renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
TRANSCRIPT
RENEWABLE
AND
NON RENEWABLE
SOURCES OF ENERGY
REPORT
Prepared By :
Mohamed Mamdouh Mahmoud Abdul Salam
محمد ممدوح محمود عبد السالم
" First Year Student " – " Petroleum Engineering Department "
Section .NO.4
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Sources of Energy
Renewable
Sources
Solar energy
Geothermal energy
Tidal energy
Wave energy
hydroelectric energy
Wind energy
Biomass energy
Non-renewable
Sources
Petroleum
Coal
Nuclear energy
Renewable & Non-renewable sources of Energy
What Is Energy?
Difference Between Renewable and Non-renewable Sources.
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1- Solar Energy
Simple Application: (solar cooker)
A) Renewable Sources Of Energy :
Energy Supplies:
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Solar Electricity Generation (Solar Photovoltaic)
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Advantages
It is the heat energy generated and stored in Earth. The
geothermal energy of the Earth’s crust originates from
the original formation of the planet and from
radioactive decay of materials. Geothermal energy
could be collected through heating water and the taking
the vapor of the heated water to push or to run some
kind of turbines, and then this heated water Is collected
and used in heating buildings. Geothermal energy exists
in places in which the earth's crust is relatively thin.
Geothermal power is considered to be renewable
because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth’s heat content. The
Earth has an internal heat content of 1031joules. There are number of power plants based on
geothermal energy operational in New Zealand and United States of America.
Geothermal Applications is somewhat Complex So it Is out of the scope of my Report, and we
will just content with its Pros and Cons.
A model to demonstrate the process of Getting Electricity From Vapor
2- Geothermal energy
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Disadvantages
advantages
3- Tidal Energy
Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on the spinning
earth, the level of water in the sea rises and falls. If you live near
the sea or ever travel to some place near the sea, try and observe
how the sea-level changes during the day. This phenomenon is
called high and low tides and the difference in sea-levels gives
us tidal energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam
across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine fixed at the
opening of the dam converts tidal energy to electricity. A lot of
coastal countries started to build dams or strong towers with
some kind of technology to harness tidal energy aiming to
decrease the use of fossil fuels.
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Disadvantages.
4- Wave Energy
the kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the
seashore can be trapped in a similar manner(as
explained in Tidal energy) to generate electricity.
The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across
the sea. Wave energy would be available only where
waves are very strong. A wide variety of devices(the
Opposite Figure Shows One of these devices) have been
developed to trap wave energy for rotation of turbine
and production of electricity.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Wave energy is renewable, environment friendly and causes no harm to atmosphere. It can be
harnessed along coastal regions of many countries and can help a country to reduce its
dependence on foreign countries for fuel. Producing wave energy can damage marine
ecosystem and can also be a source of disturbance to private and commercial vessels. and can
also be a source of visual and noise pollution.
5- Hydroelectric Energy
Another traditional source of energy was the kinetic energy of flowing water or the potential
energy of water at a height. Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water
into electricity. Since there are very few water-falls which could be used as a source of potential
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advantages
energy, hydro power plants are associated with dams. In the last century, a large number of
dams were built all over the world ( The High Dam In Egypt Is a good example of using
hydroelectric power or energy).in Egypt the high
dam helps to avoid floods.
Technique OF Generating Hydroelectric
Energy:
high-rise dams are constructed on the river to
obstruct the flow of water and thereby collect
water in larger reservoirs. The water level rises
and in this process the kinetic energy of flowing
water gets transformed into potential energy.
The water from the high level in the dam is
carried through pipes, to the turbine, at the bottom of the dam. Since the water in the reservoir
would be refilled each time it rains (hydro power is a renewable source of energy) or it Could
be refilled also from the river at which it is constructed on. The Opposite figure shows this
technique in a simple way.
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Disadvantages
6- Wind Energy
The kinetic energy of the wind can be used to do work. This
energy was harnessed by windmills in the past to do
mechanical work. For example, in a water-lifting pump, the
rotatory motion of windmill is utilized to lift water from a
well. Today, wind energy is also used to generate electricity.
A windmill essentially consists of a structure similar to a
large electric fan that is erected at some height on a rigid
support. (as shown in figure). To generate electricity, the
rotatory motion of the windmill is used to turn the turbine
of the electric generator. The output of a single windmill is
quite small and cannot be used form commercial purposes.
Therefore, a number of windmills are erected over a large
area, which is known as wind energy farm. The energy
output of each windmill in a farm is coupled together to get electricity on a commercial scale.
Wind Energy Technology
The basic wind energy conversion device is the wind turbine. Although various designs and
configurations exist, these turbines are generally grouped into two types:
Wind Turbines Farm " Generation Of Electricity"
Wind Mill
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Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Vertical-axis wind turbines, in which the axis
of rotation is vertical with respect to the ground
2. Horizontal-axis turbines, in which the axis of
rotation is horizontal with respect to the ground.
