research article preparation of chloro penta amine...
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Research ArticlePreparation of Chloro Penta Amine Cobalt(III)Chloride and Study of Its Influence on the Structural andSome Optical Properties of Polyvinyl Acetate
Nada K Abbas1 Majeed Ali Habeeb2 and Alaa J Kadham Algidsawi3
1Department of Physics College of Science for Women Baghdad University Baghdad Iraq2Department of Physics College of Education of Pure Sciences University of Babylon Babylon Iraq3Department of Soil and Water College of Agriculture AL-Qasim Green University Babylon Iraq
Correspondence should be addressed to Alaa J Kadham Algidsawi alaaalgidsawiyahoocom
Received 21 September 2014 Revised 24 December 2014 Accepted 27 January 2015
Academic Editor Onder Pekcan
Copyright copy 2015 Nada K Abbas et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Chloro penta amine cobalt(III) cloride [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2was prepared and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy and X-ray diffractionThe obtained results indicated the formation of orthorhombic [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2nanoparticles
of asymp2875 nm size Polymeric films based on polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) doped with chloro penta amine cobalt(III) cloride[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2in different weight percent ratios were prepared using the solvent cast techniqueThe complexation of the additive
with the polymer was confirmed by FTIR and SEM studies The XRD pattern revealed that the amorphousicity of PVAc polymermatrix increased with raising the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2content Parameters such as extinction coefficient refractive index real and
imaginary parts and optical conductivity were studied by using the absorbance and measurements from computerized UV-visiblespectrophotometer in the spectral range 190ndash800 nm This study showed that the optical properties of PVAc were affected by thedoping of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2where the absorption increased by leveling up [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2concentrationThenature of electronic
transition from valence band to conduction band was determined and the energy band gaps of the composite films samples wereestimated byUV-visible spectrum It was observed that the optical conductivity increased with photon energy andwith the increaseof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2concentration
1 Introduction
Polymers can exhibit various mechanical electrical andoptical properties depending on the synthesis conditions andchemical properties of the backbone [1] If a polymer isexposed to ultraviolet light its chemical properties such assolubility of the polymer in the exposed area are changedPhotolithography which is a well-known process in electron-ics uses this principle [2]
Polymers are used in an amazing number of applicationsMore recently significant developments have occurred inthe area of flexible electronic devices based on the usefulpiezoelectric semiconducting optical and electroopticalproperties seen in some polymers [3]
Polymericmaterials have special interest because in com-bination with suitable metal salts they give complexes which
are useful for the development of advanced high energyelectrochemical devices for example batteries fuel cellselectrochemical display devices and photo electrochemicalcells with ease of fabrication into desirable sizes [4] Alsopolymers have unique properties such as light weight highflexibility and ability to be fabricated at low temperatureand low cost [5] Optical communications including polymeroptical fibers optical waveguides and optical connectors dueto their ease of process relatively low cost and mass produc-tion are compared to silica-based optical materialsThey alsohave potential advantages for applications in optical storagesystems such as high thermal stability low absorption lossand the ability of refractive index changing upon exposureto light [6] The electrical and optical properties of polymershave attracted a great attention in view of their applications
Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Polymer ScienceVolume 2015 Article ID 926789 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015926789
2 International Journal of Polymer Science
in optical devices with remarkable reflection antireflectioninterference and polarization properties [7]
Commercial vinyl polymers such PVAc (C4H6O2)119899are
intensively studied because of their broad applications inindustry Polyvinyl acetate is thermoplastic polymer PVAc-based composites materials were significantly manufacturedby resin emulsifier adhesive paper paint and textile indus-tries owing to high-bond reinforced film-like odorless andnonflammable characteristic and substrate for PVA produc-tion [8] The incorporation of various metallic additives intopolymer matrices can produce polymer-matrix compositesand improves its properties for specific applications [9]
Coordination compounds or metal complexes are metalions surrounded by ligands Ligands are either anions ormolecules that can donate electrons into the d-orbitals of themetal ion and form a bond Examples of common ligands arechloride ion cyanide ion ammonia ethylenediamine andethylenediaminetetraacetateion (EDTA) The metal ions thatform coordination compounds are from a group of metalsknown as transition metals These metals have more thanone oxidation stateThis property allows the transitionmetalsto act as Lewis acids [10] The metal complex used in thispaper is chloro pentammine cobalt(III) chloride which is aparamagnetic compound [11] It decomposes upon heatingabove 150∘C Its solubility is 04 g per 100mL at 25∘C [12]
In this paper an effort has been made to study the effectof addition of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2on structural and optical
properties of polyvinyl acetate by FTIR XRD SEM and UV-visible spectrometer techniques The results obtained fromthese measurements have been analyzed and discussed
2 Experimental
21 Preparation of Chloro Penta Amine Cobalt(III) Chloride[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 Chloro penta amine cobalt(III) chloride
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2was prepared by the procedure reported in
the literature [13]17 g of ammonium chloride NH
4Cl was completely
dissolved in sim10mL of concentrated ammonia NH3in a
400mL beaker With continuous stirring 33 g of cobalt(II)chloride CoCl
2was added to the mixture gradually When
brown color slurry was obtained 27mL of 30 hydrogenperoxide H
2O2was added slowly After the effervescence had
stopped sim10mL of concentrated Hydrochloric acid HCl wasadd slowly With continued stirring the mixture is heatedon a hot plate and maintains 85∘C for 20 minutes andthen the mixture is cooled to room temperature in an icebath and filter (using a Buchner funnel) The crystals of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2are washed with 5-6 times 5mL portions
of ice water (distilled water cooled in ice) and then 5-6times 5mL portions of ethanol C
2H6OAll chemicals used in
preparation of chloro penta amine cobalt(III) chloride werepurchased from Sigma-Aldrich
2CoCl2sdot 6H2O (s) + 2NH
4Cl (s) + 8NH
3(aq)
+H2O2(aq) + 3H
2O (l)
997888rarr 2 [Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl
2(s) + 1
2
O2(g)
(1)
22 Sample Preparation Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) withmolecular weight 100000 was purchased from AldrichPVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films were fabricated by
the solvent casting technique At first emulsion of PVAc usingdistilled water was stirred for 10 h The necessary weightfractions of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were first dispersed in distilled
water with amagnetic stirrer for 1 h and then added graduallyinto the polymeric emulsion with continuous stirring andkept under string for 2 h Finally the solution was pouredonto cleaned Petri dishes and allowed to evaporate slowly atroom temperature for a week After drying the films werepeeled fromPetri dishes and kept in vacuumdesiccators untiluse The thickness of the obtained films was in the range ofasymp120ndash150120583m
X-ray diffraction scans were obtained using DX-2700diffractometer using Cu K120572 radiation (120582 = 15406 A) oper-ating at 40 kV and 30mA taken for the 2120579 range of 5ndash50∘ Measurements were carried out at room temperatureThe diffracted intensity as a function of the reflection angelwas plotted automatically by the X-ray diffractometer Thevarious peaks obtained in the diffraction pattern gave theinformation about the size and interplanar spacing of thecompound FTIRwas recorded on Fourier transform infraredspectrophotometer Shimadzu model IR-Prestige 21 usingKBr pellets FT-IR spectra of the samples were obtained in thespectral range of (4000ndash400) cmminus1 Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectra were measured in the wavelengthregion of 190ndash800 nmusing double-beam spectrophotometerUV-1800 ShimadzuThemorphology of the filmswas charac-terized by scanning electron microscope using Bruker NanoGmbH Germany operating at 5 kV accelerating voltage
3 Results and Discussion
31 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) A typical XRD pattern for[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is shown in Figure 1 It can be seen that
many sharp peaks were observed in the X-ray profileThe crystalline nature of synthesized [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2was
observed by the various sharp crystalline peaks in the XRDpattern It shows diffraction peaks at 158313 256011 326249and 348279 corresponding to the (011) (221) (122) and(040) planes [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which could be indexed to
orthorhombic structure which were consistent with the lit-erature data of Materials Data Inc [14] The average particlesize can be calculated using the first sphere approximation ofDebye-Scherrer formula [15]
119863 =
09120582
119861 cos (120579) (2)
where 119863 is the average diameter of the crystals 120582 is thewavelength of X-ray radiation and 119861 is the full width athalf maximum intensity of the peak (FWHM) The obtainedparticle size of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is 2875 nm The structural
