First grading topic hand outs

I. THE FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH

Did you know that??????? “Rabbi” means TEACHER, “Talitha Koum” means “LITTLE GIRL, GET UP”,“Eli Eli lema sabachthani” means “MY GOD, MY GOD, WHY HAVE YOU FORSAKEN ME?” and “Ephata” means “OPEN”

AD means ANNO DOMINI and not After Death. And the english translation of it is “YEAR OF THE LORD”. B.C means before Christ. C.E means Christian era or common era

There are 73 books in the Bible which is inspired and authentic. 46 came from Old Testament (Genesis to Malachi) which is group into Pentateuch, Historical, Wisdom and Prophetic Books, then 27 books are written in the New Testament (Matthew to Revelation) which is group into Gospel, Acts of the Apostles, Letters and Revelation.

There are hundreds or thousands of religion and sects exist here in on earth but there is only ONE CHURCH founded by God, the Catholic church. This church is FOUNDED AND INSPIRED by Jesus Christ, a true God and a true man (because he is the word who become flesh in accordance in John 1:1ff) that’s why Jesus is the capstone of the church. He found the church in 33 A.D while he entrusted this church to St. Peter as he gave the key of heaven (not a literal key but a permission from God). Through this event St. Peter became the first pope of the Catholic Church. The name Peter means “ROCK” as it written in Matthew 16:17-18

when Jesus Christ reach 33 years old he began his public ministry. The starting point of this ministry is when he was baptized by John the Baptist.

The real name of Jesus is actually Yeshua. Jesus was actually a translation of the name Yeshua, but whatever is His name whether Jesus or Yeshua, what is most important is he incarnate to save us from slavery of sin.

the foundation of the church is in 33 A.D as it written above, but the BIRTH of the church is the PENTECOST, when the HOLY SPIRIT descent to the Apostles (Holy Spirit was sent by the Father and the Risen Christ as sign of the beginning of the growth of the church). This was narrates in the Bible at the Acts of the Apostle. In Pentecost event apostles wait for the Holy Spirit in order for them to have strenght to preach the good news.

The Catholic Church has 4 MARKS/QUALITIES namely ONE, HOLY, CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC. It is ONE because it is united to 1 God (in 3 person; mystery of the Holy Trinity), it is one family, one community and 1 mystical body of Christ. It is HOLY because the founder of the church is Holy and Divine and He is calling us to be Holy also. It is CATHOLIC because the word Catholic means “UNIVERSAL”, this proves that church is for all, sinners or non-sinners, poor, outcast and/or for rich believers, it is for everybody. It is APOSTOLIC because the apostles where the one guided by the Holy Spirit and sent by Jesus to proclaim the good News to the world and our faith was led because of the apostles.

Mother Teresa of Calcutta the founder of Missionaies of Charity was an Albegian and her real name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She first join the Loretos sister before he founded the Missionaries of Charity

St. Paul is called “Apostles to the Gentles” because he preach the good news not not only to the Jews but also to the gentiles (the term for non-Jewish people). His real name is Saul but it was changed to Paul after his convertion which began on his way to Damascus. Before he became a Christian he first persecute Christians.

the first martyr is St. Stephen he was stoned to death because of his faith.

the council and tribunal of the Jewish people is Sanhedrin it is headed by the High Priestother religion believes in Sola Scriptura (Bible Alone) but the Catholic Church believes that the deposit of faith is from the Bible and the Oral Tradition (Not written in the Bible but source of faith, it is the next event that it is not happened in the bible stories but happened in Christian Era Stories it is proven by John 21:25)

II. THE SPREAD OF THE CHURCH The names of the twelve apostles are:

1. Simon Peter (brother of Andrew) - He was active in bringing people to Jesus - Bible writer, the first pope and the laeder of the 12

2. James (son of Zebedee and older brother of John)  also called "James the Greater" - Bible writer, son of thunder3. John (son of Zebedee and brother of James) - Bible writer , son of thunder, the last apostle died, the beloved.4. Andrew (brother of Simon Peter) - He was active in bringing people to Jesus. The first apostle5. Philip of Bethsaida – friend of Nathaniel, he called by Jesus in words of “follow me” and he follows.6. Bartholomew (Nathaniel) - He was one of the disciples to whom Jesus appeared at the Sea of Tiberias after His resurrection.

