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Repositioning Trade Policy on Agriculture Products Mari Pangestu Policy Dialog Series Bali, August 25, 2017 International Conference and Congress – Indonesian Society of Agriculture Economics (PERHEPI)

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Repositioning Trade Policy on Agriculture ProductsMari PangestuPolicy Dialog Series Bali, August 25, 2017International Conference and Congress – Indonesian Society of Agriculture Economics (PERHEPI)

Role of Trade Policy and Agriculture• Positioning national interest in agriculture sector amidst international

agreements and commitments, • National interest: need a comprehensive understanding

• Competitiveness of agriculture products (not only supply side, demand side related to consumption, market etc)

• Ensuring market access and fair trade for exports• protecting sensitive sectors related to livelihood of farmers• policies related to food security and nutrition, and price stabilization

• Repositioning trade policy in today’s context• International: commitments (WTO, FTAs) and other developments

• Policy space within commitments• Direction of future commitments

• National reform program• Deregulation, streamlining and transparency• Shift from quantitative restrictions to tariffs and price based mechanism (Inpres

no.10/2016), creation of team Tata Niaga

International Environment• International commitments

• Uruguay Round, WTO: inclusion of agriculture, bound tariff rates (still high for agriculture), quantitative restrictions not allowed (exceptions: environmental, timing of imports during harvest), transparency in use of standards (SPS, TBT)

• AEC: sugar and rice excluded until 2015, now max tariff 25%

• ASEAN+1: ASEAN + China affects fruits and vegetables, cocoa beans, palm oil and downstream components, ASEAN + India (bilateral also): palm oil

International Environment• New normal: slowdown in world trade, GDP:Trade growth 1:1,

not 2:1 anymore, maturation of values chains, low commodity prices but still fluctuations expected

• Cross border barriers have come down and remaining “old traditional issues” still remain such as tariffs, trade facilitation and distorting agriculture policies (e.g export subsidies) – still will be issue in WTO, other international trade negotiations

• Lowering trade barriers through international commitments should continue to be prioritised but now multilateral trade governance has shifted to ‘precaution’ behind the border rather than ‘protection’ at the border (Pascal Lamy)

International Environment• Cross border barriers have dome down, now multilateral trade

governance has shifted to ‘precaution’ behind the border rather than ‘protection’ at the border

• Protection behind the border: refers to the harmonisation of value-based norms, and quality and safety-based standards, which reflect citizens’ collective preferences (also will be linked to SDG and Climate Change goals). • This creates more opportunities for non-sovereign actors, such as

corporations and non-government organisations (NGOs), to engage in the international trade system, a trend which is becoming more apparent. Multilateral and regional efforts need to ensure that they address the issue of standards.

International Environment• Value added of agriculture products not only comes from

processing, linked to supply chains and modern retail, quality, food safety, and other standards, and increasingly certification and traceability requirements (SDGs, Climate Change).

Direction of Domestic Reforms• Direction of domestic reforms (on paper – deregulation

packages and Inpres no.10/2016) is for greater transparency, streamlining, and effective and efficient management of trade policy (management of exports and imports)

• Shift from quota to tariffs

• Automation and business processes, reducing the recommendations needed and streamlining

Domestic Reforms (1)• Inpres no. 10/2016 tentang aksi dan pencegahan korupsi,

Reformasi Tata Kelola dan Impor

• Rencana Aksi 10: Otomatisasi pemotongan kuota ekspor danimpor di bidang SDA, bahan bakar minyak, komoditaspertanian, tekstil, bahan perusak ozone

• Kriteria Keberhasilan: Meningkatnya transparensi mekanismeekspor dan impor

• Ukuran keberhasilan: terbangunnya sistem pengendalianekspor dan impor yang terintegrasi antara KementerianKeuangan dan Perdagangan dengan KLH, ESDM, KKP dan NSW

• Penanggung Jawab: Kemenkeu, Instansi Terkait: KemenkoPerekonomian, Perdagangan, Pertanian, ESDM, KLH, NSW

