Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance and ReformationBy: Ailah May ParinasYunjin LeePanumas PrayuetdamSahasawas Yap

Renaissance and Italy

Humanism

Influence of the Renaissance

The Protestant Reformation

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Aftermath of the Reformation

1Renaissance and Italy

INTRODUCTIONA Renaissance person is someone who is knowledgeable in many things.

The Renaissance was a knowledge revolution.

14th to 16th century

Il Risorgimento in Italian, means rebirth or reawakening.

Considered as a time when people were worldly and materialistic.

This era was the debut of the modern world.

We will answer the following questions:

How the Renaissance improved the world

Why Italy gave birth to the Renaissance

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How did the Renaissance improve the world?The Renaissance ended the Dark Ages and opened a more progressive era in Europe.

People changed their focus from religion and blind faith to humanism and personal interests.

Why Italy gave birth to the RenaissanceRenaissance began in the Southern Italian city states.

Italian city states (Venice, Florence, Genoa etc.) were full of newly rich merchants and bankers by the East-West trade.

They became patrons of the arts and letters to show off their wealth.

Italians were the ancient Romans in blood and language.

Universities in Italy had law and medicine. It helped prepare Italy for the Renaissance.

The intellectual atmosphere in the city-states of Italy was freer than in the cities of other European countries.

Valuable translations were found in the Islamic centers in Italy. La convivencia (living together) provided a different approach in life.

2Humanism

INTRODUCTIONBegan in the Italian city-states.

Humanism is the interest in human values and achievements, and the appreciation of classical Greek and Roman culture.

Does not reject Christianity but rejects the idea that religion is the most important interest.

They turned to human interests. It extolled the glories of man, not the spiritual glories of God.

An unexamined life is not worth living.

We will answer the following questions:

Who popularized and spread humanism in Europe

The profound influence of humanism

Who popularized and spread humanism in EuropeAll rich and famous people became humanists, even popes.

Pope Pius II, a patron of humanism and a humanist scholar, was elected to the papacy.

Most famous of the Italian humanists were Lorenzo, Francesco, Giovanni and Niccolo.

Pope Pius II

Lorenzo de Medici (1449-92)Lorenzo il Magnifico was a diplomat, politician and patron of the arts.

Founded the Laurentian Library in France

Two of his sons became powerful popes

The Medicis were the ruling family of Florence, where the Renaissance first flourished.

Had good relations with the Ottoman sultan.

After his death, the center of the Renaissance moved to Rome.

Lorenzo de Medici

Francesco Petrarch (1304-74)Father of Humanism, best known humanist

Devoted his life to literature and classical studies.

Pioneered in writing romantic sonnets to a women he loved (Laura).

Romantic sonnets were risky because it had never been done before.

Soon, others like Shakespeare, Spencer and Milton wrote love sonnets, too.

Francesco Petratch and Laura

Giovanni Boccacio (1313-75)The Storyteller

Illegitimate son of a a rich Florentine merchant and a French noblewoman.

Became a friend of Petrarch, who inspired him.

Best known work was the Demaceron (Ten Nights)

This book consists of 100 stories recounted on 10 nights by 10 young men and women who fled Florence during a plague.

Boccacio

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)Spent his youth in troubled times because Italy was then the battleground of the French and Spanish monarchs.

Studied the governments of other nations and foreign monarchs.

Best work was The Prince. (in honor of Lorenzo)

The book changed political philosophy and modern political science.

According to him, it was alright for a leader to be ruthless. To be successful, he must be cunning, cruel and dishonest to gain his power.

Today, an unscrupulous politician is called Machiavellian.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)His writings were in various languages and spread humanism.

For his humanist achievements, he was given high honors by King Henry VII, Popes Julius II and Leo X.

Best known work is In Praise of Folly.

The book ridiculed the follies of society and the Church. It contributed to the Protestant Reformation.

Erasmus

Thomas More (1428-1535)Popularized humanism in England

Greatest work was Utopia.

The book was a story of an ideal socialist state without the Church.

Chancellor of England, encouraged he studies of the humanities at Oxford.

He was made a Catholic saint because he disapproved of the Kings divorce.

Thomas More

Francis Bacon (1561-1623)Greatest of all Renaissance philosophers.

Lord Chancellor of England

His works are Novum Organum and The Advancement of Learning.