parameter such as diffraction angle 2120579 (deg) interplanar119889(A) relative intensity (119868119868o) and full width at halfmaximumFWHM (deg) are in Table 1
PVAc are semicrystalline polymers as indicated fromtheir XRD patterns illustrated in Figure 2(a) The crystalline
International Journal of Polymer Science 3
Table 1 Diffraction angle 2120579 (deg) interplanar 119889(A) relativeintensity (119868119868o) and full width at half maximum FWHM (deg)
Material 2120579 (deg) 119889(A) 119868119868o FWHM (deg)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
157313 559343 100 02763256011 347674 60 02046334837 26741 36 02359347279 25739 43 02143
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(121
)
(011)
(221
)
(401
) (420
)(3
02)
(040
)
(402
)
(223
)
2120579 (deg)
Figure 1 XRD pattern for [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2powder
nature of PVAc is emphasized by the diffraction peaks at 2120579 =1954∘ 4054∘ with a hallow shoulder at 2120579 = 23∘ representingthe amorphous phase in PVAc [16]
The function group mdashOmdashO||
C mdashCH3present in the
structure of PVAc has a role in increasing the carbonbackbones disturbance thus resulting in appears a crystallinephases in PVAc as shown in XRD pattern Figure 2(a) [17]Figures 2(b) 2(c) and 2(d) explained the XRD patternof PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
respectively It can be seen that the intensity of essentialpeak of PVAc decreased and the band width increasedwith increasing the concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The
essential peak of PVAc represents the crystalline region inPVAc so the reduction of the intensity and broadening ofthis peak refers to decreases in crystallinity and increasesin amorphousicityThis behavior demonstrates complexationbetween the filler and the polymers in the amorphousregion [4]The behavior of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2compos-
ite agrees with PVAcPb3O4[18] and PVAcTiO
2[19] With
9wt concentration the peaks belong to [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
observed with lower intensity because [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
structure is being capped with PVAc after formation ofcomposites which agrees with (Roy et al 2013) [20] Poly-mers with 3-dimensional structure such poly (vinyl acetate)(PVAc) [21] have rigid pores that set an upper limit foradditive growth inside such polymeric matrix [17]
Particle size of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2particles was found
according to the preferred direction plane (011) for
PVAc6wt and 9wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
film which are around 2206 nm and 2350 nm respectively
32 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIRspectra of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2show peaks at 3278 1620 1307
840 and 486 cmminus1 which correspond to the NH3stretch-
ing vibration degeneration deformation vibration of NH3
ligand symmetric deformation vibration of NH3 rock-
ing vibration of NH3and CondashNH
3stretching vibrations
respectively also CondashCl peak appeared around 840 cmminus1The FTIR characterization agreed with Najar and Majid(2013) [22] who investigated [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The only
functional group of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2is NndashH which must
be around 3100ndash3500 cmminus1 Figure 3 represents the FTIRspectrum of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the NndashH is between 316134
and 32791 cmminus1The only functional group of PVAc is C=O Figure 4(a)
represents the FTIR spectrum for PVAc C=O appearedaround 172822 cmminus1 [23] also CndashOndashC appeared around1246 cmminus1 while CndashH appeared around 293566 cmminus1 [24]It is worth noting that the absorption band near 3400 cmminus1is due to the OndashH groups [24] Figures 4(b) 4(c) and4(d) show that the PVAc absorption peaks are found tobe shifted with adding [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The shifting gives
an insight to an interaction of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer matrix [25] With increasing the concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the IR absorption peaks are
increased due to stretching vibration shifted toward higherwave number [26] the absorption bands which belong to[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2become more sharper while the intensity
of PVAc absorption bands is decreased indicating an obvi-ous presence of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The appearance of the
absorption band around 1728 cmminus1 for samples 3 6 and9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2confirms the presence of PVAc in
the samples [27] With 3wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 the Nndash
H is hidden behind the OndashH rounded tip while at higherconcentrations the NndashH appeared as a sharp tip
33 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Figures 5(a)5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) show the SEM photographs ofPVAc PVAc3wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 PVAc6wt
of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite films respectively In Figure 5(a) some brightundissolved PVAc grains appeared Other spots withdifferent degree of roughness observed on the backscatteredimages shown in Figures 5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) seem to beagglomerates of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles which increase
with increasing the concentration of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 The
average diameters of these agglomerated particles (grains)are around 0885 183 and 2114 120583m for PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite filmsrespectively The change suggests that PVAc molecules maybe dispersed in soft-segment phase with little influenceon the microphase separation and mixing of the hard andsoft segments The degree of roughness of the film surfaceincreases with increase of the content of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
This indicates segregation of the filler in the host matrix andthis may confirm the interaction and complexation between
4 International Journal of Polymer Science
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(a)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(b)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
(040
)
2120579 (deg)
(c)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRD pattern for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
80
70
60
50
40
30
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
365318
354902
283922
281221
162021
155463
147362
140418
136946
130774
119201
113800
107628
104156
100298
94126
84096
75610
70980
66737
60951
58250
53235
48606
47449
327899
317483
(cmminus1)
Figure 3 FTIR graph of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
the additive and the polymer [4] and also it may refer togrowth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles in PVAc matrix [4]
34 UV-VIS Spectra The absorbance spectra for PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2doped films are shown in Figure 6 As indi-
cated in Figure 6 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2enhances the absorbance
of the PVAc host The UV-visible absorption spectra of PVAcand PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films are carried out
at room temperature The pretend spectral dependenciesof optical functions unambiguously show that the prin-ciple role in the observed spectra plays electron-phononbroadening The UV optical absorption pattern of PVAcexhibits an absorption band like shoulder at about 120582 =260 nm This band is attributed to the carbonyl group [28]It is observed that the wavelength corresponding to theabsorption band like shoulder increases with increasing in[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content this increase has been attributed
to the minor structural inhomogeneities present in PVAc[18] which are due to growth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2inside
the polymeric matrix As the composite films show a redshift behavior these shifts indicate the complexation betweenthe [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2and the PVAc and may also be due
to change in crystallinity with presence of additive [29]
International Journal of Polymer Science 5
342558
340243
306296
304367
293566 172822
171279
167807
164721
159706156620
151991
143118
136946
131931
126916
124602
119201
112257
108785
10492897984
84096
65966 61722 58250
51692
49378
75
725
70
675
65
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(a)
342558
329442 315554307839
292409
218342
172436
165107
157006
144275 136174
125759
111100
109557
106856
104156
94512
84096
71366
66351
63651
60179
55550
52850
50535
482
45906
T (
)
FTIR measurement3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 12501500 1000 750 500
70
60
50
40
30
(cmminus1)
(b)
75
675
60
525
45
T(
)
398879
328670
295495
189410
182080
173593
164335
162406
154691
151219
145818
136560
130774
124987
117272
112257
107242
104156
92969
84096
81782
74838
65966
61336
57864
53235
49763
47449
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(c)
75
60
45
30
15
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
328670
317869
295880
265791
256918
173993
161635
155463
145433
130774
136560
119972
103385
84868
79081
76381
70980
60951
57864
53621
50149
47063
43205
(cmminus1)
(d)
Figure 4 FTIR graph of PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
These results were confirmed by XRD results From Figure 6a small absorption band at about 500 nm was observedFormation of new peaks for the samples and also broadeningof those peaks with increasing [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2indicate a
considerable interaction between additive and host polymer[30] Also Figure 6 shows that the absorbance increases byadding different weight percentages of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this
is related to absorbance of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2or in other
