everyone, as indicated by 66% of theinterviewees, this is associated in our city with the

generation of energy which, despite being the mostexpensive in Peru, is one of the most polluting due to itsgeneration form. They express the people who dounderstand that the generation form generates problems tothe environment with 74%.

Another of the environmental problems and that theinhabitants of Iquitos understand is a very importantproblem is the lack of treatment of all the wastewater of ourcity and the only existing one generated a social conflict inour city with 89%.

Response CRIT2.1 CRIT2.2 CRIT2.3 CRIT2.4 CRIT2.5 CRIT2.6 CRIT2.7 CRIT2.8TA 37.3 41.27 37·30 23.81 27.78 27.78 26.19 42.86A 52.38 46.83 52.38 42.06 45.24 38.89 48.41 46.03I 6.35 6.35 4.76 23.02 19.05 20.63 12.7 4.76D 3.97 5.56 5.56 10.32 6.35 12.7 10.32 4.76

TD 0·00 0·00 0·00 0.79 1.59 0·00 2.38 1.59Source: Thesis 2015

C. Applied Knowledge about the Environment.

In this item, as in the previous one, we asked aspects aboutaptitudes to problems within the community and aspects ofpersonal attitude and how proposals could be made tocorrect them.

The growth and development of our city has brought as aconsequence the increase of family units in various areas ofour city, such as urbanizations, human settlements, etc., whohave the right as established in our constitution in Art. 2,this leads to provide electricity, potable water among otherservices that are assumed by the state, this generates ademand for greater production of electricity and thereforegreater pollution and pressure on oil and increasedproduction of drinking water to serve these populations thatmany Sometimes, due to lack of knowledge, they use water

inappropriately using it in other activities, as shown in figure1 and 2 with 83% and 71%, respectively, of the peopleinterviewed, that is, they have a global perception of thetopics; Another aspect that was indicated, is yes, that forthem another problem is the local mobility due to theincrease in the vehicle fleet, since people no longer walk andthey stopped using local public transportation, they indicatethat if they consider it a problem for the above mentioned ifnot for the increase of the health problems of the peoplewhen not walking with 92%.

Other related aspects are given by the lack of publiccleanliness associated with garbage in the city that peopleindicate is a very serious problem and that the lack of propermanagement would bring serious problems to the city in thefuture, as indicated by the Items 5 and 6 with 75 and 65%.

Source: Thesis 2015

Response CRIT3.1 CRIT3.2 CRIT3.3 CRIT3.4 CRIT3.5 CRIT3.6 CRIT3.7 CRIT3.8TA 30.95 20.63 56.35 39.68 20.63 7.14 9.52 26.19A 51.59 50·00 36.51 52.38 55.56 23.02 14.29 31.75I 3.17 11.11 3.17 3.17 7.94 38.1 39.68 19.05D 13.49 16.67 3.97 4.76 15.87 26.98 30.16 17.46

TD 0.79 1.59 0·00 0·00 0·00 4.76 6.35 5.56

Table 9. Applied Knowledge about the Environment

Table 8. Knowledge of environmental problems

Figure 3: Local Problems Due to Poorly Executed Actions

Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610)


4.2.1.2. Category 2: Environmental Awareness

For this category, questions were established that arerelated to the way people react to responsibilities they mustassume in their role as members of our community.

Criteria:

A. Environmental responsibility.

This criterion is integrated by items that indicate actions ofresponsibility both at the level of persons and of local andnational authorities, of how people believe they should act

and what should be done. Something basic that people wereasked was whether being environmentally responsible isdoing things well without affecting others, this showed us apositive response of 91%, the people in the city actresponsibly in their activities. undecided to disagree, that is,do not believe that many people act correctly with theenvironment because they tend to act very inadequatelywith the environment, since there is no environmentalresponsibility lack of awareness that reflects us with 64%who believes it, this more than all the association to the lackof leadership of our local authorities, since they do not applysanctions against those who pollute or act in bad ways withthe environment with 81%.

Figure 4. Stealing Drinking Water, Pollution.

Source: Thesis 2015

Response CRIT1.1 CRIT1.2 CRIT1.3 CRIT1.4 CRIT1.5TA 35.71 0.79 15.08 28.57 46.83A 55.56 14.29 49.21 46.83 34.92I 5.56 13.49 23.02 14.29 9.52D 3.17 32.54 12·70 10.32 8.73

TD 0·00 38.89 0·00 0·00 0·00

Table 10: Environmental Responsibility

Figure 5: Protest with tire burning

B. Awareness for the environment

In this criterion, aspects related to how people are acting infavor of the environment and if they are aware that thisaffects them or is already affected in various aspects of theirdaily lives.