Domestic Reforms (1)• Inpres no. 10/2016 regarding action and corruption prevention,

reforms of management (trade) and imports

• Action Plan No. 10: Automatic reduction of export and import quotas for natural resources, fuels, agriculture products, textiles and substances that destroy ozone

• Success criteria: increasing transparent mechanism for export and imports management

• Measure of success: creation of system for export and import management which is integrated between MoF, MoT, Envrionment, Energy and Mines, Marine and Fisheries, and NSW

• Lead: MoF and related agencies (Kemenko Perekonomian, Perdagangan, Pertanian, ESDM, KLH, NSW)

Domestic Reforms• Inpres no. 10/2016 tentang aksi dan pencegahan korupsi,

Reformasi Tata Kelola dan Impor

• Rencana Aksi 11: Penyusunan kajian perubahan tata kelola ekspordan impor komoditas pangan

• Kriteria Keberhasilan: 1) tersedianya payung hukum yang jelas untukpemberantasan korupsi di tata kelola impor komoditas pangan 2) tata kelola impor dan ekspor yang efisien dan efektif

• Ukuran keberhasilan: tersedianya kajian mengenai tata kelola ekspordan impor sebagai dasar untuk perubahan regulasi ekspor danimpor dari sistem kuota ke sistem tarif

• Penanggung Jawab: Kemendag, Instansi Terkait: KemenkoPerekonomian dan Maritim, Keuangan, Pertanian, ESDM, KKP, NSW

Domestic Reforms• Inpres no. 10/2016

• Action Plan no. 11: Analysis of reforms of management of export and import of food products

• Success Criteria: 1) clear legal basis to eliminate corruption for management of imports of food products 2) efficient and effective management of exports and imports

• Measurement of success: availability of analysis regarding the management of exports and imports as basis for reforms for regulatory changes or export and imports from quota system to tariff system

• Lead: MoT and related agencies (Coordinating Ministries of Economy and Maritme, Finance, Agriculture, Energy and Minerals, Maritime and Fisheries, NSW)

Food security • Food security (ketahanan pangan), Food Sovereingty, Self

Sufficiency (Swa Sembada). Availability, Access, Utilization (nutrition), and Stability.

• Consequences of food insecurity: most vulnerable are poor (including farmers who are net consumers, 60%) – increase in food prices affect poor (50% food, 25% rice consumption), poverty rates, nutrition levels (25% stunting in children).

• Lessons from 2008 increase in food prices:

Ensuring food

security:

affordable access

to essential

staples

Keeping domestic food

prices affordable

Protecting

purchasing power of

poor and low-income

households

Social policies to

mitigate impact on

the poor

Increasing domestic

supply through

agricultural

revitalization

Policies to increase

agricultural

production

Contingent budget

mechanism (with

automatic

implementation)

Securing physical

supply (stocks,

imports)

Lessons from 2008 and 2011• Price increase in commodities (2008, 2011), and increased

fluctuation mainly due to increase in demand (income, population, fuel vs food) compared to supply. Prediction is continued volatility because supply side needs time, investment, change in incentives, role of technology

• Supply side response lagged because: distorted prices for agriculture products (subsidy and domestic support policies) reducing incentives for investment and production, fluctuating prices increases risks, decline in R&D, technology and innovation, alternative use (biofuel), climate change affecting production, and fluctuations because of investment in commodity derivatives in financial market which contributed to volatlity due to export restrictions and panic buying

• Indonesian case: management of imports and buffer stock important in rice price stability

Responses• National (short term, long term supply side):

• not self sufficiency at all costs, access and stability important, import what you need

• Buffer stocks (rice) : ceiling/trigger price for intervention, floor price to protect farmers

• Importance of data (prices, protocol for response with EWS, anticipatory)

• Avoid export restrictions, panic buying

• BULOG/State Trading – managing this effectively and efficiently

• Targeted subsidy/intervention for poor (not through lowering or controlling prices): Cash transfer, cash for work, dana desa, renewed RASKIN etc