words the absorbance increaseswith percentages of absorbedparticles [31] The absorption at any wavelength depends onthe number of particles along the bath of the incident light(ie it depends on concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) and
on the length of the optical path passing through [32] Theseresults have a good agreement with Abdelaziz [18]
Absorption coefficient (120572) is defined as the ability of amaterial to absorb the light of a givenwavelengthThe absorp-tion coefficient was calculated from the optical absorbance(119860) by the following relation [33]
120572 = 2303 times
119860
119905
(3)
Figure 7 shows the variation of the absorption coefficientwith photon energy for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films It is clear
that the absorption coefficient is increasing with concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this may be attributed to increase
in the absorbance [34] Figure 7 also shows the dependenceof absorption coefficient on incident photon energy indicatedfrom the low value of absorption coefficient with low value ofphoton energy and vice versawhichmeans that the possibilityof electron transition is increasing with photon energy
From the absorption coefficient previous results theelectron transition of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is indirect A
good linear fit is obtained for (120572ℎ120592)12 and (120572ℎ120592)
13 versusℎ120592 as shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively The respectivevalues of119864
119892are obtained by extrapolating to (120572ℎ120592)12 = 0 and
(120572ℎ120592)
13= 0 for the allowed indirect transition and forbidden
indirect transition respectively Content is responsible for theformation of some defects in the filmsThese defects producethe localized states in the optical band gap and overlapThese overlaps give an evidence for decreasing energy bandgap when the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content is increased in
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
2 International Journal of Polymer Science
in optical devices with remarkable reflection antireflectioninterference and polarization properties [7]
Commercial vinyl polymers such PVAc (C4H6O2)119899are
intensively studied because of their broad applications inindustry Polyvinyl acetate is thermoplastic polymer PVAc-based composites materials were significantly manufacturedby resin emulsifier adhesive paper paint and textile indus-tries owing to high-bond reinforced film-like odorless andnonflammable characteristic and substrate for PVA produc-tion [8] The incorporation of various metallic additives intopolymer matrices can produce polymer-matrix compositesand improves its properties for specific applications [9]
Coordination compounds or metal complexes are metalions surrounded by ligands Ligands are either anions ormolecules that can donate electrons into the d-orbitals of themetal ion and form a bond Examples of common ligands arechloride ion cyanide ion ammonia ethylenediamine andethylenediaminetetraacetateion (EDTA) The metal ions thatform coordination compounds are from a group of metalsknown as transition metals These metals have more thanone oxidation stateThis property allows the transitionmetalsto act as Lewis acids [10] The metal complex used in thispaper is chloro pentammine cobalt(III) chloride which is aparamagnetic compound [11] It decomposes upon heatingabove 150∘C Its solubility is 04 g per 100mL at 25∘C [12]
In this paper an effort has been made to study the effectof addition of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2on structural and optical
properties of polyvinyl acetate by FTIR XRD SEM and UV-visible spectrometer techniques The results obtained fromthese measurements have been analyzed and discussed
2 Experimental
21 Preparation of Chloro Penta Amine Cobalt(III) Chloride[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 Chloro penta amine cobalt(III) chloride
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2was prepared by the procedure reported in
the literature [13]17 g of ammonium chloride NH
4Cl was completely
dissolved in sim10mL of concentrated ammonia NH3in a
400mL beaker With continuous stirring 33 g of cobalt(II)chloride CoCl
2was added to the mixture gradually When
brown color slurry was obtained 27mL of 30 hydrogenperoxide H
2O2was added slowly After the effervescence had
stopped sim10mL of concentrated Hydrochloric acid HCl wasadd slowly With continued stirring the mixture is heatedon a hot plate and maintains 85∘C for 20 minutes andthen the mixture is cooled to room temperature in an icebath and filter (using a Buchner funnel) The crystals of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2are washed with 5-6 times 5mL portions
of ice water (distilled water cooled in ice) and then 5-6times 5mL portions of ethanol C
2H6OAll chemicals used in
preparation of chloro penta amine cobalt(III) chloride werepurchased from Sigma-Aldrich
2CoCl2sdot 6H2O (s) + 2NH
4Cl (s) + 8NH
3(aq)
+H2O2(aq) + 3H
2O (l)
997888rarr 2 [Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl
2(s) + 1
2
O2(g)
(1)
22 Sample Preparation Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) withmolecular weight 100000 was purchased from AldrichPVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films were fabricated by
the solvent casting technique At first emulsion of PVAc usingdistilled water was stirred for 10 h The necessary weightfractions of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were first dispersed in distilled
water with amagnetic stirrer for 1 h and then added graduallyinto the polymeric emulsion with continuous stirring andkept under string for 2 h Finally the solution was pouredonto cleaned Petri dishes and allowed to evaporate slowly atroom temperature for a week After drying the films werepeeled fromPetri dishes and kept in vacuumdesiccators untiluse The thickness of the obtained films was in the range ofasymp120ndash150120583m
X-ray diffraction scans were obtained using DX-2700diffractometer using Cu K120572 radiation (120582 = 15406 A) oper-ating at 40 kV and 30mA taken for the 2120579 range of 5ndash50∘ Measurements were carried out at room temperatureThe diffracted intensity as a function of the reflection angelwas plotted automatically by the X-ray diffractometer Thevarious peaks obtained in the diffraction pattern gave theinformation about the size and interplanar spacing of thecompound FTIRwas recorded on Fourier transform infraredspectrophotometer Shimadzu model IR-Prestige 21 usingKBr pellets FT-IR spectra of the samples were obtained in thespectral range of (4000ndash400) cmminus1 Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectra were measured in the wavelengthregion of 190ndash800 nmusing double-beam spectrophotometerUV-1800 ShimadzuThemorphology of the filmswas charac-terized by scanning electron microscope using Bruker NanoGmbH Germany operating at 5 kV accelerating voltage
3 Results and Discussion
31 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) A typical XRD pattern for[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is shown in Figure 1 It can be seen that
many sharp peaks were observed in the X-ray profileThe crystalline nature of synthesized [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2was
observed by the various sharp crystalline peaks in the XRDpattern It shows diffraction peaks at 158313 256011 326249and 348279 corresponding to the (011) (221) (122) and(040) planes [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which could be indexed to
orthorhombic structure which were consistent with the lit-erature data of Materials Data Inc [14] The average particlesize can be calculated using the first sphere approximation ofDebye-Scherrer formula [15]
119863 =
09120582
119861 cos (120579) (2)
where 119863 is the average diameter of the crystals 120582 is thewavelength of X-ray radiation and 119861 is the full width athalf maximum intensity of the peak (FWHM) The obtainedparticle size of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is 2875 nm The structural
parameter such as diffraction angle 2120579 (deg) interplanar119889(A) relative intensity (119868119868o) and full width at halfmaximumFWHM (deg) are in Table 1
PVAc are semicrystalline polymers as indicated fromtheir XRD patterns illustrated in Figure 2(a) The crystalline
International Journal of Polymer Science 3
Table 1 Diffraction angle 2120579 (deg) interplanar 119889(A) relativeintensity (119868119868o) and full width at half maximum FWHM (deg)
Material 2120579 (deg) 119889(A) 119868119868o FWHM (deg)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
157313 559343 100 02763256011 347674 60 02046334837 26741 36 02359347279 25739 43 02143
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(121
)
(011)
(221
)
(401
) (420
)(3
02)
(040
)
(402
)
(223
)
2120579 (deg)
Figure 1 XRD pattern for [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2powder
nature of PVAc is emphasized by the diffraction peaks at 2120579 =1954∘ 4054∘ with a hallow shoulder at 2120579 = 23∘ representingthe amorphous phase in PVAc [16]
The function group mdashOmdashO||
C mdashCH3present in the
structure of PVAc has a role in increasing the carbonbackbones disturbance thus resulting in appears a crystallinephases in PVAc as shown in XRD pattern Figure 2(a) [17]Figures 2(b) 2(c) and 2(d) explained the XRD patternof PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
respectively It can be seen that the intensity of essentialpeak of PVAc decreased and the band width increasedwith increasing the concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The
essential peak of PVAc represents the crystalline region inPVAc so the reduction of the intensity and broadening ofthis peak refers to decreases in crystallinity and increasesin amorphousicityThis behavior demonstrates complexationbetween the filler and the polymers in the amorphousregion [4]The behavior of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2compos-
ite agrees with PVAcPb3O4[18] and PVAcTiO
2[19] With
9wt concentration the peaks belong to [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
observed with lower intensity because [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
structure is being capped with PVAc after formation ofcomposites which agrees with (Roy et al 2013) [20] Poly-mers with 3-dimensional structure such poly (vinyl acetate)(PVAc) [21] have rigid pores that set an upper limit foradditive growth inside such polymeric matrix [17]