The people interviewed know that every day, as a result ofenvironmental pollution, their health has been deterioratingin various aspects with the appearance of various diseases

that nowadays are appearing in the case of Leptospira, AntaVirus, Dengue associated with viruses, 93% said. , this meanstaking care of our environment and it is a legacy for ourfuture generations, thought shared by 86% of people, amongother things that people believe that the government shouldregulate its use such as plastic bags and packaging of manyproducts that will end up in the garbage of people, becominga problem due to the lack of a recycling center in the city, asindicated by 85% of the people interviewed.

Table 11: Awareness for the environment

Response CRIT2.1 CRIT2.2 CRIT2.3 CRIT2.4 CRIT3.5TA 45.24 43.65 7.14 43.65 37·30A 47.62 42.86 31.75 41.27 48.41I 7.14 6.35 29.37 8.73 8.73D 0·00 4.76 23.02 4.76 3.97

TD 0·00 2.38 8.73 1.59 1.59Source: Thesis 2015

4.2.1.3. Category 3: Environmental Attitudes

Environmental attitudes constitute a main category for theconstruction of the environmental dimension, which is theecosystemic possibility to generate environmental goodsand services and the cultural responsibility to protect theenvironment, that is to say, relation with environmentalactions in the daily context.

Criteria:

A. Relationship with environmental actions in the dailycontext.

Table 12 shows the daily actions that people are often willingto implement or to do, that is, how to participate in actionsto improve the environment, generate processes to be ableto punish or fine those people or companies that littleconcern for the environmental problem, all these are shownin the following table.

It is noted for question 1, where it is stressed if pollution isa serious problem, which is reducing the planet's ability to

recover, responds 61% if it is a problem and very serious, inequal proportion those who are in doubt since this couldhave a solution with 13% versus those who think that theplanet has enough capacity to recover because before it didand is part of its nature with 26%, people are aware thatthey have always been taking advantage the resources of ourAmazon and living from it, without doing something inreturn 80%, without committing ourselves as people andour authorities without giving it the appropriate importance;they are willing to collaborate in the face of so many changesthat are seen in the world today (rain, cold, floods,earthquakes, etc.), and would be willing to collaborate withthose who want to do it, either by participating or by givingsomething in return.

They indicate 60% of the interviewees, and mostimportantly, the population believes that the authoritiesshould begin to fine those who dirty and disagree in claimingdirtying the city and causing damage to it, but indicate thatit is necessary to claim for more.

I support our city in the face of so much environmentalproblems but in a reasonable way with 67%.

Ressponse CRIT1.1 CRIT1.2 CRIT1.3 CRIT1.4 CRIT1.5 CRIT1.6TA 15.08 7.94 2.38 8.73 21.43 41.27A 11.11 5.56 9.52 51.59 46.03 36.51I 12.7 8.73 13.49 21.43 20.63 8.73D 30.95 48.41 50.79 14.29 7.94 12.7

TD 30.16 29.37 23.81 3.97 3.97 0.79Source: Thesis 2015

Table 12: Correspondence with Local Daily Environmental

B. Transfer of Environmental Knowledge to RealSituations

In this criterion we seek to understand how the people ofour city relate their level of knowledge they have fromenvironmental issues to real situations, showing in thefollowing table their level of response to these.

In table 13, the answers given by the people to the questionsapplied are shown, to ask them if they think that in theschools the children were sufficiently trained inenvironmental education or if this should be bigger andimprove the plans of study where environmental educationis a subject at all levels, being the total response by peoplewhere they indicate that environmental education should



be a subject and be taught at all levels with 94%, since theyunderstand that resources All of them are natural andtherefore we should all be participants in their care, asindicated by 74% of the participants, making it clear thatthey have the idea that we should not continue to exploit ourresources as they do today. You have to change and use new

technologies, with the state and local governments havingto enforce the laws and not be fighting each other over thingsthat could very well lead to r to better results; where peoplehave a more active participation in their community and civilsociety leaders are more involved in this problem than inpolitics.

Response CRIT2.1 CRIT2.2 CRIT2.3

TA 52.38 45.24 26.98

A 42.06 38.89 49.21

I 3.97 8.73 11.11D 1.59 4.76 11.11

TD 0·00 2.38 1.59Source: Thesis 2015

Table 13: Transfer of Environmental Understanding to Real Scenarios.

C. Organization and Involvement of People inEnvironmental Actions.

In this criterion, the participation of the population, whoshould act or who is responsible to act immediately for thegood of our resources and the environment, was assessedin an accurate way.

In table 14, we observe what people indicate they are willing

to participate and indicate that it is the authorities whoshould participate directly as the public prosecutor whountil today has not had an important role in sanctioning noone for pollution, regional governance, municipalities andcivil society who should depend more on their participationas it represents all Loretans and should take care of ournatural resources and safeguard our ecosystems that we stillhave today.

