renaissance the re-birth of classical culture the re-birth of classical culture the birth of a new...

47
Renaissance Renaissance The re-birth of The re-birth of classical culture classical culture The birth of a NEW The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness spirit of self awareness Sense of relief after a Sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century disastrous 14th century Artistic achievement Artistic achievement

Upload: christine-hamilton

Post on 12-Jan-2016

228 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

RenaissanceRenaissanceThe re-birth of classical The re-birth of classical culture culture The birth of a NEW spirit of The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness self awareness Sense of relief after a Sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century disastrous 14th century Artistic achievement Artistic achievement

Page 2: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Time Frame Time Frame 1350-15501350-1550

Three distinct phases: Three distinct phases: Phase 1:Phase 1: 1350-1400: Started in Italy 1350-1400: Started in Italy

– Declining populationDeclining population– Rediscovery of classical knowledge Rediscovery of classical knowledge – (Late Middle Ages)(Late Middle Ages)

Phase 2:Phase 2: 1400-1500 - Spreads to Northern Europe 1400-1500 - Spreads to Northern Europe– Artistic / literary achievementsArtistic / literary achievements– Population recovered, Population recovered, – Govt. stabilized Govt. stabilized

Phase 3:Phase 3: 1500-1550: - The Rest of Europe 1500-1550: - The Rest of Europe– French and Spanish Invasions spread the RenaissanceFrench and Spanish Invasions spread the Renaissance

Page 3: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Rise of Italian City-StatesRise of Italian City-States

The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) and the Great Schism left no Empire) and the Great Schism left no unifying force in Italy unifying force in Italy

Page 4: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

The GuildsThe Guilds

Guilds and powerful families took Guilds and powerful families took over regional governments:over regional governments:– Mediterranean trade enriched guild Mediterranean trade enriched guild

members and merchant families members and merchant families – HRE provided a vast market for HRE provided a vast market for

manufactured goods of the Italian guilds manufactured goods of the Italian guilds (Commenda)(Commenda)

– City-states had enough agriculture to City-states had enough agriculture to sustain their populations sustain their populations

Page 5: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Italian PoliticsItalian Politics

Competition between city-states – Competition between city-states – Italy remained dividedItaly remained divided– Weaker States would ally against Weaker States would ally against

stronger Statesstronger States

Page 6: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of
Page 7: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Five Powers of Italy:Five Powers of Italy:

Papal States: Rome. Politics Papal States: Rome. Politics dominated by the Pope and a dominated by the Pope and a collection of powerful families. collection of powerful families.

Page 8: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

FlorenceFlorence Republic on paper, but came under the control of Republic on paper, but came under the control of

the Medici faction. the Medici faction. - Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and - Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and silk) and finance silk) and finance - Established bank branches throughout Europe - Established bank branches throughout Europe - External conflicts led to a financial crisis - External conflicts led to a financial crisis

Page 9: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Major Players in FlorenceMajor Players in Florence

- Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) - Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) financed govt. and took control financed govt. and took control - Lorenzo the Magnificent - Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492: patron of the (1449-1492: patron of the Arts, glorification of Florence Arts, glorification of Florence

- - Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola (1452- (1452-1498) – theocracy in Florence 1498) – theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted French 1494-98; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake states); burned at the stake

Page 10: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Milan:Milan:

Located just south of the Alps, Milan Located just south of the Alps, Milan provided manufactured goods to the provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE French and HRE

- Dominated for much of their - Dominated for much of their history by the House of Visconti and history by the House of Visconti and fear of Germanic invasion fear of Germanic invasion

- The House of Sforza took over - The House of Sforza took over during da Vinci’s stay in Milan during da Vinci’s stay in Milan

Page 11: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

NaplesNaples

Hereditary monarchy. Eventually Hereditary monarchy. Eventually taken over by Spanish after 1435taken over by Spanish after 1435

Page 12: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

VeniceVenice Key to their success was their role in Key to their success was their role in

Mediterranean trade. Mediterranean trade. - Maritime power - Maritime power - Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds - Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds people (hereditary elite) people (hereditary elite) - Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire - Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire that allowed them exclusive trade rights that allowed them exclusive trade rights - Government controlled trade, ensured - Government controlled trade, ensured profitability profitability

  Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods, Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods,

capital resources and cultural innovations. capital resources and cultural innovations.