Particle size of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2particles was found
according to the preferred direction plane (011) for
PVAc6wt and 9wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
film which are around 2206 nm and 2350 nm respectively
32 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIRspectra of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2show peaks at 3278 1620 1307
840 and 486 cmminus1 which correspond to the NH3stretch-
ing vibration degeneration deformation vibration of NH3
ligand symmetric deformation vibration of NH3 rock-
ing vibration of NH3and CondashNH
3stretching vibrations
respectively also CondashCl peak appeared around 840 cmminus1The FTIR characterization agreed with Najar and Majid(2013) [22] who investigated [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The only
functional group of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2is NndashH which must
be around 3100ndash3500 cmminus1 Figure 3 represents the FTIRspectrum of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the NndashH is between 316134
and 32791 cmminus1The only functional group of PVAc is C=O Figure 4(a)
represents the FTIR spectrum for PVAc C=O appearedaround 172822 cmminus1 [23] also CndashOndashC appeared around1246 cmminus1 while CndashH appeared around 293566 cmminus1 [24]It is worth noting that the absorption band near 3400 cmminus1is due to the OndashH groups [24] Figures 4(b) 4(c) and4(d) show that the PVAc absorption peaks are found tobe shifted with adding [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The shifting gives
an insight to an interaction of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer matrix [25] With increasing the concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the IR absorption peaks are
increased due to stretching vibration shifted toward higherwave number [26] the absorption bands which belong to[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2become more sharper while the intensity
of PVAc absorption bands is decreased indicating an obvi-ous presence of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The appearance of the
absorption band around 1728 cmminus1 for samples 3 6 and9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2confirms the presence of PVAc in
the samples [27] With 3wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 the Nndash
H is hidden behind the OndashH rounded tip while at higherconcentrations the NndashH appeared as a sharp tip
33 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Figures 5(a)5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) show the SEM photographs ofPVAc PVAc3wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 PVAc6wt
of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite films respectively In Figure 5(a) some brightundissolved PVAc grains appeared Other spots withdifferent degree of roughness observed on the backscatteredimages shown in Figures 5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) seem to beagglomerates of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles which increase
with increasing the concentration of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 The
average diameters of these agglomerated particles (grains)are around 0885 183 and 2114 120583m for PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite filmsrespectively The change suggests that PVAc molecules maybe dispersed in soft-segment phase with little influenceon the microphase separation and mixing of the hard andsoft segments The degree of roughness of the film surfaceincreases with increase of the content of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
This indicates segregation of the filler in the host matrix andthis may confirm the interaction and complexation between
4 International Journal of Polymer Science
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(a)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(b)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
(040
)
2120579 (deg)
(c)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRD pattern for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
80
70
60
50
40
30
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
365318
354902
283922
281221
162021
155463
147362
140418
136946
130774
119201
113800
107628
104156
100298
94126
84096
75610
70980
66737
60951
58250
53235
48606
47449
327899
317483
(cmminus1)
Figure 3 FTIR graph of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
the additive and the polymer [4] and also it may refer togrowth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles in PVAc matrix [4]
34 UV-VIS Spectra The absorbance spectra for PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2doped films are shown in Figure 6 As indi-
cated in Figure 6 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2enhances the absorbance
of the PVAc host The UV-visible absorption spectra of PVAcand PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films are carried out
at room temperature The pretend spectral dependenciesof optical functions unambiguously show that the prin-ciple role in the observed spectra plays electron-phononbroadening The UV optical absorption pattern of PVAcexhibits an absorption band like shoulder at about 120582 =260 nm This band is attributed to the carbonyl group [28]It is observed that the wavelength corresponding to theabsorption band like shoulder increases with increasing in[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content this increase has been attributed
to the minor structural inhomogeneities present in PVAc[18] which are due to growth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2inside
the polymeric matrix As the composite films show a redshift behavior these shifts indicate the complexation betweenthe [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2and the PVAc and may also be due
to change in crystallinity with presence of additive [29]
International Journal of Polymer Science 5
342558
340243
306296
304367
293566 172822
171279
167807
164721
159706156620
151991
143118
136946
131931
126916
124602
119201
112257
108785
10492897984
84096
65966 61722 58250
51692
49378
75
725
70
675
65
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(a)
342558
329442 315554307839
292409
218342
172436
165107
157006
144275 136174
125759
111100
109557
106856
104156
94512
84096
71366
66351
63651
60179
55550
52850
50535
482
45906
T (
)
FTIR measurement3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 12501500 1000 750 500
70
60
50
40
30
(cmminus1)
(b)
75
675
60
525
45
T(
)
398879
328670
295495
189410
182080
173593
164335
162406
154691
151219
145818
136560
130774
124987
117272
112257
107242
104156
92969
84096
81782
74838
65966
61336
57864
53235
49763
47449
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(c)
75
60
45
30
15
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
328670
317869
295880
265791
256918
173993
161635
155463
145433
130774
136560
119972
103385
84868
79081
76381
70980
60951
57864
53621
50149
47063
43205
(cmminus1)
(d)
Figure 4 FTIR graph of PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
These results were confirmed by XRD results From Figure 6a small absorption band at about 500 nm was observedFormation of new peaks for the samples and also broadeningof those peaks with increasing [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2indicate a
considerable interaction between additive and host polymer[30] Also Figure 6 shows that the absorbance increases byadding different weight percentages of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this
is related to absorbance of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2or in other
words the absorbance increaseswith percentages of absorbedparticles [31] The absorption at any wavelength depends onthe number of particles along the bath of the incident light(ie it depends on concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) and
on the length of the optical path passing through [32] Theseresults have a good agreement with Abdelaziz [18]
Absorption coefficient (120572) is defined as the ability of amaterial to absorb the light of a givenwavelengthThe absorp-tion coefficient was calculated from the optical absorbance(119860) by the following relation [33]
120572 = 2303 times
119860
119905
(3)
Figure 7 shows the variation of the absorption coefficientwith photon energy for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films It is clear
that the absorption coefficient is increasing with concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this may be attributed to increase
in the absorbance [34] Figure 7 also shows the dependenceof absorption coefficient on incident photon energy indicatedfrom the low value of absorption coefficient with low value ofphoton energy and vice versawhichmeans that the possibilityof electron transition is increasing with photon energy
From the absorption coefficient previous results theelectron transition of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is indirect A
good linear fit is obtained for (120572ℎ120592)12 and (120572ℎ120592)
13 versusℎ120592 as shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively The respectivevalues of119864
119892are obtained by extrapolating to (120572ℎ120592)12 = 0 and
(120572ℎ120592)
13= 0 for the allowed indirect transition and forbidden
indirect transition respectively Content is responsible for theformation of some defects in the filmsThese defects producethe localized states in the optical band gap and overlapThese overlaps give an evidence for decreasing energy bandgap when the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content is increased in
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
International Journal of Polymer Science 3
Table 1 Diffraction angle 2120579 (deg) interplanar 119889(A) relativeintensity (119868119868o) and full width at half maximum FWHM (deg)
Material 2120579 (deg) 119889(A) 119868119868o FWHM (deg)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
157313 559343 100 02763256011 347674 60 02046334837 26741 36 02359347279 25739 43 02143
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(121
)
(011)
(221
)
(401
) (420
)(3
02)
(040
)
(402
)
(223
)
2120579 (deg)