He was also a witness of the Ascension. "Israelite...incapable of deceit."7. Thomas (Didymus), twin “the doubting Thomas”8. Matthew (Levi) of Capernaum. A tax collector. 9. James (son of Alphaeus) also called "James the Lesser" - Bible writer10. Simon the Zealot (the Canaanite)11. Thaddaeus-Judas (Lebbaeus), brother of James the Lesser and brother of Matthew (Levi) of Capernaum.12. Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.

(Matias) – Replace Judas Iscariote. He is being selected thru election

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pentecost the BIRTH of the church when the HOLY SPIRIT descent to the Apostles Holy Spirit was sent by the Father and the Risen Christ as sign of the beginning of the growth of the church)This was narrates in the Bible at the Acts of the Apostle. In Pentecost event apostles wait for the Holy Spirit in order for them to have strength to preach the good news.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit Gift of the Spirit The gift of fortitude brings to those who have it a dauntless spirit of resolution, firmness of mind, and indomitable will to persevere with a quiet faith in God’s providence that overcomes all obstacles. It also brings courage to persist in the practice of virtue despite trials, illness, persecution or external failure. A Catholic who becomes fervent in God’s service will soon be condemned by the world, but the gift of fortitude will sustain him as he walks toward the Cross.

WisdomThe gift of wisdom leads the soul of those who have it to see things from God’s perspective. Wisdom is fullness of knowledge through affinity for the divine, as when a person comes to know Christ’s Passion through suffering. It is also love, which inspires contemplative reflection on what we believe and directs the mind to judge according to its precepts. The gift of wisdom supplements the virtue of faith and shields us against folly.           The virtue of charity is part of wisdom; it inspires contemplative reflection on the divine mysteries, enjoys thinking about them, and directs the mind to judge all things according to their right principles.           Wisdom is distinct from faith. Faith is assent to the defined articles of Catholic belief. Wisdom goes farther to a certain divine penetration of these truths. Wisdom is first and highest among the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.  Wisdom is also one of the Five Intellectual Virtues.                                                                                                             UnderstandingThe gift of understanding gives to the mind of those who have it a charisma for apprehending Christ’s public revelation easily and profoundly.                      More specifically, the gift of understanding helps those who have it penetrate to the heart of revealed truth even when they do not fully understand its entire meaning. It gives great confidence in the revealed word of God and leads those who have it to reach true conclusions from revealed principles.                            Understanding is greater than faith. Faith is assent to the defined articles of Catholic teaching. Understanding goes farther because it gives insight into these defined articles of belief. The gift of wisdom exceeds the gift of understanding in that it shows us God’s perspective.  Understanding is also one of the Five Intellectual Virtues.             Counsel   The gift of counsel perfects in those who have it the virtue of prudence. It enables them to judge promptly and rightly, as by supernatural intuition, what should be done in difficult situations. It primarily enhances one’s own prudent conduct, and only secondarily that of others.         The Holy Spirit speaks to the heart through the gift of counsel and shows those who have it what to do. Christ gave His followers a gift like counsel when He told them, Mt 10:19 “When they deliver you up, do not be anxious how you are to speak or what you are to say; for what you are to say will be given to you in that hour; for it is not you who speak, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.”      Fortitude   (Cardinal Virtue)       The virtue of fortitude, or courage, is firmness of spirit, steadiness of will in doing good despite obstacles in the performance of our daily duty. It suppresses inordinate fear and curbs recklessness. Because fortitude also moderates rashness, it is the special virtue of pioneers in any field.Fortitude is the obverse of temperance. Where temperance limits inordinate desire for major pleasures such as food and drink or the marital act, fortitude limits inordinate rashness and fear in the face of major pain that threatens to unbalance human nature.Fortitude is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues; the others are prudence, justice, and temperance.                 Knowledge      The gift of knowledge perfects the virtue of faith. It enables those who have it to judge the whole spectrum of creatures and objects from a supernatural viewpoint. Through infused knowledge the faithful can see God’s providence in whatever enters their lives and put creatures to the right use.         The gift of knowledge is often called “the science of the saints” because it enables those who have it to swiftly discern between the impulses of temptation and the inspirations of grace.                 Piety The gift of piety perfects the virtue of justice toward God. It infuses an instinctive love for God and devotion to those who are consecrated to God. Piety arises from the Holy Spirit’s supernatural communication, rather than from effort or acquired habit.        The gift of piety enables those who have it to see God as a loving Father. St. Paul told us, Rom 8:14 “All who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God. For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the spirit of sonship. When we cry, ’Abba! Father!’ it is the Spirit himself bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God.” The gift of piety also infuses in those who have it an affectionate obedience to God because they love Him so much.             