Main contribution to knowledge was the reintroduction of the Greek inductive method of thinking.

Believed that direct observation of nature was key to knowledge and not doctrines of faith.

Francis Bacon

Influence Of HumanismHumanist Education

Changed schools curriculum by giving more emphasis to the study of humanities, rather than theology.

The Renaissance Man and Woman

Renaissance education stressed the ideal of a well-rounded or universal man.

The Courtier, the book portrayed a perfect gentleman with the combined qualities of a warrior, a scholar, and knowledgeable in art, poetry and music.

Example of a Renaissance man and woman is Dr. Jose Rizal and Isabelle dEste.

Rise Of Libraries

The humanities movement inspired people to build libraries.

Some Renaissance libraries still exists, such as the Laurentian in Florence.

Renaissance Art and Architecture

3 greatest painters were the Italians, starting with Leonardo de Vinci.

Two famous paintings were The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo Buonarotti is considered as the most famous sculptor.

Statue of David was one of his masterpieces in sculpture and his greatest sculptural work is La Pieta, a touching scene after the crucifixion.

Commissioned by the pope to paint his private castles Sistine Chapel.

Raphael, the youngest, was the greatest painter of the Renaissance. Called the perfect painter.

Masterpiece was Sistine Madonna. Was considered the greatest painting.

Renaissance architecture replaced the Gothic style with Romanesque rounded arches and the Hellenic columns.

Mona Lisa and the Last Supper by Leonardo de Vinci

Artworks of MichelangeloThe Sistine ChapelDavidLa Pieta

Artwork of RaphaelSistine Madonna

Architecture

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Renaissance Music

Introduced the written notes for songs.

Started a new era in music.

First Lady of The RenaissanceIsabella dEsteIsabella was the wife of Francesco Gonzago, Duke of Mantua. He had gone to war and left his wife in charge of their Italian city-state. She was called la prima donna del mondo (first lady of the world) because of her wisdom and political skill.

She was a daughter of a noble family, developed a love of poetry. She also learned the female skills of singing, dancing, playing the flute and embroidery.

While raising her 9 children, she devoted herself into making Mantua a center of Renaissance culture.

Was a generous patron but strict. You can paint anything you like, a long as it is not ugly, because if it is, you will have to paint it again at your own expence.

When her husband was captured in war, Isabella helped win his release.

Proved that she understood art, politics, love, war and raising children.

She was a versatile Renaissance person.

Isabella DEsteby: Leonardo Da Vinci

3Influence of the Renaissance

How the Renaissance improved lifeGadgets

The compass, invented by the Chinese was used by European mariners. Enabled them to sail without getting lost.

Astrolabe of the Arabs enabled mariners to find their position at sea.

Chinese gunpowder was used in a way that the Chinese never intended. Thousands were killed and shot during the Hundred Years War.

Feudalism and knights vanished.

Artillery Cannons

Paper from pulp fibers

Greatest Invention of the RenaissanceThe greatest invention was the movable block printing. (from China)

Johann Gutenberg reinvented painting for the Europeans.

First book printed was the Gutenberg Bible.

It caused an explosion of knowledge.

Effect of the RenaissanceIt shifted the balance of power from the East to the West.

Enriched world civilization in the arts, philosophy, literature and education.

Inspired the freedom of individuals, to not simply accept that everything is the will of God.

Contributed to geographical and maritime discoveries.

Fostered the growth of patriotism thus empowering kingdoms that later became world empires. (Spain, Portugal, England and France)

Paved the way for religious freedom through the Reformation.

4The Protestant Reformation

We will answer the following questions:

Why the Reformation transformed the church, the state, and the world How the Roman Church was weakened How the Bible became central to the reformation of Christianity Who led the Reformation How the Reformation improved the world

Why the Reformation transformed the church, the state, and the world

The Reformation was a Triple Transformation

It was a triple transformation for the church, the state and the world.

It was a religious declaration of independence by Martin Luther.

It gave political opportunity for kings to gain freedom from the control of the Church

It was a spiritual awakening that reformed the Church

How the Roman Church was weakenedBoth the Renaissance and the Reformation came between a period of the decline of the society.

It had been weakened by many factors:The Black PlagueFailure of the CrusadesPolitical unrestEconomic troublesAbuses and scandals within the Church itselfGreat Schism that led to 2 popes

The Black DeathThe terrifying plague caused death to break out everywhere the sun goes.