Figure 1 XRD pattern for [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2powder
nature of PVAc is emphasized by the diffraction peaks at 2120579 =1954∘ 4054∘ with a hallow shoulder at 2120579 = 23∘ representingthe amorphous phase in PVAc [16]
The function group mdashOmdashO||
C mdashCH3present in the
structure of PVAc has a role in increasing the carbonbackbones disturbance thus resulting in appears a crystallinephases in PVAc as shown in XRD pattern Figure 2(a) [17]Figures 2(b) 2(c) and 2(d) explained the XRD patternof PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
respectively It can be seen that the intensity of essentialpeak of PVAc decreased and the band width increasedwith increasing the concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The
essential peak of PVAc represents the crystalline region inPVAc so the reduction of the intensity and broadening ofthis peak refers to decreases in crystallinity and increasesin amorphousicityThis behavior demonstrates complexationbetween the filler and the polymers in the amorphousregion [4]The behavior of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2compos-
ite agrees with PVAcPb3O4[18] and PVAcTiO
2[19] With
9wt concentration the peaks belong to [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
observed with lower intensity because [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
structure is being capped with PVAc after formation ofcomposites which agrees with (Roy et al 2013) [20] Poly-mers with 3-dimensional structure such poly (vinyl acetate)(PVAc) [21] have rigid pores that set an upper limit foradditive growth inside such polymeric matrix [17]
Particle size of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2particles was found
according to the preferred direction plane (011) for
PVAc6wt and 9wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
film which are around 2206 nm and 2350 nm respectively
32 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIRspectra of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2show peaks at 3278 1620 1307
840 and 486 cmminus1 which correspond to the NH3stretch-
ing vibration degeneration deformation vibration of NH3
ligand symmetric deformation vibration of NH3 rock-
ing vibration of NH3and CondashNH
3stretching vibrations
respectively also CondashCl peak appeared around 840 cmminus1The FTIR characterization agreed with Najar and Majid(2013) [22] who investigated [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The only
functional group of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2is NndashH which must
be around 3100ndash3500 cmminus1 Figure 3 represents the FTIRspectrum of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the NndashH is between 316134
and 32791 cmminus1The only functional group of PVAc is C=O Figure 4(a)
represents the FTIR spectrum for PVAc C=O appearedaround 172822 cmminus1 [23] also CndashOndashC appeared around1246 cmminus1 while CndashH appeared around 293566 cmminus1 [24]It is worth noting that the absorption band near 3400 cmminus1is due to the OndashH groups [24] Figures 4(b) 4(c) and4(d) show that the PVAc absorption peaks are found tobe shifted with adding [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The shifting gives
an insight to an interaction of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer matrix [25] With increasing the concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 the IR absorption peaks are
increased due to stretching vibration shifted toward higherwave number [26] the absorption bands which belong to[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2become more sharper while the intensity
of PVAc absorption bands is decreased indicating an obvi-ous presence of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 The appearance of the
absorption band around 1728 cmminus1 for samples 3 6 and9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2confirms the presence of PVAc in
the samples [27] With 3wt of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 the Nndash
H is hidden behind the OndashH rounded tip while at higherconcentrations the NndashH appeared as a sharp tip
33 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Figures 5(a)5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) show the SEM photographs ofPVAc PVAc3wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 PVAc6wt
of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite films respectively In Figure 5(a) some brightundissolved PVAc grains appeared Other spots withdifferent degree of roughness observed on the backscatteredimages shown in Figures 5(b) 5(c) and 5(d) seem to beagglomerates of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles which increase
with increasing the concentration of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 The
average diameters of these agglomerated particles (grains)are around 0885 183 and 2114 120583m for PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composite filmsrespectively The change suggests that PVAc molecules maybe dispersed in soft-segment phase with little influenceon the microphase separation and mixing of the hard andsoft segments The degree of roughness of the film surfaceincreases with increase of the content of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
This indicates segregation of the filler in the host matrix andthis may confirm the interaction and complexation between
4 International Journal of Polymer Science
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(a)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(b)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
(040
)
2120579 (deg)
(c)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRD pattern for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
80
70
60
50
40
30
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
365318
354902
283922
281221
162021
155463
147362
140418
136946
130774
119201
113800
107628
104156
100298
94126
84096
75610
70980
66737
60951
58250
53235
48606
47449
327899
317483
(cmminus1)
Figure 3 FTIR graph of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
the additive and the polymer [4] and also it may refer togrowth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles in PVAc matrix [4]
34 UV-VIS Spectra The absorbance spectra for PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2doped films are shown in Figure 6 As indi-
cated in Figure 6 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2enhances the absorbance
of the PVAc host The UV-visible absorption spectra of PVAcand PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films are carried out
at room temperature The pretend spectral dependenciesof optical functions unambiguously show that the prin-ciple role in the observed spectra plays electron-phononbroadening The UV optical absorption pattern of PVAcexhibits an absorption band like shoulder at about 120582 =260 nm This band is attributed to the carbonyl group [28]It is observed that the wavelength corresponding to theabsorption band like shoulder increases with increasing in[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content this increase has been attributed
to the minor structural inhomogeneities present in PVAc[18] which are due to growth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2inside
the polymeric matrix As the composite films show a redshift behavior these shifts indicate the complexation betweenthe [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2and the PVAc and may also be due
to change in crystallinity with presence of additive [29]
International Journal of Polymer Science 5
342558
340243
306296
304367
293566 172822
171279
167807
164721
159706156620
151991
143118
136946
131931
126916
124602
119201
112257
108785
10492897984
84096
65966 61722 58250
51692
49378
75
725
70
675
65
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(a)
342558
329442 315554307839
292409
218342
172436
165107
157006
144275 136174
125759
111100
109557
106856
104156
94512
84096
71366
66351
63651
60179
55550
52850
50535
482
45906
T (
)
FTIR measurement3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 12501500 1000 750 500
70
60
50
40
30
(cmminus1)
(b)
75
675
60
525
45
T(
)
398879
328670
295495
189410
182080
173593
164335
162406
154691
151219
145818
136560
130774
124987
117272
112257
107242
104156
92969
84096
81782
74838
65966
61336
57864
53235
49763
47449
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(c)
75
60
45
30
15
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
328670
317869
295880
265791
256918
173993
161635
155463
145433
130774
136560
119972
103385
84868
79081
76381
70980
60951
57864
53621
50149
47063
43205
(cmminus1)
(d)
Figure 4 FTIR graph of PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
These results were confirmed by XRD results From Figure 6a small absorption band at about 500 nm was observedFormation of new peaks for the samples and also broadeningof those peaks with increasing [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2indicate a
considerable interaction between additive and host polymer[30] Also Figure 6 shows that the absorbance increases byadding different weight percentages of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this
is related to absorbance of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2or in other
words the absorbance increaseswith percentages of absorbedparticles [31] The absorption at any wavelength depends onthe number of particles along the bath of the incident light(ie it depends on concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) and
on the length of the optical path passing through [32] Theseresults have a good agreement with Abdelaziz [18]
Absorption coefficient (120572) is defined as the ability of amaterial to absorb the light of a givenwavelengthThe absorp-tion coefficient was calculated from the optical absorbance(119860) by the following relation [33]
120572 = 2303 times
119860
119905
(3)
Figure 7 shows the variation of the absorption coefficientwith photon energy for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films It is clear
that the absorption coefficient is increasing with concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this may be attributed to increase