Fear of the LordThe gift of fear of the Lord confirms in those who have it the virtue of hope and infuses profound respect for God’s glory and selfless love for God. It protects from sin through dread of offending God.      This gift has nothing to do with servility or fear of punishment. We express fear of the Lord in a perfect Act of Contrition. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peter were with John and JamesThey preached in the Jerusalem __________________________________________________________________________________________________St. StephenThe first Christian Martyr He was arrested and denounced by the highest court of Jews, the SanhedrinStoned to death _________________________________________________________________________________________________St. Paul Also known as SAUL OF TARSUSStudent of GamalielPersecute Christians before he was convertedHis conversion begins on His to Damascus

St. Paul is called “APOSTLES TO THE GENTILES”

Council of Jerusalem The first council of Christians and/or Catholic ChurchArose, because of the issue of CIRCUMCISION Jews believes that faith must stay to the JewsBut Paul fought that FAITH must be preached to all mankind. Later, Peter agreed to Paul.

Paul missionary journeys Paul had 3 missionary Journeys

III. THE CHURCH LEADERS AND THE SYSTEM AUTHORITY

Church

• Comes from the Greek word “ekklesia”, meaning “assembly”.

• In Latin, ecclesia;

• In Spanish, Iglesias;

• In English, church;

• In Filipino, simbahan o sambayanan.

World head

Diocese head

Local Parish

The Hierarchy of the Church

THE EARLY HEADS

Saint Peter is the first Bishop or the First Pope of the Church

His successors becomes the next head of the Church

IV. PERSECUTION OF EARLY CHURCH

REASON OF PERSECUTIONChristian doctrines absolute rejection to Roman gods for there is only ONE-TRUE-GOD and that is the Christian God

Romans worship the following GodJupiterHe was the master of the gods and the main god of the Romans. In his hand he held thunderbolts which he could hurl from the sky.JunoShe was the wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women and fertility. Her symbols were a pomegranate and a peacock. MarsHe was the god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god, except for JupiterVenusShe was the goddess of love and beauty. MinervaShe was the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industry. Her symbol was the owl.NeptuneHe was the powerful god of the sea. His symbol was the trident. CeresShe was the goddess of the harvest, always depicted carrying a bundle of grain.VulcanHe was the blacksmith of the gods and a god of the underworld. If he stroked his Furness too hard volcanoes might erupt. He was the god of blacksmiths and volcanoes. DianaShe was the goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moon.BacchusHe was the god of wine and partying. Naturally, he was one of Rome's most popular gods. MercuryHe was the messenger of the gods. the wings on his helmet and sandals allowed him to travel very quickly to wherever a god might send him. He was the god of travellers and tradesmenVestaShe was the goddess of the hearth and home. She was very important to Romans. In her temple a flame was always kept burning as in the 'hearth of Rome' the flame should never go out

Christians (Catholic Church) worshipGOD – The Holy Trinity (Santisima Trinidad)

The 10 major / Premitive persecution of the early church1. Persecution under Nero (c. 64-68). Traditional martyrdoms of Peter and Paul.- Burning of city Rome- While the imperial city was in flames, he went up to the tower of Macaenas, played upon his harp, sung the song of the

burning of Troy, and openly declared that 'he wished the ruin of all things before his death.

POPE

BISHOPSPRIEST

SLAITY

CHRIST

- sewed up in skins of wild beasts, and then worried by dogs until they expired; and others dressed in shirts made stiff with wax, fixed to axletrees, and set on fire in his gardens, in order to illuminate them.

2. Persecution under Domitian (r. 81-96).- first slew his brother- Among the numerous martyrs that suffered during this persecution was Simeon, bishop of Jerusalem, who was crucified; and

St. John, who was boiled in oil, and afterward banished to Patmos. Flavia, the daughter of a Roman senator, was likewise banished to Pontus; and a law was made, "That no Christian, once brought before the tribunal, should be exempted from punishment without renouncing his religion."