Wind Potential
In order for a wind energy system to be feasible
there must be an adequate wind supply. A wind
energy system usually requires an average
annual wind speed of at least 15 km/h. The
following table represents a guideline of
different wind speeds and their potential in
producing electricity.
A wind generator will produce lesser power in summer than in winter at the same wind speed
as air has lower density in summer than in winter. Similarly, a wind generator will produce
lesser power in higher altitudes - as air pressure as well as density is lower -than at lower
altitudes. The wind speed is the most important factor influencing the amount of energy a
wind turbine can produce. Increasing wind velocity increases the amount of air passing the
rotor, which increases the output of the wind system.
the two main types of wind turbines
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7- Biomass Energy
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various human and natural
activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including
the by-products from the wood industry, agricultural
crops, raw material from the forest, household wastes etc.
You must also be familiar with the use of cow-dung cakes
as a fuel. Since these fuels are plant and animal products,
the source of these fuels is said to be bio-mass.
Biomass Energy Techniques
Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow-dung, human waste or any kind of
biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of
60% methane with rest mainly carbon-di-oxide. Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting.
By-product is usable as high-grade manure.
A typical biogas plant has the following
components:
1. A digester in which the slurry (dung
mixed with water) is fermented.
2. an inlet tank - for mixing the feed and
letting it into the digester.
3. gas tank/dome in which the generated
gas is collected.
4. outlet tank to remove the spent slurry.
5. distribution pipeline(s) to transport the
gas into the kitchen.
6. manure pit, where the spent slurry is stored.
Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure
are derived. Thus the biogas plants are the cheap sources of energy in rural areas.
(This Method might be the most common way of getting energy in the Egyptian Countryside).
(The slurry left behind is removed periodically and used as excellent manure, rich in nitrogen
and phosphorous. The large-scale utilization of bio-waste and sewage material provides a safe
and efficient method of waste-disposal besides supplying energy and manure).
The large-scale utilization of bio-waste and sewage material provides a safe and efficient
method of waste-disposal besides supplying energy and manure, so this method is an excellent
energy source.
Biogas Plant
Schematic diagram of a bio-gas plant
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Advantages
1- Fossil Fuels ( liquid oil + Natural Gas + Coal )
The exploitation of coal as a source of energy made the industrial revolution possible.
Increasing industrialization has led to a better quality of life all over the world. It has also
caused the global demand for energy to grow at a tremendous rate. The growing demand for
energy was largely met by the fossil fuels – coal and petroleum. Our technologies were also
developed for using these energy sources. But these fuels were formed over millions of years
ago and there are only limited reserves. The fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy,
so we need to conserve them. If we were to continue consuming these sources at such alarming
rates, we would soon run out of energy! In order to avoid this, alternate sources of energy were
explored. But we continue to be largely dependent on fossil fuels for most of our energy
requirements (as shown in the Pie- chart)
(The Technique of getting fossil Fuels out from the bottom of the earth is
somewhat complex and it is difficult to be illustrated in our simple report)
B) Non-Renewable Sources Of Energy :
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
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Disadvantages
2- Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is generated In a process called nuclear fission, the nucleus of a heavy atom
(such as uranium, plutonium or thorium), when bombarded with low-energy neutrons, can be
split apart into lighter nuclei. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released if
the mass of the original nucleus is just a little more than the sum of the masses of the individual
products. The fission of an atom of uranium, for example, produces 10 million times the energy
produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal. In a nuclear reactor designed for
electric power generation, such nuclear ‘fuel’ can be part of a self-sustaining fission chain
reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate. The released energy can be used to produce
steam and further generate electricity.
Nuclear Power Source
Nuclear energy is used to produce electricity. Heat generated from the splitting of uranium
atoms in a process known as fission is used to produce steam. This steam in turn powers
turbines, which are used to produce the electricity that supplies the surrounding community.
Nuclear Power Station inside a nuclear power station
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Energy and Environment
Cyclones, storm, hurricanes are occurring more frequently and floods and draughts are more
intense than before. This increase in extreme weather events cannot be explained away
as random events. This trend toward more powerful storms and hotter, longer dry
periods is predicted by computer models. Warmer temperatures mean greater evaporation,
and a warmer atmosphere is able to hold more moisture and hence there is more water aloft
that can fall as precipitation. Similarly, dry regions are prone to lose still more moisture if the
weather is hotter and hence this leads to more severe droughts and desertification. Higher
temperatures are expected to expand the range of some dangerous diseases, such as
malaria, which already kills 1 million people annually, most of them children. All this
changes are caused by the over using of energy resources.