• Food and nutrition policies: diversification, dietary patterns

Responses• Regional and International:

• ASEAN cooperation, regional rice reserves

• Continued efforts to reduce distortions in agriculture policy

• Food vs fuel --

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Ja

n-0

4

Ap

r-0

4

Ju

l-0

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Oct-

04

Ja

n-0

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Ap

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US

$ p

er

ton

India imposes export restrictons

Vietnam tightens export restrictons

Philippines panic buying > $700/ton

Philippines third tender >$1,100/ton (April 17, 2008)

Rice Export Price, 2004-2008, Thai 100B

Sources: USDA, FAO

Impact of Restrictions on Exports on Rice Prices: 2008 food crisis

The increase in rice prices was caused by a series of events, of export restrictions and panic buying. Outcome was ASEAN cooperation and rice reserves. Wheat prices also went up due to restrictions in Russia. Most food prices doubled, 100s million became poor. Indonesia: insulated because no import, cash transfer and some food subsidy to offset high cnnsumer prices

19

1. Production and Consumption

Estimates or surplus and deficit highly inaccurate based on estimated production and consumption

Surplus/Deficit = Production + Stock – consumption

• Overestimation of production (around 17%, based on scientific paper)

• Underestimation of consumption (did not include industrial consumption such as restaurants and food processing)

• No accurate estimate of the stock in private hands

20

And the fact is that for the last 100 years Indonesia has been importing rice – seasonal, during the non harvest season (October-Feb)

• Imports on average 4 percent of production in last 100 years

Indonesia

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

19001903

19061909

19121915

19181921

19241927

19301933

19361939

19421945

19481951

19541957

19601963

19661969

19721975

19781981

19841987

19901993

19961999

2002

Indonesia

2059

2643

2215

2449

2215

2759 2795

3313

4313

1539

2400

24002470 2470

2790 2790 2790

3550

1000

1450 14501500 1500

1725 1725 1765

2280

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Realization of Imports and Price Developments

Volume Impor Harga Rata-rata eceran D.N HPP beras HPP GKG

4,1 juta

0,2 juta 0,41 juta

1,3 juta1,8 juta

0,6 juta

1,3 juta

0,19 juta

2,9 juta

2. Comparing Domestic and International Prices: Indonesia was able to stabilize real prices of rice 20 years prior to the crisis

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Jan-

69

Jan-

71

Jan-

73

Jan-

75

Jan-

77

Jan-

79

Jan-

81

Jan-

83

Jan-

85

Jan-

87

Jan-

89

Jan-

91

Jan-

93

Jan-

95

Jan-

97

Jan-

99

Jan-

01

Jan-

03

Jan-

05

Con

stan

t S

epte

mb

er 2

006

Ru

pia

h

Domestic World

…However right now the real domestic price is 50% higher than before compared to stable international prices

25

3. The Increase in the Rice Price Hurts the Poor

• Rice is the most important commodity for poor people• Poor people spend 24 percent of their

expenditure on rice (non poor spend 9.4 percent)

• More than 75% of poor people are net consumers (they consume more than they produce) • In rural areas 70 percent of poor people are net

consumers so that the increase in the rise of price of rice has a negative impact on a large proportion of poor farmers

• 3.1 million people fell below the poverty line because of the 30% increase in the price of rice between February 2005 and March 2006• More than 75% of the increase in poverty

numbers caused by increase in the price of rice.