3. Persecution under Trajan (112-117). Christianity is outlawed but Christians are not sought out.

- Ignatius – devoured by Beast- Crucifixion – done by His successor Adrian - Adrian dying A.D. 138, was succeeded by Antoninus Pius, one of the most amiable monarchs that ever reigned, and who

stayed the persecutions against the Christians.

4. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180).- Polycarp, the venerable bishop of Smyrna, burnt in the market place.- Some of the martyrs were obliged to pass, with their already wounded feet, over thorns, nails, sharp shells, etc. upon their

points, others were scourged until their sinews and veins lay bare, and after suffering the most excruciating tortures that could be devised, they were destroyed by the most terrible deaths.

5. Persecution under Septimus Severus (202-210). Martyrdom of Perpetua.

The persecutions now extending to Africa, many were martyred in that quarter of the globe; the most particular of whom we shall mention.Cecilia, The lady was placed naked in a scalding bath, and having continued there a considerable time, her head was struck off with a sword, A.D. 222.

6. The Sixth Persecution, Under Maximus, A.D. 235 a Christian minister, thrown into the Tyber; Martina, a noble and beautiful virgin; and Hippolitus, a Christian prelate, tied to a

wild horse, and dragged until he expired. During this persecution, raised by Maximinus, numberless Christians were slain without trial, and buried indiscriminately in

heaps, sometimes fifty or sixty being cast into a pit together, without the least decency.

7. Persecution under Decius (250-251). Christians are actively sought out by requiring public sacrifice. Could buy certificates (libelli) instead of sacrificing. Martyrdoms of bishops of Rome, Jerusalem and Antioch.

Julian, a native of Cilicia, as we are informed by St. Chrysostom, was seized upon for being a Christian. He was put into a leather bag, together with a number of serpents and scorpions, and in that condition thrown into the sea.

8. Persecution under Valerian (257-59). Martyrdoms of Cyprian of Carthage and Sixtus II of Rome.

Began under Valerian, in the month of April, 257, and continued for three years and six months.

Persecuted Christian were burn and beheaded

9. Persecution under Aurelian (r. 270–275).

The principal sufferers were: Felix, bishop of Rome. This prelate was advanced to the Roman see in 274. He was the first martyr to Aurelian's petulancy, being beheaded on the twenty- second of December, in the same year.

10. Severe persecution under Diocletian and Galerius (303-324).

Destruction of churches and books of Christian

Christian houses are being set on fire and Christians were tied a stone/rock in their neck then throw into sea

scourges, swords, daggers, crosses, poison, and famine

Constantine the Great

Son Helen or Elena

Conqueror of Italy and Africa

Had a vision of Christ

Won 312 bottles attributed to Christian God

Declared to the whole Rome that Christianity is the main and only religion and he stops pagan worshipped

He puts cross on the shield of his soldier

V. THE RISE OF MONASTICISM

People who live alone are:

MONK = MALENUN = FEMALE

What does the monk mean? It means “alone”

How did they lived?

They lived in simplicity. No worldly possessions. They spent so much time in praying. They don’t have wife.

Anthony of Egypt Father of monasticism.

Pochomius Founder a monastery and builder of monks rule.

Basil the great Lived in the desert Left the desert and became Bishop of Caesarea Benedict Founder of Benedictine monks and congregationFamous for his dedication for Divine OfficeFather of Western Monasticism

Monks Skills – writing or copying books by hand writing Ora et labora They lived according to what Christ life and example. Strictly no wordly, materlialistic, corrupt life.

VI. WORSHIP, FAITH, AND LIFE IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Faith Faith simply believes with GodFaith is a gift from the Lord

Dimension of FAITHCreed – Head level – what we believeCode – Heart level - how we liveCult – Hand level – how we worship

Comparison of characteristic of faith of today and the early church.1. Total and absolute

- the faith of early church and today’s faith is both total and absolute for it is both believe in God2. Trinitarian - in the beginning early church does yet known. 3. Informed and communitarian - today and early faith are both communitarian. 4. Love, mature, missionary - “the man without love has known nothing of God, for God is love” (1 Jn 4:8).The faith of early church and today is both bound with love, it is maturing and it travels through time and place 5. Inculturated- Faith is share to everyone, family and friends and through very nation

Mass = formerly called the Last Supper was celebrated by in the late afternoon by the first Christians after which a regular meal followed.