The Black Plague came across Asia, as people fled on ships across the Mediterranean from the Mongol invasions. Hundreds of thousands died because nobody knew a cure.

It wiped out about one-third of the people in Europe, millions of lives. Europe did not fully recover for over 100 years.

Another Great Schism in the Catholic ChurchDuring the social and economic troubles, the leadership of the Church weakened. Monarchs and reformers challenged its authority.

In 1294, King Philip IV of France kidnapped the pope over a dispute on taxes. He caused a French pope to be elected. The new pope moved the papacy to Avignon. The French King made a puppet of the popes.

In 1378, two popes were elected in the Church, one in Avignon, and another in Rome. Another Great Schism split the Church. The church council settled the crisis in 1417 when they persuaded the French king to accept the new Italian pope in Rome.

The Church image was tarnished forever. Many Christians were shocked at the spectacle of two popes.

The Church also lost its political supremacy. In England, the king declared he would no longer pay anything to the popes.

Forerunners of ReformationThere were many critics who denounced the evils in the Church.

These evils included:The vast wealth and luxury of the ChurchThe sale of Church offices to unworthy prelatesThe scandalous immoralities and extravagance of the clergy.Church doctrines which were contrary to Christs teachings.

How the Bible became central to the Reformation of ChristianityMany reformers prepared the way for Reformation, but they died before they could see their vindication.

Jon Wycliffe advocated the use of the Bible as the sole guide to mans salvation. He translated the Latin Bible into English for the benefit of the common people, but did not see it printed. He was burned at the stake.

William Tyndale printed a widely circulated Bible translation. For this illegal act, he was condemned. He was also burned at the stake.

Jan Hus preached the ideas of Wycliffe in his area and he too, was burned at the stake.

A century later King James Bible was published. It was based on Tyndale and Wycliffes work. It took Christianity into the New World of America.

SavonarolaItalian Dominican monk of Florence

Denounced the corruption of society and the luxury of the clergy and nobles.

He drove away the ruling Medici family and established the Republic Of Florence.

Shortly afterwards, the people lost faith in his puritanical teachings.

Hanged as a heretic in 1498.

Who led the ReformationLuther, the Most Successful ReformerThe Protestant revolution succeeded through a German Augustinian monk named Martin Luther (1483-1546).

He was spiritually troubled and began to doubt the Churchs teaching on salvation.

He claimed that the authority of the Bible and a persons conscience outweighed the authority of any church.

Sola Scriptura, sola gracia, (Only the Bible, only grace) was his slogan.

Luther and other devout priests were deeply offended by the abuses and corruption in the Catholic Church. Their lifestyles had become extravagant and immoral.

Luther was most bothered by the sale of indulgences of the Church.

An indulgence promises a soul to reduce time in purgatory or go straight to heaven. They grant indulgence in exchange for a pious deed or a sum of money.

Rumors came to Luther that John Tetzel, was going around selling indulgences to the people and promising forgiveness of their sins by encouraging them to throw coins to into the offering.

On October 31, 1517, Luther went to the door of his church in Wittenberg and nailed 95 pieces of paper attacking the selling of indulgences.

His 95 theses attracted public attention and he was now at war with Rome.

Alarmed, Pope Leo X issued a papal order for Luther to recant his ideas, or be excommunicated. He burned the order to the cheers of a large crowd in Wittenberg.

In August 1520, he issued a pamphlet urging the German nobles to stop all payment to Rome and take over the Church.

In the second pamphlet, he called for a return to the bible and a personal relationship with God.

Luthers Defiance of the Pope and EmperorPope Leo X excommunicated Luther. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I of Spain, faced the difficult task of arresting and executing Luther.

But he dreaded war with the powerful nobles and tried a peaceful settlement first.

Luther was protected by one hundred German nobles and knights and he agreed to appear before the Emperor and the Catholic scholars at the parliament.

Emperor Charles offered Luther one last chance to recant his ideas but Luther refused and stood firm.

He was proclaimed a heretic and an outlaw. To protect Luther, some knights placed him under the protection of Frederick the Wise, the noble in Saxony.

He is remembered as the founder of the Lutheran denomination and the Father of Protestant Reformation.