Share of Poor People

35%

33%

32%

Rice farmers

Farmers of other

commodities

Non-farmers

Study by World Bank (2006), Ikhsan(2005) and Warr (2005) elasticity index due to increase in the price of rice is 0.5 (high percentage net consumers)

26

4. International experience: two approaches to stabilize food prices

With Buffer Stock• Announce floor and ceiling price• Buffer stock agency buys from farmers when

price below floor price• If price above ceiling, sell to market (Market

Operations)

But to be successful ensure that: The Agency is backed up by sufficient funding to

buy The Agency has capacity to store and manage

stocks The Agency can access imports to replenish

stock when supply domestically is not sufficient to ensure can undertake market operations when price is high

The floor and celing prices has to be realistic and consistent with funding, capacity and trade policy

Buffer stock can be effective, but comes at a cost –in the case of Indonesia it is related to rice for the poor as the outlet of the Buffer Stock Agency

With Trade Policy

• Allow imports by general importers• When domestic prices rise, imports will come in

to prevent further price increase• When the domestic price falls below exports,

exports will restore equilibrium to prevent further price falls.

But to be successful: General importers should be allowed to import Tariffs cannot be too high and quota too low Export network has to be ready

Trade policy is more effective and does not impose a burden to the government

Attachments

Perdagangan Pertanian Indonesia 2012-2107

29

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (diolah)

• Ekspor periode 2012-16 turun 0,52% p.a, Semester-I 2017 naik 9,24% (kontribusi 2.2% total ekspor)• Ekspor utama: Udang (23,66%) tren meningkat 6,22% p.a (2012-2016); other marine (12%), kopi (21%, trend -

4% )• Impor, periode 2012-16 turun 1,9% per tahun, Semester-I 2017 naik 14,20%• Impor Utama: gandum (26%) Cotton (14%), Soybeans (14%). Garlic (7%), Beef/cattle (5%)• Neraca perdagangan sektor pertanian selama 5 tahun terakhir selalu mengalami defisit, dengan nilai defisit

fluktuatif.• Sedangkan neraca perdagangan sektor pertanian Semester-I 2017 turun 21,88% dibanding periode yang

sama tahun sebelumnya.

2016 2017 Perub (%) Tren (%)

17/16 12-16

Total Perdagangan

Pertanian 13.825 14.370 15.118 13.316 13.433 6.554 7.362 12,33 -1,33

Ekspor

Pertanian 5.569 5.713 5.771 5.631 5.466 2.478 2.707 9,24 -0,52

Impor

Pertanian 8.256 8.658 9.347 7.685 7.967 4.077 4.656 14,20 -1,89

Neraca Perdagangan

Pertanian -2.687 -2.945 -3.576 -2.054 -2.501 -1.599 -1.949 -21,88 -

Uraian 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Semester-I

Negara TujuanEksporSektorPertanianIndonesia

30

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

• Amerika Serikat menjadi tujuan ekspor pertanian Indonesia dengan pangsa ekspor tahun 2016 mencapai 26%.

• Disusul oleh Jepang, RRT, Vietnam dan Malaysia masing-masing dengan pangsa 11%, 8%, 7% dan 7%.

Negara AsalImporSektorPertanianIndonesia

31

• AS menjadi pemasok utama impor pertanian Indonesia tahun 2016 dengan pangsa mencapai 23%.• Disusul oleh Australia, RRT, Ukraine dan Kanada masing-masing dengan pangsa 22%, 12%, 6% dan 6%.

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

PERKEMBANGAN KASUS SENGKETA DS477 DAN DS478 di WTO:INDONESIA –IMPORTATION ON HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ANIMALS, AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

32

Complainant Selandia Baru (DS477) dan Amerika Serikat (DS478)

Respondent Indonesia

Third Party 14 Members (Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Kanada, RRT, Jepang, KoreaSelatan, Uni Eropa, Norwegia, Taiwan, Paraguay, India, Singapura, danThailand)

Pokok Klaim 1. Perizinan impor non-otomatis: kompleksitas untuk mendapatkan perizinan impor2. Larangan pembatasan kuantitatif atau quantitative restriction : Melarang impor produk diluar lampiran

regulasi terkait; fixed licensed terms; persyaratan realisasi impor sebesar 80% bagi importir; hargareferensi untuk cabe dan bawang merah; pembatasan jangka waktu application window dan perijinanimpor; serta persyaratan produk hortikultura yang hanya boleh di impor tidak melebihi 6 bulan dariwaktu panen dll.

