relocation and dislocation. internal migration migration that occurs within a country’s borders....
TRANSCRIPT
Internal Migration
• Migration that occurs within a country’s borders.
Examples/Reasons for internal vs. international:same language, familiar cultural aspects,
shorter distances traveled
INTERNAL MIGRATIONS
Two Types:
1.Intraregional
2.Interregional
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/u-s-migration-flows/
Intraregional Migration• Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved
within one geographic realm (region) of a country
• Current examples: – Rural to urban: • increases with development, ¾ of core countries
population in urban areas– Urban to suburban: • lifestyle changes (babies)
– Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: • called counter-urbanization, increased technology
allows people to work outside of the city
Interregional Migrations
• Current USA examples:– Movement North to South, and East to West
• Net migration (immigrants-emigrants) Figures as of 2007– South-(+1,419,000)– Northeast-(-915,000)– Midwest-(-533,000)– West-(+29,000)
– refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States
– Rural to urban areas to find work
Interregional Migration-people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a countryFrom South
Interregional Migrations
Current World examples: To Brazil’s interior:
Brasilia to North in Italy, and
North to South in the UK for Jobs
Islands of development are cities with foreign investment and jobs
West African coast European colonies in SE
Asia attracted Chinese
External Migration
• Movement across country borders– Also called International migration
• Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country– Subtracts from total population
• Immigrant: one who migrates into a country– Adds to total population
Global Migration Patterns
• From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more-developed Stage 4 countries
• 3 largest migration flows– Asia to Europe– Asia to North America– Latin America to North America
• Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Oceania (more people moving in)
• Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa (more people moving out)
US Immigration Patterns
• Three main waves1. Colonial America: 1607-1840
1. European settlement- 2 million, mostly British2. African slaves – 800, 000
US Immigration Patterns2. 19th century (1840-1910) 3 European Peaks
1. 1840s and 1850s:-Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
2. 1880s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany,
Norway, Sweden)3. 1900-1910:
-Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) ]
US Immigration Patterns
3. Second-half of 20th century (1950-2008)
Less developed regions
1. Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador
2. Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam
Immigration Policies
• USA Quota Laws– Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of
1910 population– Immigration Act of 1965• 1968: Hemisphere quotas• 1978: Global Quotas• Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than
7% from each country– Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented,
refugees
Immigration Policies
• Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery
• Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa– Example: 750,000 Turks employed in Germany
• Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia
What about refugees?
• UN definition–A person who has well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group.
• UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide
• Is this accurate?
What about refugees?UN definitions
• International refugees:
– Those who have crossed one or more international borders and are encamped in a country other than their own
• Intranational refugees:
– Those who have abandoned their homes but not their homeland
It is difficult to identify refugees.
• No mention of natural/enviromental disaster• UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary
migrants before granting asylum. • Three general characteristics, individual or aggregate
(collectively):– Most refugees move without any more tangible property
than they can carry or transport with them.– Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle,
wagon, or open boat.– Refugees move without the official documents that
accompany channeled migrations.
Regions of Dislocation
• Sub-Saharan Africa– Several of the world’s
largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21st century -8 million “official” refugees
– Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Sudan
– Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda
Other regions of dislocation…
• North Africa and Southwest Asia– Israel and the displaced Arab
populations that surround it– Exhibits qualities that are
likely to generate additional refugee flow in the future
– The Kurdish population following the Gulf War (1991)
– Taliban rule in Afghanistan– Afghanistan after the Soviet
invasion during the 1980s
Regions of dislocation continued…
• South Asia
– Pakistan accommodated forced emigrants from Afghanistan
– Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka
Regions of dislocation continued…
• Southeast Asia– 1979-“Boat people” who fled
communist rule in Vietnam (2 million). Settled in developed countries-US, Canada, UK, France
– In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated the region’s largest refugee flow
– Today--largest number of refugees come from Myanmar (Burma). Ethnic Rohingya fleeing refugee camps and persecution.