= second century: Celebrated in Sunday Morning

: consist of prayers and recited by the community followed by kiss of peace

: President receives bread and wine, gives thanks with a long prayer and consumed by present people

: Special occasion with readings of the prophets and memoirs of the apostles, and homily by the president

//////

Pagans practice accept by early Christians

1. Use of kiss as a sign of reverence for holy objects, 2. devotion to relics3. use of candles, incense, and other ceremonial features

MIDDLE AGES: Christ is present both body and blood under the form of bread and wine. This defines by the word TRANSUBSTANTIATION. Biblical Based:

Early Dogma: Divinity of Jesus (Jesus is the Messiah, Son of God, Savior and Lord)

Dogma = official teaching of the church

Christ’s divinity is shown over and over again in the New Testament. For example, in John 5:18 we are told that Jesus’ opponents sought to kill him because he "called God his Father, making himself equal with God."

In John 8:58, when quizzed about how he has special knowledge of Abraham, Jesus replies, "Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I Am"—invoking and applying to himself the personal name of God—"I Am" (Ex. 3:14). His audience understood exactly what he was claiming about himself. "So they took up stones to throw at him; but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple" (John 8:59).

In John 20:28, Thomas falls at Jesus’ feet, exclaiming, "My Lord and my God!" (Greek: Ho Kurios mou kai ho Theos mou—literally, "The Lord of me and the God of me!")

John 1- In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God

HYPOSTATIC UNION - Jesus is both God and Human

Heresy means teaching against the very teaching, life and deeds of our Lord Jesus Christ and the church he built.

ARIANISM HERESY: “Jesus is not GOD; he is just the WORD, created by God. God was absolutely one, the only begotten, the only eternal, the true, the only one who had immortality, the only wise, the only good, the only potentate…. He did not share these prerogatives with anyone, not even with the WORD”

Clergy (priest) - married, raised family and earned livelihood through profession.

Vow of celibacy – presbyter becomes the image of holiness and through this western churches pattern that their priest must separate himself to sexual intercourse. This law was first passed at the local synod of Elvira, Spain and later taken up by Pope Siricius who enforced the clerical celibacy.

But before this law exist monastic life already practice such thing.

VII. THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE PAPACY OutlineThe Papacy1. Papal Trivia2. Who is the pope?3. Origins of the papacy and Powers of the Pope4. Powers of the Pope5. The College of Cardinals6. How A Papal Conclave Works7. Some list of Popes

A. Papal TriviaQuestion :

How many popes has the Church had in her history?Answer:Pope Francis I was the 266th pope in the history of the Church.Question :How old was the pope who lived the longest?Answer:Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) was the longest reigning pope, with the possible exception of Peter. He died in 1903 at the age of 93.Question :How long has it been since a pope was chosen who was not a bishop or even a priest?Answer:Giovanni di Lorenzo de'Medici (Pope Leo X) was a deacon when he was chosen in 1513.

///////B. Who is the pope?

1. Who is the pope? The word “pope” comes from the Latin “papa” – a child’s word meaning “father”. The title “pope” is a familiar and unofficial one – this word does not actually appear in Canon Law or official documents of

Church governance. His official titles include: “Supreme Pontiff” or Pontifex Maximus Bishop of Rome Vicar of Jesus Christ Servant of the Servants of God Successor of the Prince of the Apostles

C. Origins of the papacy and Powers of the Pope

Origins of the Papacy Double apostolicity of Rome Peter’s first successors: Linus, Anacletus, Clement Clement (~90) and early Church writings 313 – Decree of Milan (Christianity becomes legal) 380 – Christianity is official religion of Rome Pope Leo the Great (Council of Chalcedon 451) Political authority during the Middle Ages First Vatican Council (1870) – dogma of papal infallibility 1929 – Lateran treaty establishes Vatican City State

It all begins with St. Peter --- “You, Peter, are the Rock upon which I will build my Church”

12 apostles• Jesus had Twelve Disciples• Simon Peter, however, was the leader among the disciples• After the Resurrection, the Disciples acknowledged that role by accepting him as the leader of the new Christian communityPeter in Rome• Its not known when Peter went to Rome• He was not the founder of the Church there• But he was martyred there during Nero’s persecution c. 68• From that point on the Bishop of Rome had a certain importance compared to other bishops• But he was not the most important nor did he have authority over other bishops

PatriarchsBy the fourth century, there were five Patriarchs in the Christian Church:• Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, Constantinople•Each was equal to the others

• With the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, the Bishops of Rome took over much of the authority once held by the Roman government

• Gradually, they became not just religious leaders, but political leaders in Italy

Strong power of Popes begun with the attacks of different tribes to Rome such as: a. Franks on the lower Rhineb. Alemani in southern Germanyc. Vandals in Ailesiad. Visigoths in the Ukraine and southern Russia- Goths massacre Emperor Valens and his Forces. The downfall of Western Rome.- Catholics are again persecuted

Clovis married with Catholic princess Clotilda and later has been converted.- Clovis raised popes in a royal rank. He called council of Gallic bishops resulted into unity of one faith and one kingdom then

conquered the whole Gaul (France)

The. term pope was applied to every bishop

In the late Middle Ages the word pope was exclusively used for the bishop of Rome. Then it began that the Bishop of Rome will be the supreme Christian Leader and all other Christian were submitted to him. This is known as the PAPAL PRIMACY

PAPAL PRIMACY

1. Rome becomes the capital of all religious and political leadership.2. Rome will be attributed to St. Peter and St. Paul3. The pope of Rome and His successor could cite MATTHEW 16:18-19 – (Jesus founding of church through Peter)

Pope becomes powerful even in political matters.

///////Few of the influential Popes are :

1. Pope Leo the great The first pope to claim authority over the entire Church. Papal Primacy Wrote “Leo’s Tome” which argued against the Monophysite heresy Persuaded Attila the Hun not to attack the city of Rome Negotiations also with the Vandals to prevent burning of Rome First pope to take the title “Pontifex Maximus” Where he was born? - Leo was probably born in Rome. What he did? - He worked in a church and leaders looked to him for advice and explanation of the faith. Why did he settle fights? - He was often sent to settle fights between leaders. People wanted a new pope. Why he helped people? - He helped the church out. Leo worked against people who said bad things about God. Why he was sent to pleases? - He got sent to Africa as a minister for those who had been captured. When he died ? - He lived for 61 years and died in Italy in November 10. No one knows how he died.

2. Pope Galetius I- He declared that priestly power is above the kingly power. - No appeals against his decisions- In secular matter, church will be submitted to Emperor, but in morals and faith Emperors will be submitted to Popes3. Pope Gregory the great - Son of Roman official- Sell all his possession and become Benedictine monk.- Used his own money to rebuild Rome and support the poor there- He is appointed as ambassador of royal court in Constantinople by Pope Pelagius II- Ruled Rome as governor before and after becoming pope- Rome experience chaos, floods, food shortage, plaques and the attack of Lombard’s. This times Pope Pelagius and the monks

feed the hungry, care the sick and bury the dead. Because of this the pope died - Pelagius I was succeeded by Gregory. He prevented Lombard’s, continue Pope Pelagius II works and empower the whole

Italy- He called people for renew commitment of faith.- Sent missionaries to England and Germany- Organized the Gregorian chants and wrote prayers for the Mass that are still used- Author of Gregorian calendar

Pope Leo I and Pope Gregory I are the only two popes in the history of the Catholic Church to be given the titles of “The Great”Pope had the power of infallibility. In terms of Faith and morals he cannot be mistaken.

Donation of Pepin (756)• Pepin was King of the Franks and the most powerful monarch in Europe in the mid 9th century• After defeating the Lombards who threatened Italy, he donated the land he conquered to the papacy This “donation” forms

the basis of the Papal States• The popes will rule the Papal States as a monarch from 756 until 1870

Coronation of Charlemagne• Charlemagne = “Charles the Great”• Son of Pepin • On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned him the first Holy Roman Emperor

Importance: the pope is saying that he has the authority to decide who shall rule the nations of Europe

Problems and Decline• As the popes became more powerful, both religiously and politically, there was more competition to become pope• By the late 9th century, several families in Rome sought to control the papacy because of the power and wealth that it could

bring to their families• By the mid 10th century the pope had become so corrupt that the Holy Roman Emperor deposed him and chose a new pope• For the next 100 years the HRE’s will appoint the popes

Reform

• Pope Leo IX (appointed by HRE Henry III) begins reforms of the papacy• Pope Nicholas II in 1059 solves the problem of how popes should be selected by deciding that in the future the pope will be

elected by the cardinals in a procedure called a conclave

Innocent III ruled at the height of the power of the Medieval popes He was able to control the monarchs of Europe, called the Fourth Lateran Council to rule on Church practices and the

sacraments and approved the foundation of the Dominican and Franciscan religious orders

By the 12th century, the pope: Was the undisputed head of the Church in the West (the Roman Catholic Church) Was elected by the college of cardinals and was usually a cardinal himself Ruled as political ruler over the Papal States (central Italy) from his palace of the Lateran in Rome Pope had the power of infallibility. In terms of Faith and morals he cannot be mistaken.

/////D. The College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals Cardinals are appointed by the Pope as advisors (in a similar way that the president appoints a cabinet) Since 1059, the College of Cardinals elects the pope Canon Law now requires that a man be a priest or bishop to be named Cardinal, and non-bishops must be immediately

ordained The College of Cardinals governs the Church during an interregnum period Cardinals under the age of 80 can take part in a papal conclave – the size of this body is limited to 120. Right now, there are

117 cardinals out of a total of 209 that are under the age of 80. The United States has 11 cardinal electors, second only to Italy’s 28 Cardinal DiNardo was named cardinal in 2007, the first cardinal named to the American South. At the age of 65, he is the

youngest of the American cardinals. Other American cardinals:

Archbishops: Dolan (NY), George (CHI), Mahoney (LA), O’Malley (BOS), Rigali (PHI), Wuerl (DC) Roman Curia: Burke, Harvey, Levada, O’Brien

E. How A Papal Conclave WorksHow a Papal Conclave Works

Cardinal electors locked in Sistine Chapel – no communications access 2 votes each morning and evening (4/day) - votes are hand-written and placed in urns (oath taken) Votes counted (three appointed cardinals) and verified (three others). Ballots are threaded and then burned after being

saturated with chemicals (black smoke = no pope; white smoke = pope) 2/3 consensus required for a pope to be elected, runoff if conclave continues past 12 days “Habemus papem!”\

F. Some list of the Popes1.Francis I (2013-Present) – Pope of many first. 2. Benedict XVI (2005-2013) - The pope of aesthetics “The Green Pope” “The enforcer”

3. Saint John Paul II (1978-2005) 4. John Paul I (1978) -

5. Venerable Paul VI (1963-1978) 6. Saint John XXIII (1958-1963)

7. Venerable Pius XII (1939-1958) 8. Pius XI (1922-1939)

//////9. Benedict XV (1914-1922) 10. Saint Pius X (1903-1914) -

11. Leo XIII (1878-1903) 12. Pope Leo I /Leo the great – Pope of Peacemaker

13. Pope Gelatius I 14. Pope Gregory I/the Great

14. Pope Innocent III 15. Pope St. Peter the Apostles

VIII. MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE CHURCH

A time comes where the wealth and power of church did not jibe with Christ teachings required in the New Testament.

In 12th Century Mendicant Orders

Mendicants means “people who live through begging”

They were determine to live in Apostolic Poverty (poverty of the 12 apostles)

FRANCISCANS

St. Francis of Assisi

- First monk to live poverty. - He embraced the rotting leper, exchange clothes of beggar and gave everything he had except the dark robe tied at the waist

with a Rope

- He preached the Gospel and work barefoot.- He rejoiced everything around Him and treat everything as brother and sister. - He receive an stigmata (wounds of Christ) before he died- After his death arose the Orders of Friars Minor (lesser brothers) the Franciscans.- Clare inspired by Francis and founded the Clares or Poor Clare

DOMINICANS

St. Dominic

- He was impressed by the Albegensians Heretics , convert them and get them back to Christian faith - He founded the Dominicans order - They are known as Order of Preachers adopting the Franciscans poverty.