renaissance and reformation

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1300-1600 Renaissance and Reformation

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Renaissance and Reformation

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Page 1: Renaissance and reformation

1300-1600

Renaissance and Reformation

Page 2: Renaissance and reformation

What was the Renaissance?

“Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in the 1300’s

Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability, decline of church power

Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society

So what was it?A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideasB. New social system developing in Europe (middle

class)C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and RomeD. Explored human experienceE. Emphasis on individual abilityF. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly, viewpoint Renaissance Man- person capable of many

achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician)

Page 3: Renaissance and reformation

Renaissance begins in Italy

Renaissance began in Italy Italy was made up of many

small, powerful city-states- Venice, Florence, Milan

Why Italy?A. Center of old Roman Empire,

close to classic civilizationsB. Catholic Church and wealthy

merchants were patrons (supporters) of the arts

C. Center of trade with other regions1. provided wealth,2. exchange of ideas3. urban trading cities4. center of banking

Page 4: Renaissance and reformation

Italian City- States

City- states grew wealthy because of trade during Crusades City- states controlled by wealthy

merchants, families City- states competed to display wealth Families had political, economic control

Medici family of Florence powerful family during Renaissance Supporters of the arts (patrons) Powerful banking family, controlled the

flow of money across Europe Medici wealth and influence transformed

Florence

Page 5: Renaissance and reformation

Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Key intellectual movement- HumanismA. Study of classical culture- Greece, RomeB. Focus on worldly subjects, not religionC. Focus on human potentialEducation- stimulate creative powers, create

great citizensHumanist schools model for education in

Europe until 20th century.

Page 6: Renaissance and reformation

Art and Architecture

I. Artists imitate nature, importance of human, individual

II. Realist painting, sculptureIII. Used perspective to create

realist art (looked 3D)IV. Used new oil paintsV. Studied human figure Da Vinci, Michelangelo,

Raphael- famous painters, sculptors

Architecture adopted columns, arches, domes of Greeks and Romans

Page 7: Renaissance and reformation

Vernacular Literature

Vernacular- language of own region (English, Spanish, German, etc.)

Many writers wrote in their own language

Before all scholarly work in Latin

Famous Renaissance writers Dante- Divine Comedy

(Italian)Chaucer- Canterbury

Tales (English)

Page 8: Renaissance and reformation

Italian Writers

Literature developed to help ambitious men and women achieve

Book of the Courtier- Castiglione (1528)

Described ideal noble1. Not made, but born2. Needed skill as a warrior3. Expected to have well rounded education,

enrich life with the arts4. Certain standards of conductNiccolo Machiavelli- The Prince

(1513)Political guidebookHow to acquire and keep powerEnds justify the means

Page 9: Renaissance and reformation

Renaissance in Northern Europe

Economic, social recovery happened during 1400’s

Began Belgium (Flanders), northern France, Netherlands, in urban areas that were involved in the cloth trade

Renaissance developed its own character

Invention of printing press 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible using

moveable type printing pressA. Many copies of books could be printed

quicklyB. Books easier, cheaper to produce, more

people gained access to knowledge, ideas

C. Rise in Literacy across EuropeD. Published new discoveries 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe

Page 10: Renaissance and reformation

Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers

Artists studied under Italian masters, copied technique

Northern European rulers purchased paintings, hired Italian artists and architects

Many Northern European artists went to Italy to study and copy techniques

More interested in realism, details of everyday life

Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck well known Northern Renaissance artists

Durer known for his engraving

Page 11: Renaissance and reformation

Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel

Page 12: Renaissance and reformation

Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers

Humanist writers promoted education and classical learning bring religious,

spiritual reform Used reason to improve themselves Appealed to growing middle class in cities Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular)

called “Christian Humanism”

Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek Doubts about organized churchChristianity should show people how to live good

lives, not provide system of beliefsPraise of Folly criticized abuses of church

Page 13: Renaissance and reformation

Northern Renaissance in England

Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of England supported development of art and literature

Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes ideal society

William Shakespeare- English playwright in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s

Plays, poems express themes in everyday universal settings

Renaissance ideals of individual human flaws appear in plays

Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words appear for first time in plays

Page 14: Renaissance and reformation

Protestant Reformation

Page 15: Renaissance and reformation

Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)