3. Perlakuan yang lebih menguntungkan produk dalam negeri :Pembatasan penjualan (produk imporhanya dapat dijual di hotel, restoran, catering dan industri)

4. Pelarangan impor ketika produksi domestik memenuhi kebutuhan permintaan dalam negeri.

• Konsultasi untuk kasus ini sudah di inisiasi sejak 19 Juni 2014 dan final report dari panelsudah ada pada 22 Desember 2016 yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia melanggarperaturan WTO.

• Indonesia akan menghadapi oral hearing pada 28-29 Agustus 2017 gunamenyampaikan legal argument terhadap final report panel dan akan tertuang dalamappellate body report yang diperkirakan akan disirkulasi pada bulan November 2017.

Sumber: WTO

PERKEMBANGAN KASUS SENGKETA DS477 DAN DS478 di WTO:INDONESIA –IMPORTATION ON HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ANIMALS, AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

33

Sumber: Dit. Multilateral Ditjen PPI, Kemendag

PERKEMBANGAN KASUS SENGKETA DS477 DAN DS478 di WTO:INDONESIA –IMPORTATION ON HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ANIMALS, AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

34

Sumber: Dit. Multilateral Ditjen PPI, Kemendag

PerkembanganEksporSektorPertanianIndonesia

35

The Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia

• Ekspor utama produk sektor pertanian adalah Udang dengan pangsa ekspor mencapai 23,66% pada Semester-I tahun2017, dengan tren meningkat 6,22% per tahun selama 2012-2016.

• Duapuluh produk ekspor terbesar sektor pertanian memberikan kontribusi 77,26% terhadap total ekspor pertanian.

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

2016 2017 2017/2016 2012-2016 2017

1 0306130000 Shrimps and prawns, frozen 971 1.220 1.571 1.219 1.313 661 640 -3,17 6,22 23,66

2 0901111000 Arabica wib or robusta oib, not roasted not decaffeinated 1.228 1.159 1.026 1.183 993 375 562 49,94 -3,96 20,75

3 0802901000 Areca nuts, fresh or dried 126 166 264 322 278 161 179 10,94 25,25 6,60

4 0307491000 Cuttle fish and squid, frozen 87 98 93 147 277 121 108 -10,71 31,17 4,01

5 0904112000 Black pepper, neither crushed nor ground 298 186 136 302 221 68 55 -19,80 -1,16 2,02

6 0904111000 White pepper, neither crushed nor ground 114 145 165 220 187 65 55 -15,40 15,05 2,04

7 0303791090 Other marine fish, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 156 134 143 120 178 91 59 -35,02 1,53 2,19

8 1212209000 Oth seaweeds & oth algae, fresh, chilled , dried,primarily for human consumption 76 99 151 130 114 53 48 -9,63 11,29 1,77

9 1404909000 Other vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 26 35 53 92 104 42 59 41,09 45,15 2,20

10 3806100000 Rosin & resin acids 94 105 108 115 101 55 35 -36,12 2,10 1,30

11 1207992000 Palm nuts and kernels whether or not broken 3 3 3 4 91 8 9 12,18 102,15 0,33

12 1801000000 Cocoa beans, whole or broken,raw/roasted 385 446 196 115 84 36 24 -35,19 -35,60 0,87

13 0302691090 Other marine fish excl.fillets, livers and roes, fresh or chilled 35 33 32 57 72 37 28 -25,35 21,69 1,03

14 0905000010 Vanilla whole 5 6 8 17 69 30 50 70,06 89,83 1,85

15 0902409000 Black tea (fermented), in packing > 3 kg other than leaf 85 86 72 68 59 30 33 9,27 -9,27 1,22

16 0103920000 Live swine, other than breeding animals, weighing >= 50 kg 62 74 66 55 53 26 28 8,35 -5,83 1,03