in the absorbance [34] Figure 7 also shows the dependenceof absorption coefficient on incident photon energy indicatedfrom the low value of absorption coefficient with low value ofphoton energy and vice versawhichmeans that the possibilityof electron transition is increasing with photon energy
From the absorption coefficient previous results theelectron transition of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is indirect A
good linear fit is obtained for (120572ℎ120592)12 and (120572ℎ120592)
13 versusℎ120592 as shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively The respectivevalues of119864
119892are obtained by extrapolating to (120572ℎ120592)12 = 0 and
(120572ℎ120592)
13= 0 for the allowed indirect transition and forbidden
indirect transition respectively Content is responsible for theformation of some defects in the filmsThese defects producethe localized states in the optical band gap and overlapThese overlaps give an evidence for decreasing energy bandgap when the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content is increased in
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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MaterialsJournal of
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Journal ofNanomaterials
4 International Journal of Polymer Science
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(a)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
2120579 (deg)
(b)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
(040
)
2120579 (deg)
(c)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Inte
nsity
(cou
nts)
(011
)
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRD pattern for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
80
70
60
50
40
30
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
365318
354902
283922
281221
162021
155463
147362
140418
136946
130774
119201
113800
107628
104156
100298
94126
84096
75610
70980
66737
60951
58250
53235
48606
47449
327899
317483
(cmminus1)
Figure 3 FTIR graph of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
the additive and the polymer [4] and also it may refer togrowth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2particles in PVAc matrix [4]
34 UV-VIS Spectra The absorbance spectra for PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2doped films are shown in Figure 6 As indi-
cated in Figure 6 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2enhances the absorbance
of the PVAc host The UV-visible absorption spectra of PVAcand PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films are carried out
at room temperature The pretend spectral dependenciesof optical functions unambiguously show that the prin-ciple role in the observed spectra plays electron-phononbroadening The UV optical absorption pattern of PVAcexhibits an absorption band like shoulder at about 120582 =260 nm This band is attributed to the carbonyl group [28]It is observed that the wavelength corresponding to theabsorption band like shoulder increases with increasing in[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content this increase has been attributed
to the minor structural inhomogeneities present in PVAc[18] which are due to growth of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2inside
the polymeric matrix As the composite films show a redshift behavior these shifts indicate the complexation betweenthe [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2and the PVAc and may also be due
to change in crystallinity with presence of additive [29]
International Journal of Polymer Science 5
342558
340243
306296
304367
293566 172822
171279
167807
164721
159706156620
151991
143118
136946
131931
126916
124602
119201
112257
108785
10492897984
84096
65966 61722 58250
51692
49378
75
725
70
675
65
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(a)
342558
329442 315554307839
292409
218342
172436
165107
157006
144275 136174
125759
111100
109557
106856
104156
94512
84096
71366
66351
63651
60179
55550
52850
50535
482
45906
T (
)
FTIR measurement3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 12501500 1000 750 500
70
60
50
40
30
(cmminus1)
(b)
75
675
60
525
45
T(
)
398879
328670
295495
189410
182080
173593
164335
162406
154691
151219
145818
136560
130774
124987
117272
112257
107242
104156
92969
84096
81782
74838
65966
61336
57864
53235
49763
47449
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(c)
75
60
45
30
15
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
328670
317869
295880
265791
256918
173993
161635
155463
145433
130774
136560
119972
103385
84868
79081
76381
70980
60951
57864
53621
50149
47063
43205
(cmminus1)
(d)
Figure 4 FTIR graph of PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
These results were confirmed by XRD results From Figure 6a small absorption band at about 500 nm was observedFormation of new peaks for the samples and also broadeningof those peaks with increasing [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2indicate a
considerable interaction between additive and host polymer[30] Also Figure 6 shows that the absorbance increases byadding different weight percentages of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this
is related to absorbance of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2or in other
words the absorbance increaseswith percentages of absorbedparticles [31] The absorption at any wavelength depends onthe number of particles along the bath of the incident light(ie it depends on concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) and
on the length of the optical path passing through [32] Theseresults have a good agreement with Abdelaziz [18]
Absorption coefficient (120572) is defined as the ability of amaterial to absorb the light of a givenwavelengthThe absorp-tion coefficient was calculated from the optical absorbance(119860) by the following relation [33]
120572 = 2303 times
119860
119905
(3)
Figure 7 shows the variation of the absorption coefficientwith photon energy for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films It is clear
that the absorption coefficient is increasing with concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this may be attributed to increase
in the absorbance [34] Figure 7 also shows the dependenceof absorption coefficient on incident photon energy indicatedfrom the low value of absorption coefficient with low value ofphoton energy and vice versawhichmeans that the possibilityof electron transition is increasing with photon energy
From the absorption coefficient previous results theelectron transition of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is indirect A
good linear fit is obtained for (120572ℎ120592)12 and (120572ℎ120592)
13 versusℎ120592 as shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively The respectivevalues of119864
119892are obtained by extrapolating to (120572ℎ120592)12 = 0 and
(120572ℎ120592)
13= 0 for the allowed indirect transition and forbidden
indirect transition respectively Content is responsible for theformation of some defects in the filmsThese defects producethe localized states in the optical band gap and overlapThese overlaps give an evidence for decreasing energy bandgap when the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content is increased in
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
International Journal of Polymer Science 5
342558
340243
306296
304367
293566 172822
171279
167807
164721
159706156620
151991
143118
136946
131931
126916
124602
119201
112257
108785
10492897984
84096
65966 61722 58250
51692
49378
75
725
70
675
65
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(a)
342558
329442 315554307839
292409
218342
172436
165107
157006
144275 136174
125759
111100
109557
106856
104156
94512
84096
71366
66351
63651
60179
55550
52850
50535
482
45906
T (
)
FTIR measurement3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 12501500 1000 750 500
70
60
50
40
30
(cmminus1)
(b)
75
675
60
525
45
T(
)
398879
328670
295495
189410
182080
173593
164335
162406
154691
151219
145818
136560
130774
124987
117272
112257
107242
104156
92969
84096
81782
74838
65966
61336
57864
53235
49763
47449
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement (cmminus1)
(c)
75
60
45
30
15
T (
)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
FTIR measurement
328670
317869
295880
265791
256918
173993
161635
155463
145433
130774
136560
119972
103385
84868
79081
76381
70980
60951
57864
53621
50149
47063
43205
(cmminus1)
(d)
Figure 4 FTIR graph of PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composites film with different concentrations (a) pure PVAc (b) 3 wt (c) 6wt and
(d) 9wt
These results were confirmed by XRD results From Figure 6a small absorption band at about 500 nm was observedFormation of new peaks for the samples and also broadeningof those peaks with increasing [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2indicate a
considerable interaction between additive and host polymer[30] Also Figure 6 shows that the absorbance increases byadding different weight percentages of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this
is related to absorbance of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2or in other
words the absorbance increaseswith percentages of absorbedparticles [31] The absorption at any wavelength depends onthe number of particles along the bath of the incident light(ie it depends on concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) and
on the length of the optical path passing through [32] Theseresults have a good agreement with Abdelaziz [18]
Absorption coefficient (120572) is defined as the ability of amaterial to absorb the light of a givenwavelengthThe absorp-tion coefficient was calculated from the optical absorbance(119860) by the following relation [33]
120572 = 2303 times
119860
119905
(3)
Figure 7 shows the variation of the absorption coefficientwith photon energy for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films It is clear
that the absorption coefficient is increasing with concentra-tion of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this may be attributed to increase
in the absorbance [34] Figure 7 also shows the dependenceof absorption coefficient on incident photon energy indicatedfrom the low value of absorption coefficient with low value ofphoton energy and vice versawhichmeans that the possibilityof electron transition is increasing with photon energy