Response CRIT3.1 CRIT3.2 CRIT3.3 CRIT3.4 CRIT3.5TA 16.67 13.49 25.4 30.95 35.71A 69.05 61.11 60.32 54.76 57.14I 12.7 17.46 11.9 7.94 7.14D 0.79 7.14 2.38 2.38 0·00

TD 0.79 0.79 0·00 3.97 0·00

Source: Thesis 2015

Table 14: Organization and Involvement of People in Environmental Actions

Figure 6: Extraction Company of Natural Resources

4.2.1.4. Category 4: Environmental Participation

In this criterion, it is interpreted that the populationperceives the importance of acting and putting responsibleenvironmental practices, for them five questions wereapplied based on actions of favorable practices for theenvironment carried out by people.

Criteria:

A. Knowledge about responsible practices.

In this criterion, everyday actions that people make andcontribute to the environment were evaluated, even if theyare small, but their attitudes are summations of good



practices that contribute to changing the skills of all thepeople of our city. In the table 15 we observe that manyeveryday actions such as saving energy, taking care of water,trying to separate garbage at home, walking, using public

transport between actions within the work such as notwasting paper and recycling, are skills that seem smallbecause they contribute to the improvement of theenvironment.

Response CRIT1.1 CRIT1.2 CRIT1.3 CRIT1.4 CRIT1.5TA 23.02 31.75 37·30 31.75 33.33A 59.52 52.38 54.76 38.89 48.41I 12.7 11.11 7.14 18.25 14.29D 3.97 3.97 0.79 11.11 3.97

TD 0.79 0.79 0·00 0·00 0·00Source: Thesis 2015

Table 15: Responsible Practices with the Environment

Conclusions

After having concluded the present work, we arrived at thepresent conclusions based on the criteria proposed in thisstudy.

1. The Analysis of this criterion; EnvironmentalKnowledge, gives us to understand that peoplerecognize the importance of the environment in theirwork, feel motivation and interest in environmentalactions, identify with lifestyles compatible with theenvironment, are linked to activities related to theenvironment and they assume co-responsibility in theattention of environmental problems. As you canconclude, there is an environmental commitment thatthe participating population positively recognizes aspart of their personal and work life; that is to say, theyrecognize that the actions of the human being impactthe environment, reflect on their responsibility in thehuman-environment relationship and assume anethical-political position in the face of environmentalproblems. That is, it is perceived that this populationacts intentionally in favor of the environment.

2. The analysis of this criterion Environmental Awareness,concludes that people distinguish that they have interestto know about topics related to the environment, usecriteria to search and select information onenvironmental issues and apply acquired knowledge tospecific environmental situations, These criteria makeit possible to relate that said persons or populationsconsider it important to have knowledge about theenvironment or subject that is being discussed, whichstrengthens them. His conscience and favors anintentional environmental action; with this theyperceive that they have learned that they are part of theenvironment, analyze causes that favor environmentalproblems and propose concrete actions; this allowsthem to reflect that the participating populationperforms environmental actions as part of theirpersonal and work life. They value environmentalproblems, identify effects and viable solutions toenvironmental problems, it should be noted that thisknowledge is relevant in his perception of theEnvironmental Dimension and the intentionality of hiswork in favor of the environment.

3. The Analysis of this Criterion related to EnvironmentalAttitudes, conclude that people or populations Identify

in their behavior responsible environmental actionssince these criteria indicate that this populationdevelops efforts to commit themselves withenvironmental actions, recognize the importance of theknowledge acquired for address environmentalproblems and participate with responsibility in thedevelopment of actions in favor of the environment; Itis clear from the information they have in their trainingprocesses that the environmental knowledge possessedby the participants allows them to deal with situationsin their context, they perceive that they are concernedwith identifying intervention spaces and environmentalgroups, they promote participation of people orinstitutions in actions in favor of the environment andinvolve other people in pro-environmental activities,this is shown more emphasized in the importance of thiscriterion to incorporate the Environmental Dimensionto the daily chore, so this population seems to beintentionally linked to environmental action.

4. The Analysis of this Criterion based on EnvironmentalParticipation, in this criterion it is concluded thatenvironmental problems affect the social, cultural,political and economic dimensions of a people, based onthis, people can identify environmental practices andparticipate in responsible actions, for which reason it isinterpreted that this population, perceives theimportance of acting and proposing environmentallyresponsible practices, on environmental problems,based on this criterion, it is deduced that thispopulation, for the most part, performs conscious andintentional, environmental actions to address thesituations in their context, it is observed that they sharestrategies and criteria for consensual environmentalactions, have criteria to assess the environmental realityand feedback the experience related to theimplementation of environmental actions. They warnthat they know about environmental actions that takeplace in their city of the previous one, reflecting anintentional participation in relation to the environmentand the incorporation of the Environmental Dimensionin their daily work. However, this task needs to beencouraged and strengthened in the entire populationby the local authorities, who they expect a lot to enhancethe environmental actions that are carried out.

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