17 0307591000 Octopus, frozen 72 41 58 60 52 33 33 2,93 -2,74 1,24

18 0303792090 Other freshwater fish, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 62 78 81 62 50 24 50 103,73 -6,29 1,83

19 0306190000 Other, incl flours, meals & pellets of crustac, fit for human consump,frozzen 1 12 38 31 44 21 10 -55,54 116,46 0,35

20 0908100010 Nutmeg, in shell 69 62 54 50 43 19 26 36,48 -10,95 0,96

Subtotal 3.957 4.188 4.319 4.368 4.382 1.958 2.091 6,80 2,49 77,26

Lainnya 1.612 1.525 1.451 1.264 1.084 520 615 18,45 -9,36 22,74

Total 5.569 5.713 5.771 5.631 5.466 2.478 2.707 9,24 -0,52 100,00

2012

NILAI: USD JUTAPangsa (%)

NO2013 2014 2015 2016

JAN-JUNIHS CODE DESKRIPSIPerub (%) Trend (%)

PerkembanganVolume EksporSektorPertanianIndonesia

36

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

• Ekspor utama produk pertanian berdasarkan volume adalah Produk nabati lain dengan pangsa ekspor mencapai 43,08% pada Semester-I 2017, dengan tren naik 58,22% per tahun selama 2012-2016.

• Duapuluh produk ekspor utama berdasarkan volume memberikan kontribusi 87,58% dari total ekspor sektor pertanian.

2016 2017 2017/2016 2012-2016 2017

1 1404909000 Other vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 259 281 531 1.053 1.327 536 736 37,50 58,22 43,08

2 0901111000 Arabica wib or robusta oib, not roasted not decaffeinated 440 529 381 496 409 146 216 48,10 -2,06 12,63

3 0802901000 Areca nuts, fresh or dried 173 220 250 279 219 129 128 -0,35 7,34 7,50

4 0306130000 Shrimps and prawns, frozen 110 113 135 133 140 73 66 -10,43 6,58 3,85

5 1212209000 Oth seaweeds & oth algae, fresh, chilled , dried,primarily for human consumption102 111 132 160 163 83 60 -27,72 14,02 3,53

6 0307491000 Cuttle fish and squid, frozen 56 67 62 81 106 49 37 -25,22 15,77 2,16

7 0303791090 Other marine fish, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 225 216 217 70 104 54 32 -39,43 -23,49 1,90

8 0303792090 Other freshwater fish, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 58 75 87 51 34 17 31 84,61 -13,57 1,81

9 0303430000 Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 55 56 56 48 29 13 27 110,60 -13,75 1,59

10 3806100000 Rosin & resin acids 71 73 50 69 76 41 24 -40,44 0,63 1,42

11 1207992000 Palm nuts and kernels whether or not broken 1 2 2 7 283 79 24 -69,98 238,21 1,40

12 0902409000 Black tea (fermented), in packing > 3 kg other than leaf 43 43 41 39 33 17 19 14,96 -5,73 1,12

13 0302691090 Other marine fish excl.fillets, livers and roes, fresh or chilled 28 25 21 30 43 22 15 -31,07 10,66 0,90

14 1212201900 Seaweeds & oth algae,fresh,chilled/dried ,used in dyeing,tanning,perfumery 52 55 60 39 13 4 15 226,34 -27,09 0,85

15 0103920000 Live swine, other than breeding animals, weighing >= 50 kg 35 37 32 28 28 13 14 8,76 -7,34 0,83

16 1301909000 Other gum and resin 8 8 5 8 15 7 13 73,61 12,80 0,74

17 1801000000 Cocoa beans, whole or broken,raw/roasted 164 188 63 40 28 12 12 -6,27 -39,74 0,67

18 0803009000 Other bananas, including plantains, fresh or dried. 1 6 26 20 10 5 10 116,55 66,44 0,60

19 0704901000 Cabbages, fresh or chilled 45 45 25 39 67 30 9 -70,38 6,42 0,51

20 0904112000 Black pepper, neither crushed nor ground 48 29 17 33 29 8 8 2,10 -8,65 0,48

