Reporting verbs for statements

He said (to me ) + that

He told me

He answered

He replied

He complained

He agreed

He promised

Reporting verbs for questions

He asked IF/WHY/WHERE He wanted to know He wondered

Reporting verbs for orders

He ordered me to + inf verb He told me to

Reporting verbs for requets, offers, advice,threats, invitations

He asked me to + inf verb He offered He advised He threatened He invited

Changes occuring in reporting clauses of statements and questions

Pronouns :– I > he/she; We> they; you> I, we

Possessives:– My> his, her; our> their,your>my, our

Time references:– today> that day ; in this moment> at that

moment, yesterday> the day before; two days ago > two days before; tomorrow> the next day

Change of thense in reporting clauses of statements and questions

DIRECT STATEMENT REPORTED STATEMENTam/is, are, have/has was/were, hadpresent simple

past simplepresent progressive

past progressivepast simplepresent perfect

past perfectpast progressive

past perfect progressivecan/may/must/will

could/might/had to/wouldam/is/are going to

was/were going to

Word order in the reported clause of statement

HE SAID THAT +Subject + auxiliary+ verb+ object+time reference

Eg. He said: “ At the moment I’m doing a grammar exercise”

He said that HE WAS DOING A GRAMMAR EXERCISE AT THAT MOMENT.

Word order in the reported clause of YES-NO QUESTIONS

HE ASKED IF/WHETHER + SUBJECT+ AUXILIARY+VERB+OBJECT+PREPOSITION+TIME REFERENCE

Eg: He asked: “ who are you going to talk to tomorrow?”

He asked me who I was going to talk to the nest day

Word order in the reported clause of order, invitations, advice, requests etc…

He asked me + to + verb

Can you help me? He asked me to help him