From the absorption coefficient previous results theelectron transition of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is indirect A
good linear fit is obtained for (120572ℎ120592)12 and (120572ℎ120592)
13 versusℎ120592 as shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively The respectivevalues of119864
119892are obtained by extrapolating to (120572ℎ120592)12 = 0 and
(120572ℎ120592)
13= 0 for the allowed indirect transition and forbidden
indirect transition respectively Content is responsible for theformation of some defects in the filmsThese defects producethe localized states in the optical band gap and overlapThese overlaps give an evidence for decreasing energy bandgap when the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content is increased in
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
6 International Journal of Polymer Science
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5 SEM photographs for PVAc[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2composite films with different concentrations of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2 (a) 0 wt (b)
3 wt (c) 6wt and (d) 9wt
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
190 390 590 790
Abso
rban
ce
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 6 Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVAcwith 0 3 6 and 9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2at room
temperature
the polymeric matrix as shown in Figures 8 and 9 In otherwords the decrease in the optical gap reflects the increasein the degree of disorder in the PVAc films Abdelaziz andGhannam [35] observed similar results respectively Or it can
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
120572(c
m)minus
1
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 7 The absorption coefficient for PVAc with 0 3 6 and9wt concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus pho-
ton energy
be attributed to the additive complexation with the polymermatrix [36] These results agree with FTIR SEM and XRDobservations
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)12
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
2
Figure 8 (120572ℎ120592)
12 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy (eV)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
(120572h
)13
(cm
minus1 middot
eV)1
3
Figure 9 (120572ℎ120592)
13 versus photon energy of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites
Figure 10 shows the values of energy gap for indirecttransition (allowed and forbidden) for (PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2) composites
The extinction coefficient (119870) was calculated using thefollowing equation [37]
119870 =
120572120582
4120587
(4)
Thedependence of the extinction coefficient (119870) on thewave-length in the range 190ndash800 nm of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
composites samples is shown in Figure 11 It is clear thatthe extinction coefficient for pure PVAc sample shows adecrease in values of the all wavelengths (190ndash800) nm whileit increases for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in the wavelength from 400 nm to 800 nm
Extinction coefficient was increased for PVAc films withincreasing the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 this is due
to the increase in absorption coefficient [7]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Allowed indirect transitionForbidden indirect transition
Ener
gy g
ap (e
V)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (wt)
Figure 10 Energy gap of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus the concentra-
tion of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl
2
0
000005
00001
000015
00002
000025
00003
000035
00004
000045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
K
Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 11 Extinction coefficient of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
The refractive index (119899) is a fundamental optical propertyof polymers that is directly related to other optical electricaland magnetic properties and is also of interest to thosestudying the physical chemical and molecular properties ofpolymers by optical techniques [38] The refractive index iscalculated by [39]
119899 =
2radic
4119877 minus 119870
2
(119877 minus 1)
2minus
(119877 + 1)
(119877 minus 1)
(5)
where 119877 is reflectance which is obtained from absorption119860 and transmission 119879 spectra in accordance with conser-vation of energy law 119877 + 119860 + 119879 = 1 [40] Figure 12represents the refractive index for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films in
the investigated range of wavelengths Inspection of Figure 12indicates for all compositions that the refractive index
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
8 International Journal of Polymer Science
1
2
3
4
5
190 290 390 490 590 690 790
n
Wavelength (nm)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
Figure 12 Refractive index of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus wavelength
decreases with increasing wavelength The figure shows thatthe refractive index increases as a result of increasing inthe percentage of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2which is due to the
increasing of the density of composites film as a result of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2content In the literature the relationship
between refractive index and mass density is described aslinear [41] Increasing in refractive index with concentrationof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is a result of increasing the number of
atomic refractions due to the increase of the linear polariz-ability which agree with Lorentz-Lorentz formula [34]
Dielectric constant is defined as the response of the mate-rial toward the incident electromagnetic field The dielectricconstant of (120576) is given by the following equation [42]
120576 = 1205761minus 1198941205762 (6)
where (1205761) and (120576
2) are the real and the imaginary parts of
dielectric constant respectively which can be obtained by thefollowing equations [43]
1205761= 119899
2minus 119896
2
1205762= 2119899119896
(7)
The dependence of the real part on the wavelength is shownin Figure 13 for PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 and PVAc9wtof [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2 It can be noticed from this figure
that the real part depends on refractive index because theeffect of extinction coefficient is very small so it couldbe canceling [35] The real part of dielectric constantis increases with [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration and the
curves vertex shifted to higher wavelengths with increasing[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2percentage which may attributed to the
dependency of the real part of dielectric constant on refrac-tive index [43] The imaginary part of dielectric constant as afunction of wavelength is shown in Figure 14 It is clear thatthe imaginary part depends on extinction coefficient espe-cially in the range of wavelength around (390ndash800) where
0
5
10
15
20
25
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 1
Figure 13 Real part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
0
00005
0001
00015
0002
00025
0003
00035
0004
00045
190 290 390 490 590 690 790Wavelength (nm)
Pure3wt
6wt9wt
120576 2
Figure 14 Imaginary part of dielectric constant of PVAc0 PVAc3PVAc6 and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites versus
wavelength
the refractive index stays almost constant while extinctioncoefficient increases with wavelength [34 43]
The absorption coefficient and the refractive index wereused to obtain the optical conductivity (120590) by the followingrelation [44]
120590 =
120572119899119888
4120587
(8)
where 119888 is the velocity of light in the space Figure 15 shows thevariation of optical conductivity of PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6and PVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composites films as
a function of photon energy The conductivity of pure PVAis almost constant up to around 52 eV of photon energy
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
0 2 4 6 8
Opt
ical
cond
uctiv
ity
Photon energy (eV)Pure3wt
6wt9wt
0
5E + 11
1E + 12
15E + 12
2E + 12
25E + 12
Figure 15 The optical conductivity PVAc0 PVAc3 PVAc6 andPVAc9wt of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl
2composites films as a function of
photon energy
after that it increases with increase in photon energy The[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2concentration caused the increase in opti-
cal conductivity which is due to high absorbance of the poly-mer composites films The increase in optical conductanceand decrease in band gap energy of PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
with increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration can be
attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriersand also to the increase in amorphous nature of host polymer[45] These results agree with Al-Taarsquoy et al [7]
4 Conclusions
Polymer films based on PVAcwith different concentrations of[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2were prepared using solvent casting tech-
nique XRD reviled that the synthesized [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
was indexed to orthorhombic structure The formation ofan intermolecular interaction and complexation betweenPVAc and [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
has been confirmed usingXRD FTIR SEM and UV The UV results indicated that[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2can effectively enhance the optical prop-
erties of PVAc The absorption coefficient increased withincreasing of the weight percentage of the additive Theincrease in optical conductance and decrease in energy bandgap of polymer hostmatrixwith increase of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2
concentration were attributed to the increase in number ofmobile charge carriers and also to the increase in amorphousnature of the polymer host matrix The optical constantssuch as extinction coefficients refractive index real andimaginary dielectric constants and optical conductance arefound to depend on the concentration of [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2in