Subtotal 1.975 2.179 2.192 2.723 3.154 1.338 1.497 11,87 12,28 87,58

Lainnya 952 872 962 1.025 540 257 212 -17,33 -9,28 12,42

Total 2.928 3.051 3.154 3.747 3.694 1.595 1.709 7,17 6,94 100,00

2013 2014 2015 2016JAN-JUNI

BERAT: RIBU TONPangsa (%)Perub (%) Trend (%)

2012NO HS CODE DESKRIPSI

PerkembanganImporSektorPertanianIndonesia

37

The Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia

• Impor utama produk sektor pertanian adalah Gandum dengan pangsa impor mencapai 26,05% pada Semester-I tahun2017, dengan tren menurum 3,29% per tahun selama 2012-2016.

• Duapuluh produk impor terbesar sektor pertanian memberikan kontribusi 90,69% terhadap total ekspor pertanian

Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

2016 2017 2017/2016 2012-2016 2017 (%)

1 1001901900 Other wheat, for human consumption 2.178 2.347 2.334 2.044 1.974 1.011 1.213 19,99 -3,29 26,05

2 5201000000 Cotton, not carded/combed. 1.333 1.346 1.401 1.088 1.087 539 667 23,56 -6,02 14,32

3 1201009000 Other soya beans, whether or not broken 1.211 1.102 1.177 1.034 959 527 664 25,91 -5,15 14,25

4 0703209000 Garlic,fresh/chilled, oth than bulbs for propagation 242 361 350 343 436 178 311 74,41 11,89 6,68

5 0102909000 Live bovine, Other than oxen & buffaloes other than pure-bred breeding animals 44 119 675 541 599 277 230 -16,96 96,48 4,94

6 1801000000 Cocoa beans, whole or broken,raw/roasted 63 77 341 170 185 59 212 261,27 34,13 4,56

7 0808100000 Apples, fresh 171 176 200 139 264 87 146 67,66 6,57 3,14

8 1202200000 Ground nuts, shelled 141 206 182 135 143 76 128 68,15 -3,89 2,76

9 0806100000 Grapes, fresh 123 101 151 139 197 76 103 36,12 13,55 2,21

10 0808200000 Pears and quinces, fresh 105 109 79 97 110 34 97 185,22 -0,15 2,09

11 0805200000 Mandarin (incl. tangerines & satsumas), & similar citrus hybrids, fresh or dried 177 93 143 104 51 37 79 115,61 -20,98 1,70

12 0907000010 Cloves, whole fruit 111 3 - 0 61 49 77 55,66 - 1,65

13 0810901000 Longans, fresh 139 67 90 60 79 29 48 66,34 -11,46 1,03

14 0804100000 Dates, fresh or dried 26 37 37 30 33 27 45 65,88 2,18 0,96

15 0303740000 Mackerel, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 54 70 62 52 47 18 43 142,71 -5,75 0,92

16 1005909000 Maize (corn), other than seeds 493 909 800 684 226 155 42 -73,01 -16,88 0,90

17 0713319000 Beans (vigna mungo hepper/vigna radiata wilczek), dried, other than for sowing 49 87 81 40 59 32 39 24,59 -3,98 0,85

18 0703101900 Onions,fresh/chilled,oth.than bulbs for propagation 24 14 36 21 46 23 34 47,08 17,87 0,73

19 2401109000 Other tobacco, not stemmed/stripped, not flue-cured 76 92 122 56 49 30 24 -20,96 -12,96 0,51

20 4403929010 Pulpwood of beech 2 12 18 37 25 10 21 100,00 85,42 0,45

Subtotal 6.761 7.327 8.278 6.814 6.629 3.274 4.222 28,95 -1,11 90,69

Lainnya 1.495 1.330 1.069 871 1.338 803 434 -45,97 -6,25 9,31

Total 8.256 8.658 9.347 7.685 7.967 4.077 4.656 14,20 -1,89 100,00

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016JAN-JUNI

Pangsa (%)NILAI: USD JUTA

HS CODE DESKRIPSIPerub (%) Trend (%)