Causes of the ReformationA. Rise of wealth based economy

Merchants resented paying taxes to the Church, king jealous of Church wealth

B. Declining power of church Leaders had become corrupt

C. Kings becoming more powerful and challenged Church authority

D. Questions about supremacy of church raised by Christian Humanists (Erasmus)

Society was changing and people were searching for answers

Page 16: Renaissance and reformation

Church Abuses

Catholic Church caught up in secular affairsTo finance church they raised fees on

marriage and baptism Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for

money

Page 17: Renaissance and reformation

Early Revolts Against Church

Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked Catholic Church, called for changes Said Bible supreme to pope Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution

Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect

Page 18: Renaissance and reformation

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (German, Catholic monk) protests against church led to Reformation

1517-Luther became upset a local priest, Johann Tetzel, selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany

Indulgences guaranteed person and dead relatives place in heaven

Outraged Luther, posted 95 Theses on Church in Wittenberg, Germany (maybe)

Page 19: Renaissance and reformation

95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs

1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for salvation

Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed for salvation

2. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope3. All people could have direct relationship

with GodCopies of 95 Theses printed and distributed

across Europe

Page 20: Renaissance and reformation

Reaction to Luther

Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)

Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to take back what he said (Diet of Worms)

Luther refused and declared an outlaw Luther supporters accepted his teachings May German princes renounced authority of pope

Page 21: Renaissance and reformation

Luther’s Teachings

A. All people direct relationship with God

B. Bible needed to be translated into vernacular

C. Banned indulgencesD. Simplified mass, emphasis on

sermonE. Permitted clergy to marry1530’s followers called Protestants, Lutherans

Page 22: Renaissance and reformation
Page 23: Renaissance and reformation

Princes and Peasants

German princes supported Luther:1. Independence from Church, HRE2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory3. Keep money in territory Poor support Luther’s message:1. Equality, social change2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authorityPeace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to

decide which religion to follow in their landsNorthern Germany- ProtestantSouthern Germany- Catholic

Page 25: Renaissance and reformation

English Reformation

1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas

English had called for reform in Church

Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife, wanted male heir

Pope would not annul (cancel) marriage

Henry and Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had Parliament pass laws to take control of Church

Page 26: Renaissance and reformation

English Reformation

1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England (Anglican Church)

Burned Catholics for heresy1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and

wealthGave land to noblesChurch not radical- kept many Catholic forms

of worship, used English Bible

Page 27: Renaissance and reformation

English Reformation

1547 Henry diesSon Edward VI

becomes kingPasses laws that

strengthen Protestant Church

Book of Common Prayer required in all church services

Page 28: Renaissance and reformation

English Reformation

Mary Tudor, Edwards sister, queen after Edward dies

Mary was Catholic, had many Protestants killed for heresy

1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen, decided future of Anglican Church

Established compromise between Catholic and Protestant Church, ended decades of religious turmoil (Elizabethan Compromise)

Page 29: Renaissance and reformation
Page 30: Renaissance and reformation

The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)

Reformation caused many smaller groups to break away from Catholic Church

1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli Stressed importance of Bible, simplified

elaborate church ritual John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland

Idea of predestination (God already decided who went to heaven)

Ideas known as Calvinism 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland,

known as Presbyterians 1541- Calvinists established

theocracy in Geneva Followers had strict rules Seen as model Christian community

Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)

Page 31: Renaissance and reformation

New Religious Groups

Other sects had radical ideas

Anabaptists 1. rejected infant baptism 2. Communities shared

everything 3. religious tolerance4. Separation of church

and state5. Refused military service

Persecuted by Catholic and Protestant groups

Page 32: Renaissance and reformation

Catholic Counter Reformation

New religious order Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola

A. Defended and spread Catholic faith

B. Set up schoolsC. Spread Catholicism to

Africa, Asia, AmericasBy 1600 Protestant

religions had gained a foothold across Europe, church abuses reduced

Page 33: Renaissance and reformation

Catholic Counter Reformation

Most Europeans remained Catholic 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end

corruption of Catholic Church Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years) Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible penalties for corruption among clergy educated clergy Indulgences were valid

Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe

Page 34: Renaissance and reformation

Legacies of the Reformation

1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe

2. Different religions persecuted those that were different

3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop (Chapter 6)

4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Chapter 6)

5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe1. Could not live in Spanish colonies2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands