Religion & Reform Chapter 8

A Religious Awakening Section 1

1. What was the Second Great Awakening? -  Early 1800s

-  50 years long

-  Preachers – US is immoral – revive importance of religion

-  Revivalists – preachers

-  Reawaken religious feelings = social reforms

-  Revivals – meetings with food, music

-  Charles Grandison Finney – proclaimed his faith -  Evangelical style of preaching – strong emotions = converted

hundreds

-  Try to perfect society – millennialism – US to lead world for a millennium after second coming of Jesus

1. What was the Second Great Awakening? -  Debate between Church & State

-  Church leaders wanted government to observe the Christian Sabbath

-  One day a week to observe a day of rest – everything should be closed

-  Preachers invited African Americans -  Some established their own groups

-  African Methodist Church

-  For slaves, religion = freedom in the end

2. What new groups emerge? -  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

-  Mormons – grew rapidly

-  Joseph Smith – founder

-  Unitarians -  God is a single divine being – liberal group

3. What types of discrimination occur? -  Mormons – some disagreed with them

-  More than 1 wife

-  Economically powerful group – held land as group not individual

-  Voted as a group

-  People didn’t like this power – pushed away from others

-  Joseph Smith – going to run for President in 1844 -  Outrage – he was killed

-  Brigham Young – Smith’s successor -  Led them to present day Utah

3. What types of discrimination occur? -  Roman Catholics

-  Incompatible with US ideals

-  Show loyalty to Pope not President

-  Poor group (IR) – work for little pay – hurt others pay

-  Jews -  New England – banned form office – not Christian

4. What is a Utopian Society? -  Perfect society

-  Share property, labor & family life

-  Groups moved away to start one

-  New Harmony, Indiana (2yrs) & Brook Farm, Mass. (6yrs) -  Most communities – short lived

-  Shakers – successful -  Focused on high quality crafts, farm produce

5. What were transcendentalists? Their ideas? -  Believed people could transcend, go beyond their

senses to learn about the world -  Listen to nature & conscience not religion

-  Ralph Waldo Emerson – leading believer -  Met regularly with group

-  Wanted to develop rich spiritual life

-  Henry David Thoreau -  Jailed for not paying taxes – felt they were immoral

-  Person must break the law if it goes against their conscience – “Civil Disobedience”

A Reforming Society Section 2

-  Kids had been taught at home

-  Reformers wanted education -  Public school movement – tax-supported

-  Help make better informed decision

-  Created economic growth

-  Horace Mann – Mass. Senator -  Helped create 1st Board of Education– headed it

-  Wanted government to establish -  Standard calendar

-  funding

-  End corporal punishment

-  Schools spread across country

1. What changes occurred to education?

-  Taught Sunday school in prison

-  Saw mentally ill imprisoned with criminals

-  Wanted humane hospital for mentally ill = 1st mental hospital was created

-  Penitentiary movement – make criminals feel sorrow

-  2 systems -  Pennsylvania – Eastern State Penitentiary – solidary

confinement all day – expensive, cruel

-  Auburn Prison – work with 1 other inmate – solitary cells - nationwide

2. What did Dorothea Dix do?

-  Industrialization created crime, sickness, poverty, neglected families

-  Blamed alcohol

-  Some wanted prohibition – banning alcohol

-  American Temperance Society -  Held meetings to help those with a problem

-  Neal Dow – Mayor of Portland (Maine) -  Temperance laws – spread to a dozen states

3. What was the Temperance Movement?

The Antislavery Movement Section 3

1. What was life like as a slave? -  1830 – 2 million slaves – 1/3 under 10 yrs. old

-  Worked dawn to dusk -  Fields, docks, cooking

-  Beaten, whipped, maimed, mentally abused

“A cloud has settled upon me and produced a change in my prospect, too great for words to express. My husband is torn from me, and carried away by his master…I went to see him-tried to prevail on him not to carry my husband away…by mother-all my entreaties and tears did not soften his hard heart…A time is fast approaching when I shalt want my husband and my mother, and both are gone!”

- Emily, an enslaved African American, 1836

2. How did they survive slavery? -  Some committed suicide

-  Tried to keep family traditions alive

-  Comfort in religion -  Mix of African & Christian beliefs

-  Some tried: -  Break tools

-  Outsmart overseers

-  Escape -  North & Mexico

-  Underground railroad

3. How did reformers try to help the enslaved? -  Revolts occurred

-  200+

-  Denmark Vesey – freedman (former slave) -  Planned large revolt

-  Anger being second-class citizen & church being shut down

-  Planned to have hundred or thousands revolt, seize weapons and capture Charleston

-  Plan leaked…he and conspirators were hung

-  1831 – Nat Turner – slave -  Read bible – God said to lead revolt

-  Led group to arsenal in Virginia – killed 60 people on way

-  Stopped by local militia – dozens killed…Turner executed

3. How did reformers try to help the enslaved? -  New laws passed

-  Illegal to teach slaves to read

-  Could not gather in groups

-  Inspired people in north to help

4. What was life like as free African Americans? -  Racial discrimination

-  Slave owners thought: -  Large group of free African Americans = slaves wanting to be

free

-  1816 – American Colonization Society (ACS) -  Encourage free blacks to move back to Africa

-  Established Liberia – colony – 1,100 moved there by 1830

-  Most free African Americans – born in US didn’t want to leave

-  Thought leaders forced to leave = slavery strengthened

4. What was life like as free African Americans? -  Established churches & schools

-  David Walker -  Published pamphlet

-  Used religion to condemn slavery

-  Banned in south

-  North – people began to dislike slavery – Second Great Awakening

5. What did William Lloyd Garrison do for emancipation?

-  Abolition movement – north

-  Garrison (Boston) -  The Liberator

-  Paper – convinced public slavery was wrong

-  Moral arguments

-  Emancipation – freeing enslaved people

-  Abolitionists popped up all across US – encouraged by Garrison -  Used lectures & pamphlets to get message out

6. What did Frederick Douglas do for emancipation?

-  Former slave

-  Powerful speaking voice

-  Told stories of life as slave

-  Powerful abolitionist

7. Why did Americans oppose abolishing slavery?

-  Slavery was needed in south – foundation of economy

-  Helped north – textile mills & shipping (cotton)

-  Slave labor – better than paid labor -  No conflicts over pay and hours

-  Christianity supports it -  Enslaved people needed their owners

-  South prevented abolitionist literature from reaching public -  Post office refused to deliver it

7. Why did Americans oppose abolishing slavery?

-  Most northerners agreed

-  Garrison chased through streets for views

-  Antislavery hall burned (inter-racial wedding guest list)

-  Printers threatened, killed, shops burned

-  Industrialists – worried – no cotton – no money

-  Gag rule – ban discussion of slavery in Congress -  Northerners supported it – passed & renewed

“I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good – a positive good…[T]here never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which on portion of the community did not…live on the labor of another.”

- John C. Calhoun

The Women’s Movement Section 4

-  Influence husband

-  Maintain house & kids

-  Lacked legal and economic rights…could not: -  Vote -  Hold public office

-  Speak in public

-  School

-  Divorce-lose the kids

-  Native, African, Mexican American women -  More power -  Matrilineal – inherit family name from women

1. What limits did American women face in the early 1800s?

-  Second Great Awakening

-  Joined reform groups -  Education

-  Treatment of prisoners & mentally ill

-  Temperance

-  Abolition – Sojourner Truth – former slave – powerful speaker

-  Industrialization = jobs in workforce -  Economic & social independence

-  Women labor unions begin

2. What caused women to become leaders of various reform movements?

-  Change when: -  Middle-class women hire poor women

-  Felt their restriction = to slavery

-  Men & women in abolition movement began women’s movement -  Improve women’s rights

-  Published pamphlets & books

-  Margaret Fuller (transcendentalist) -  Men & women equal

-  Have any career they wanted

3. Where did the women’s right movement originate?

-  Sarah Grimké -  God made men & women equal

-  Her and sister – Angelina Grimké Weld -  Defend women & slaves

3. Where did the women’s right movement originate?

-  Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton -  Women should be involved in meetings with men over

abolition

-  Supported temperance movement & abolition

-  Mott -  Founded – American Antislavery Society & Philadelphia Anti-

Slavery Society

-  Stanton -  Married to leading abolitionist – Henry Stanton

-  Bot outraged more women weren’t involved

4. What women disagreed? Over what?

-  1st Women’s Rights Convention -  Hundreds of men & women

-  Frederick Douglas

-  Declaration of Sentiments – similar to the Dec of Ind

-  Did not solve much

-  Inspires women -  Amelia Bloomer

-  Published The Lily – newspaper – equal rights for women -  Women should wear pants

-  Susan B. Anthony -  Fought for suffrage – right to vote

-  1848 – Married Women’s Property Act (NY) -  Property rights for women – model for other states

5. What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

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