NO

PerkembanganVolume ImporSektorPertanianIndonesia

38Sumber: BPS, 2017 (olah)

2016 2017 2017/2016 2012-2016 2017

1 1001901900 Other wheat, for human consumption 6.011 6.448 7.247 7.245 8.333 4.168 5.294 27,03 8,00 58,22

2 1201009000 Other soya beans, whether or not broken 1.920 1.785 1.966 2.257 2.262 1.312 1.505 14,71 5,78 16,55

3 5201000000 Cotton, not carded/combed. 611 672 705 673 678 352 373 6,22 2,13 4,11

4 4403929010 Pulpwood of beech 68 155 240 459 316 130 275 111,21 51,40 3,03

5 0703209000 Garlic,fresh/chilled, oth than bulbs for propagation 415 440 491 480 444 224 252 12,28 2,26 2,77

6 1005909000 Maize (corn), other than seeds 1.687 3.181 3.249 3.260 1.135 789 207 (73,78) (7,40) 2,28

7 1202200000 Ground nuts, shelled 121 177 159 124 138 73 127 75,75 (0,94) 1,40

8 1801000000 Cocoa beans, whole or broken,raw/roasted 24 31 109 53 61 19 89 375,01 27,40 0,98

9 0703101900 Onions,fresh/chilled,oth.than bulbs for propagation 58 28 70 41 104 46 87 90,38 16,48 0,95

10 0808200000 Pears and quinces, fresh 131 128 86 103 100 31 86 175,24 (7,36) 0,95

11 0808100000 Apples, fresh 184 130 140 84 140 51 73 42,83 (9,35) 0,80

12 0102909000 Live bovine, Other than oxen & buffaloes other than pure-bred breeding animals 16 46 245 196 195 92 71 (22,43) 90,80 0,78

13 0805200000 Mandarin (incl. tangerines & satsumas), & similar citrus hybrids, fresh or dried 179 76 116 82 40 29 60 110,57 (25,52) 0,66

14 1001100000 Durum wheat 212 242 125 164 391 351 52 (85,04) 8,74 0,58

15 0303740000 Mackerel, excl.fillets, livers and roes, frozen 68 78 67 58 56 21 52 151,09 (6,79) 0,57

16 0713319000 Beans (vigna mungo hepper/vigna radiata wilczek), dried, other than for sowing 63 93 83 43 61 32 41 28,28 (7,98) 0,45

17 0810901000 Longans, fresh 119 56 72 45 57 21 34 62,09 (15,63) 0,37

18 0701900000 Potatoes, other than seed , fresh or chilled 47 55 40 38 39 15 33 111,64 (6,98) 0,36

19 0806100000 Grapes, fresh 59 38 51 45 63 24 31 28,32 3,17 0,34

20 0505909000 Other skins and parts of birds; powder and wsate of feather or part of feathers 4 4 1 0 38 16 27 71,98 26,63 0,30

Subtotal 11.999 13.863 15.263 15.454 14.650 7.793 8.769 12,52 5,21 96,44

Lainnya 996 860 754 595 2.386 1.498 324 (78,39) 14,79 3,56

Total 12.996 14.723 16.017 16.049 17.037 9.291 9.093 (2,13) 6,48 100,00

2012 2013 2014HS CODE DESKRIPSI

2015 2016JAN-JUNI

BERAT: RIBU TON

NOPerub (%) Trend (%) Pangsa (%)

• Impor utama produk pertanian berdasarkan volume adalah Gandum dengan pangsa impor mencapai 58,22% padaSemester-I 2017, dengan tren meningkat 8,00% per tahun selama 2012-2016.

• Duapuluh produk impor utama berdasarkan volume memberikan kontribusi 96,44% dari total impor sektor pertanian.