Page 13: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Decline of the City-StatesDecline of the City-States(What happened to Italy)(What happened to Italy)

Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one another another - Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy - Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy - Massive mistrust developed - Massive mistrust developed

Rise of the Ottoman Turks Rise of the Ottoman Turks - Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened - Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened Eastern Europe Eastern Europe - Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States - Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States relied on relied on

Wars of Italy (1494-1529) Wars of Italy (1494-1529) - Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) - Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) - Venetians allied with Spain / HRE - Venetians allied with Spain / HRE

Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Italy

Page 14: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Italian Renaissance Ideas. . . Italian Renaissance Ideas. . . The HumanistsThe Humanists

Humanism: reaction to a worldview Humanism: reaction to a worldview that was centered on the church that was centered on the church doctrinedoctrine

- - Secular outlook, Secular outlook,

- Emphasis on human - Emphasis on human achievement achievement

Page 15: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Pico de MirandolaPico de Mirandola

Belief in no limits to human Belief in no limits to human accomplishment accomplishment

Studied and taught “humanities” – Studied and taught “humanities” – liberal artsliberal arts

His writings set the standard for other His writings set the standard for other HumanistsHumanists

Page 16: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Civic HumanismCivic Humanism

Leon Battista AlbertiLeon Battista Alberti: : On the On the FamilyFamily (1443), looked at newly (1443), looked at newly emerging civic virtuesemerging civic virtues

Baldesar CastiglioneBaldesar Castiglione: : – The CourtierThe Courtier (1528), etiquette book for (1528), etiquette book for

the elite seeking power and influence, the elite seeking power and influence, advocated the moralistic and traditional advocated the moralistic and traditional exercise of powerexercise of power

Page 17: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Machiavelli Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united

and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out.  and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out.  Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The

ends justifies the means.” ends justifies the means.”

- Impact:- Impact:1. Mix of Classical and Renaissance worlds1. Mix of Classical and Renaissance worlds2. Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained 2. Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained

powerpower3. Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt-3. Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt-

- Removed divine authority - Removed divine authority 4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific 4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific

methodologymethodology- Key idea was Machiavelli’s association of the Prince and Key idea was Machiavelli’s association of the Prince and

peoples interest as the samepeoples interest as the same- A virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and A virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and

maintained powermaintained power- Any action that increased a Prince’s virtue was good, thus Any action that increased a Prince’s virtue was good, thus

power became an end that justified any meanspower became an end that justified any means

Page 18: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Humanists and classical Humanists and classical studiesstudies Byzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influentialByzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influential

- Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new - Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new educational standardseducational standards

Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and thinkthink

Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage – Provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church Provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church

intellectual tradition- Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine intellectual tradition- Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine (tax exemption of the church) (tax exemption of the church)

Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular worldApplied their ideas to spiritual / secular world- Petarch: “father of Humanism” – Cicero- Petarch: “father of Humanism” – Cicero- Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals- Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals- Alberti- Applied humanist ideals to a number of fields- - Alberti- Applied humanist ideals to a number of fields-

art, architecture, education reform, engineering etc. . .art, architecture, education reform, engineering etc. . .

Page 19: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Physical ArtsPhysical Arts Art represented a combination of individual talent and important Art represented a combination of individual talent and important

social ideals social ideals - Leading edge of society - Leading edge of society - Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality - Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality

- Driven by societal demands - Driven by societal demands - Civic architecture - govt. - Civic architecture - govt. - Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals - Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals

(prestige) (prestige) - Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill - Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) who produced it craftsmen (practical) who produced it   -Based on fear of death -Based on fear of death  -Destruction, sadness, horror -Destruction, sadness, horror                        

  Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: – ArchitectureArchitecture– SculptureSculpture– Painting Painting

- Most artists worked in all three mediums - Most artists worked in all three mediums

Page 20: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

ArchitectureArchitecture

Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings increased one's fame and prestige) increased one's fame and prestige)

   Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches,

vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses. buttresses. - Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power - Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of God. and might of God.

Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features -Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical -Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture architecture

- Florence Cathedral - Florence Cathedral

Page 21: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Florence CathedralFlorence Cathedral

Page 22: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Saint Peter's Basilica: Saint Peter's Basilica:

Begun by Bramante, finished by MichelangeloBegun by Bramante, finished by Michelangelo

Page 23: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

SculptureSculpture

- Donatello: created a sense of - Donatello: created a sense of reality, especially in the robes and reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects clothes of his subjects

Page 24: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

St. MarkSt. Mark

Page 25: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Michelangelo Michelangelo PietaPieta: sculpture of the Madonna, new representation: sculpture of the Madonna, new representation

Page 26: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Michelangelo Michelangelo DavidDavid:: mix of classical sculpture and Renaissance style mix of classical sculpture and Renaissance style

Page 27: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Painting Painting

Page 28: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

MasaccioMasaccio His frescoes are the earliest His frescoes are the earliest

monuments of Humanism monuments of Humanism – Used light and shading to create Used light and shading to create

perspectiveperspective– Increased the display of human emotion Increased the display of human emotion

Page 29: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

The Expulsion of The Expulsion of Adam and EveAdam and Eve (1425) (1425)

Page 30: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

- - The Holy TrinityThe Holy Trinity (1425)(1425)

Page 31: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Piero Della Francesca Piero Della Francesca

- - The ResurrectionThe Resurrection (1463) - (1463) - displayed technical innovations displayed technical innovations

Page 32: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

- Botticelli: - Botticelli: –Famous for classical themes Famous for classical themes and bright colors and bright colors

Page 33: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

The Birth of Venus (1478)The Birth of Venus (1478)

Page 34: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

SpringSpring  (1478)(1478)

Page 35: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci Great master famous for Great master famous for

observation of detail and observation of detail and use ofuse of perspective perspective

Page 36: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

The Last SupperThe Last Supper (1495-98)(1495-98)

Page 37: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

La GiocondaLa Gioconda (Mona (Mona Lisa)Lisa)

Page 38: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel portrays a narrative of the Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel portrays a narrative of the Christian creation mythChristian creation myth

Page 39: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

MusicMusic Renaissance Music, Art and LiteratureRenaissance Music, Art and Literature 1.  Music1.  Music --Polyphonic music begins in churchPolyphonic music begins in church

-Catholic music remains chant based-Catholic music remains chant based-Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and -Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and words in vernacularwords in vernacular

2.  Instruments 2.  Instruments -Violin-Violin-Lyre-Lyre-Harpsichord-Harpsichord

Renaissance Music Example #1Renaissance Music Example #1

Renaissance Music Example #2Renaissance Music Example #2

Renaissance Music Example #3Renaissance Music Example #3

Page 40: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

LiteratureLiterature

-Machiavelli: -Machiavelli: The Prince The Prince -Castiglione: -Castiglione: The CourtierThe Courtier-Erasmus: -Erasmus: In praise of Folly In praise of Folly -Cervantes: -Cervantes: Don QuixoteDon Quixote-Thomas Moore: -Thomas Moore: UtopiaUtopia

Page 41: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance spread to other European the Renaissance spread to other European States. States.

Variations-Variations-– Christian Humanism:Christian Humanism: emphasis on early emphasis on early

church writings for answers to improve societychurch writings for answers to improve society – Mysticism:Mysticism: belief in personal relationship with belief in personal relationship with

GodGod

Page 42: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus

(Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536) (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536)

– – In Praise of FollyIn Praise of Folly

-- MMost famous intellectual of his ost famous intellectual of his timestimes  criticized the church: criticized the church:

““Erasmus lay the egg that Luther Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”hatched”

Page 43: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Thomas MoreThomas More

(1478-1536) – (1478-1536) –

UtopiaUtopia – creates ideal society on an – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice order people have to sacrifice individual rightsindividual rights

Page 44: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

Northern Renaissance ArtNorthern Renaissance Art

Low Countries produced especially Low Countries produced especially important artistsimportant artists

Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck – Flemish painter, – Flemish painter, detailed realistic worksdetailed realistic works

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer (1471-1528) (1471-1528) German – foremost northern German – foremost northern Renaissance artist.Renaissance artist.

Page 45: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of
Page 46: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

DurerDurer

Page 47: Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of

This is not Renaissance Art. . This is not Renaissance Art. . This where you can stop. .This where you can stop. .