the polymer film PVAc9wt [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2composites
films show the best optical propertiesThis type of compositescould be a suitable candidate for photovoltaic cells althoughfurther studies and enhancement are desired Also this workconfirms that the refractive index and energy gap are stronglycorrelated
In summary the measurements of optical propertiesindicate that the [Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2is useful additive to simul-
taneously increase both absorbance and optical conductivityof PVAc As a result the PVAc[Co(NH
3)5Cl]Cl2composite
film shows dramatic changes in optical properties which helpit in optical devices fabrication
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Nadher Najem forhelpful discussions during the development of this workalso they want to express their deep procreation for DrMohammed Hadi for his helpful assistance in XRDmeasure-ment
References
[1] G H Michler and F J Balta-Colleja Mechanical Properties ofPolymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology Taylor ampFrancis Boca Raton Fla USA 2005
[2] N M Albuquerque Photolithography A Manual TamarindInstitute 2002
[3] D R Askeland P P Fulay and W J Wright The Science andEngineering of Materials Cengage Learning 6th edition 2010
[4] EM Abdelrazek I S Elashmawi A El-khodary andA YassinldquoStructural optical thermal and electrical studies on PVAPVPblends filledwith lithiumbromiderdquoCurrentApplied Physics vol10 no 2 pp 607ndash613 2010
[5] L N Ismail H Zulkefle S H Herman and M RusopMahmood ldquoInfluence of doping concentration on dielectricoptical and morphological properties of PMMA thin filmsrdquoAdvances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2012 ArticleID 605673 4 pages 2012
[6] K H Tagreed ldquoRefractive index dispersion and analysis of theoptical parameters of (PMMAPVA) thin filmrdquo Journal of Al-Nahrain University vol 16 pp 164ndash170 2013
[7] W Al-Taarsquoy M Abdul Nabi R M Yusop et al ldquoEffect of nanoZnO on the optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filmsrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2014 Article ID697809 6 pages 2014
[8] C S Choi B J Park and H J Choi ldquoElectrical and rheologicalcharacteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)multi-walled carbon nan-otube nanocompositesrdquoDiamond and RelatedMaterials vol 16no 4ndash7 pp 1170ndash1173 2007
[9] L Dong C Xiong H Quan and G Zhao ldquoPolyvinyl-butyrallead zirconate titanates composites with high dielectricconstant and low dielectric lossrdquo Scripta Materialia vol 55 no9 pp 835ndash837 2006
[10] G Wulfsberg Inorganic Chemistry University Science Books2000
[11] I I Mikhalenko Y A Zubarev L V Krasnyi-Admoni andV D Yagodovskii ldquocomplexation of palladium in sorptionby polyacrylonitrile fiber-poly-2-methyl-5-rdquo Journal of AppliedChemistry USSR vol 63 pp 1337ndash1341 1990
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
10 International Journal of Polymer Science
[12] S Young Tyree Jr ldquoChloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloriderdquoin Inorganic Syntheses vol 9 chapter 43 McGraw-Hill 1967
[13] T Brown E LeMay and B Bursten Chemistry The CentralScience Pearson Education 9th edition 2002
[14] S Kirk L SolovyevA Blokhin andPMulagaleev ICDDGrant-in-Aid Academy of Science Krasnoyarsk Russia 2000
[15] E Sheha H Khoder T S ShanapMG El-Shaarawy andMKEl Mansy ldquoStructure dielectric and optical properties of p-type(PVACuI) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for photovoltaiccellsrdquo Optik vol 123 no 13 pp 1161ndash1166 2012
[16] Y A Badr K M Abd El-Kader and R M Khafagy ldquoRamanspectroscopy study of CdS PVA composite filmsrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 92 no 3 pp 1984ndash1992 2004
[17] M A Ahmed R M Khafagy S T Bishay and N M SalehldquoEffective dye removal and water purification using the electricand magnetic Zn
05Co05Al05Fe146
La004
O4polymer core-shell
nanocompositesrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 578 pp121ndash131 2013
[18] M Abdelaziz ldquoOptical and dielectric properties of poly(viny-lacetate)lead oxide compositesrdquo Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Electronics vol 23 no 7 pp 1378ndash1386 2012
[19] J Ahmad and M B Hagg ldquoPolyvinyl acetatetitanium dioxidenanocomposite membranes for gas separationrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 445 pp 200ndash210 2013
[20] A S Roy S Gupta S Sindhu A Parveen and P C Ramamur-thy ldquoDielectric properties of novel PVAZnO hybrid nanocom-posite filmsrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 47 pp 314ndash3192013
[21] W Haas M Zrinyi H-G Kilian and B Heise ldquoStructuralanalysis of anisometric colloidal iron(III)-hydroxide particlesand particle-aggregates incorporated in poly(vinyl-acetate) net-worksrdquoColloidampPolymer Science vol 271 no 11 pp 1024ndash10341993
[22] M H Najar and K Majid ldquoSynthesis characterization electri-cal and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophenewith nanophotoadduct a potent composite for electronic userdquoJournal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics vol 24 no11 pp 4332ndash4339 2013
[23] C J PouchertTheAldrich Library of Infrared Spectra vol 2 3rdedition 1981
[24] ZQiao Y XieM Chen J Xu Y Zhu andYQian ldquoSynthesis oflead sulfide(polyvinyl acetate) nanocomposites with control-lablemorphologyrdquoChemical Physics Letters vol 321 no 5-6 pp504ndash507 2000
[25] G K Prajapati R Roshan and P N Gupta ldquoEffect of plasticizeron ionic transport and dielectric properties of PVAH
3PO4
proton conducting polymeric electrolytesrdquo Journal of Physicsand Chemistry of Solids vol 71 no 12 pp 1717ndash1723 2010
[26] G R Dhokane ldquoPreparation and characterization of Fe+++ -doped dipyridine polyvinyl acetate supported composite filmsrdquoOnline International Interdisciplinary Research Journal vol 4pp 183ndash188 2014
[27] N Shah D Singh S Shah A Qureshi N L Singh and KP Singh ldquoStudy of microhardness and electrical properties ofproton irradiated polyethersulfone (PES)rdquo Bulletin of MaterialsScience vol 30 no 5 pp 477ndash480 2007
[28] H M Zidan A Tawansi and M Abu-Elnader ldquoMiscibilityoptical and dielectric properties of UV-irradiated poly(viny-lacetate)poly(methylmethacrylate) blendsrdquo Physica B vol 339no 2-3 pp 78ndash86 2003
[29] E M Abdelrazek and I S Elashmawi ldquoCharacterizationand physical properties of CoCl
2filled polyethyl-methacrylate
filmsrdquo Polymer Composites vol 29 no 9 pp 1036ndash1043 2008[30] A Wasan T Mohammed and K Tagreed ldquoThe MR affect on
optical properties for poly (Vinyl alcohol) filmsrdquo Journal ofBaghdad for Science vol 8 pp 543ndash550 2011
[31] H H A B Al-Shammari Preparation of polymer composites((PVA-ZnO) (PVA-CuSO45H2O)) and studying some of itselectrical and optical properties [MS thesis] University ofBabylon 2011
[32] P U Asogwa ldquoBand gap shift and optical characterizationof PVA-capped PbO thin films effect of thermal annealingrdquoChalcogenide Letters vol 8 no 3 pp 163ndash170 2011
[33] I S Elashmawi and N A Hakeem ldquoEffect of PMMA additionon characterization and morphology of PVDFrdquo Polymer Engi-neering amp Science vol 48 no 5 pp 895ndash901 2008
[34] A H Ahmad A M Awatif and N Zeid Abdul-MajiedldquoDoping effect on optical constants of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)rdquo The Journal of Engineering Technology vol 25 pp558ndash568 2007
[35] M Abdelaziz and M M Ghannam ldquoInfluence of titaniumchloride addition on the optical anddielectric properties of PVAfilmsrdquoPhysica B CondensedMatter vol 405 no 3 pp 958ndash9642010
[36] M K El-Mansy E M Sheha K R Patel and G D SharmaldquoCharacterization of PVACuI polymer composites as electrondonor for photovoltaic applicationrdquo Optik vol 124 no 13 pp1624ndash1631 2013
[37] M Balkanski Optical Properties of Solids North-Holland NewYork NY USA 1992
[38] J Gao J Xu B Chen and Q Zhang ldquoA quantitative structure-property relationship study for refractive indices of conjugatedpolymersrdquo Journal of MolecularModeling vol 13 no 5 pp 573ndash578 2007
[39] F I Ezema P U Asogwa A B C Ekwealor P E Ugwuoke andR U Osuji ldquoGrowth and optical properties of Ag
2S thin films
deposited by chemical bath deposition techniquerdquo Journal of theUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy vol 42 pp217ndash222 2007
[40] J I Gittleman E K Sichel and Y Arie ldquoComposite semi-conductors selective absorbers of solar energyrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials vol 1 no 1-2 pp 93ndash104 1979
[41] D Mergel and M Jerman ldquoDensity and refractive index of thinevaporated filmsrdquo Chinese Optics Letters vol 8 pp 67ndash72 2010
[42] B O Seraphin Optical Properties of Solid New DevelopmentsAmerican Elsevier Publishing New York NY USA 2nd edi-tion 1976
[43] G A Khadum ldquoStudy the optical constant of cadmium oxidefilms doped with silver oxide (CdO Ag
2O) in infrared regionrdquo
Diala Journal vol 32 pp 178ndash162 2009[44] R Das and S Pandey ldquoComparison of optical properties of
bulk and nano crystalline thin films of CdS using differentprecursorsrdquo International Journal of Material Science vol 1 pp35ndash40 2011
[45] S Selvasekarapandian M Hema J Kawamura O Kamishimaand R Baskaran ldquoCharacterization of PVA-NH
4NO3polymer
electrolyte and its application in rechargeable proton batteryrdquoJournal of the Physical Society of Japan vol 79 pp 163ndash168 2010
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CorrosionInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CeramicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CompositesJournal of
NanoparticlesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Biomaterials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
NanoscienceJournal of
TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
CrystallographyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CoatingsJournal of
Advances in
Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Smart Materials Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MetallurgyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
MaterialsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Nano
materials
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal ofNanomaterials