The Peasants WarThe poor peasants took advantage of the Protestant cause to revolt against their feudal lords. They killed nobles and priests, and destroyed and looted churches and castles.

The revolt was easily suppressed by the feudal lords.

50,000 lives lost

Catholics blamed Luther because they claimed it was his teaching that inspired the peasants to revolt.

The Spread of Protestant IdeasBy Luthers death, about half of the Holy Roman Empire adopted the new Christian faith.

The German princes supported Luther because they was their independence from the pope.

When the emperor forced the German prince to remain loyal to the pope, they protested. Thus they became known as Protestants.

The Swiss cantons were split on the question of religion and civil war broke out. Zwingli headed the Swiss Protestant forces that attacked the Catholic cantons.

He lost and was killed in battle.

The tradition of Swiss guards as personal bodyguards of the Pope today comes from this era.

PresbyterianismA Swiss reformer, John Calvin, fled from religious persecution in France.

He settled in Geneva and established a union of church and state to reform the previous corrupt society.

Preached a new doctrine of predestination, each person before his birth has been predestined to live either within or outside the grace of God.

John Knox, a disciple of Calvin carried Calvin to Scotland where it became knows as Presbyterianism.

5Catholic Counter-Reformation

The movement to reform the Catholic Church and fight the Protestants became the Catholic Reformation, Catholic-Counter Reformation.

To stop the loss of members, the papacy and its advisers took action:

The Council of TrentThe InquisitionThe Society of JesusThe exploration of overseas lands to convert new members

The Council of Trent (1545-63)Because of this new meeting, the Catholic Church ended many abuses that Luther and other Protestant reformers had criticized.

Among the decisions were:It recognized the Roman pope as the infallible head of the Church.It condemned the Protestant claim that the Bible is the only guide to mans salvation.Reaffirmed the validity of the sacraments, the veneration of saints and other Catholic dogmas.Prescribed high standards of conduct for the clergy.Authorized the pope to publish the index list of books forbidden for Catholics to read.

The InquisitionThe violent persecution of suspected heretics by the Catholic Church.

Called inquisition because it was a secret trial of suspected heretics who were arrested and punished with torture.

It was activated during the Reformation to suppress heresy. It committed many atrocious acts such as the burning at the stake.

The Protestants were also guilty of these.

The Society of JesusIgnatius Loyola founded the religious order of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), priests that brought reforms within the Catholic Church itself.

Combined spirituality with military discipline.

Jesuit priests vowed complete obedience to the pope.

Became the new crusaders

Persuaded and forced Protestants to come back to the Catholic Church.

Travelled to new lands and won many new converts.

Exerted great influence in politics by acting as advisers and father confessors to kings and queens.

Catholics Begin the Greatest Missionary Venture in HistoryTo replace the souls they lost to the Protestants, they began the greatest missionary ventureto bring the Gospel to the ends of the earth.

Succeeded in winning millions of new converts

They travelled with exploration ship to faraway lands in Asia.

The Protestants had won the battles of the Reformation but the Catholics won the war for souls.

Today, Roman Catholic is the largest denomination of Christianity.

Differences between the Catholics and the ProtestantsCatholicsProtestantsUnited under one supreme head, the Pope.Different independent church dominations such as Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians, etc.One hierarchy, liturgy and doctrine.Sects are national or local, with different leaders and doctrines.Does not allow their clergy to marry.Pastors can marry and have families.Accepts the papa authority, the monastic system, veneration of relics and saints.Only accepts some of them.Believe that the Pope and tradition supplement the bible.Believes in the bible alone.

6Aftermath of the Reformation

Results of the ReformationEnded the absolute power of the Church over European kings.Introduced the idea of religious freedom.New Christian branches were founded, Lutherans Calvinists and Presbyterians.Encouraged the Age Of Exploration to spread Christianity to the ends of the earth.Started a spiritual revival in Christianity.Improved Christianity by exposing the abuses of the clergy, wrong doctrines and the need for personal salvation.Destroyed the unity of the West. Europe is divided into Catholic Europe and Protestant Europe until today.Religious divisions ignited bitter wars in Europe.

The Age of Religious Wars (1547-1648)Bloody armed conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants.

Lasted for almost a century.

The Protestants won.

The Protestants won their independence from the Pope and their respective kings, and the right to determine their own religion.

THEEND!