religion and philosophy
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter SixChapter Six
Chapter 6 Slide 1
Religions and
Philosophies
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. What are ‘religion’ and ‘philosophy’?
2. What were some of the religions and philosophies of the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia?
3. How did these beliefs affect how the ancient people lived and organised themselves?
Chapter 6 Slide 2
Is what is happening in the photographa familiar scene to you?
What do you think is happening?
Chapter 6 Slide 3
A religion is the belief in and worship of
a god or gods.
Chapter 6 Slide 4
What Is a Religion?What Is a Religion?
A philosophy is a way of thinking about life that guides a person’s actions
and behaviour.
Chapter 6 Slide 5
What Is a Philosophy?What Is a Philosophy?
Religion in IndiaReligion in India
Hinduism and Buddhism
BC E 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 CE1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 CE
Beginnings of Hinduism
Birth of Gautama Siddharta
566 BCEDecline of Buddhism
6th century CE
Chapter 6 Slide 6
HinduismHinduism Origins are unknown
Hindu texts such as the Vedas and Bhagavad Gita suggest that:
1. Hinduism is at least 3 000 years old and is the oldest religion in India.
2. It developed slowly over many centuries through a mixing of the beliefs of the Aryans and the Indus people.
Chapter 6 Slide 7
Om, the symbol of Hinduism
Reincarnation and the
Caste System
Reincarnation and the
Caste System
Reincarnation is the rebirth of the human in a new body after death
Chapter 6 Slide 8
Impact of HinduismImpact of Hinduism
Affected almost every aspect of life — the belief in reincarnation explained the caste system, around which ancient Indian society was organised
Almost 83 per cent of the people in India are Hindus
Chapter 6 Slide 9
Spread of HinduismSpread of Hinduism
Spread to Southeast Asia between 200 and 1200 CE
Rulers of mainland Southeast Asia built temples to worship Hindu gods. They also adopted idea of divine kingship.
Southeast Asians, however, did not adopt the caste system — cultural adaptation.
Chapter 6 Slide 10
BuddhismBuddhism
Began over 2000 years ago
Developed from the teachings of Gautama Siddhartha
Chapter 6 Slide 11
A statue of the Buddha
Gautama’s EnlightenmentGautama’s Enlightenment Saw scenes of illnesses, death,
old age and asceticism
Left his palace to search for an answer to “Why is human life full of sorrow and pain?”
Realised the suffering was caused by craving, hatred and ignorance
Enlightenment — found the answers to his question
Now known as the Buddha, “The Enlightened One”
Chapter 6 Slide 12
An illustration of Gautama Siddharta meditating under the Bodhi tree
The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths
Life is full of suffering
Human beings suffer sorrow and pain because they desire pleasure, wealth and fame
Human beings can stop their sorrow and pain if they stop wanting these things
The way to stop having these desires is to follow the Eightfold Path
Chapter 6 Slide 13
right understanding
right thought right
speech
right action
right livelihood
right effort
right mindfulness
right meditation
Chapter 6 Slide 14
Impact of BuddhismImpact of Buddhism
Influenced several Hindus, especially those from the lower castes to convert
Powerful kings converted too, helped to spread Buddhism throughout India and rest of Asia
Example is Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty (269–232 BCE)
Chapter 6 Slide 15
A painting of the Buddha’s first sermon at the Deer Park, found in Wat Chedi Liem
one of India’s greatest kings(269–232 BCE)
Ashoka Mauryan king
Ashoka Mauryan king
won a major battle at Kalinga - a turning point
adopted Buddhism
governed by ‘right conduct’,
not violence
carved edicts on rocks and pillars
responsible for spreading
Buddhism in India and to
Ceylon, Burma and China
Chapter 6 Slide 16
Philosophies in ChinaPhilosophies in China
Confucianism as state ideology
Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism
BCE 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 CE1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 CE
Confucius 551–479 BCE
Zhuang Zi: Taoist thinker 4th century BCE
Chapter 6 Slide 17
Legalism as state ideology during Qin dynasty
ConfucianismConfucianism Founded by Confucius
Taught codes of conduct of living in peace and harmony
Teachings – proper social behaviour, others before self and filial piety
“Let the ruler be a rule, the minister be a minister, the father be a father, and the son be a son”
Teachings found in the Six Classics and Analects
Chapter 6 Slide 18
An illustration of Confucius
Impact of Confucianism Impact of Confucianism
Made little impact initially
Banned during Qin dynasty (221–210 BCE)
Teachings are still relevant today
Became state ideology during Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)
Chapter 6 Slide 19
Legalism Legalism Philosophy of good
government rather one one that guides people in their lives
Duty of government to rule strictly; those who broke law must be punished severely
Later Chinese dynasties continued to use legalism, but removed severe punishments
Qin Shihuang (221–210 BCE) used it to strengthen his rule
Chapter 6 Slide 20
A modern statue of Qin Shi Huang, located near the site of the Terracotta Army
Taoism Taoism Founder – not certain, many believe it to
be Lao Zi
Teachings found in Dao De Jing
Main teaching - peace and harmony will prevail if people follow the Tao
Began as a philosophy but later developed into a religion
Combined with gods and goddesses from Chinese folktales
Chapter 6 Slide 21
The symbol of Taoism, the Tao Ji
Religion in ChinaReligion in China Worshipped ancestors
Believed in spirits
Adopted Buddhist and Taoist practices
While Buddhism was popular between 3rd and 8th centuries CE, it did not receive royal support
Chapter 6 Slide 22
Religion in Southeast AsiaReligion in Southeast Asia
Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam
Arrival of Buddhism 300 CE
Arrival of Hinduism 1st century CE
BCE 800 600 400 200 CE1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 CE
Arrival of Islam 11th century
CE
Chapter 6 Slide 23
Hinduism Hinduism
Brought by Indian traders
Arrived in 1st century CE
Adopted by kings and nobles who later built magnificent Hindu temple cities
Chapter 6 Slide 24
The Cambodian flag includes a depiction of Angkor Wat, a magnificent Hindu temple
Buddhism Buddhism
Brought by Chinese, Indian traders and Buddhist missionaries
Arrived c. 300 CE
Palembang was a centre for Buddhist learning
Remains an important religion today in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam
Chapter 6 Slide 25
The Borobodur complex in Java, Indonesia is an example of Buddhist monument that can be found in Southeast Asia.
Chapter 6 Slide 26
Islam Islam
Arrived in the 11th century CE
Revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad in 570 CE
Messages from Allah were written down to become Qur’an
Brought by Muslim traders
Chapter 6 Slide 27
A copy of the Qur’an
1. Allah is the only God, Prophet Muhammad is his messenger
2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
3. Give alms
4. Fast during Ramadan
5. Go on a pilgrimage to Mecca
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
Chapter 6 Slide 28
Pilgrim offering supplications at Masjid Al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Role of Melaka in the Spread of Islam
Role of Melaka in the Spread of Islam
1. Conversion of local rulers
2. Royal marriages
3. Missionaries
4. Trade
5. Conquests
Chapter 6 Slide 29
Map of Melaka and the neighbouring lands
Impact of IslamImpact of Islam
Many countries in the region today have large Muslim populations
Indonesia has the world’s largest Muslim population ~ 200 million
Rulers of island Southeast Asia converted to Islam but combined the teachings of Islam with those of their older beliefs — syncretism
Chapter 6 Slide 30
Which teachings do the following quotations come from?
Chapter 6 Slide 31
“The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home.”
Chapter 6 Slide 32
“Better than a thousand hollow words,
Is one word that brings peace. ”
Chapter 6 Slide 33
“O God Beautiful, O God beautiful !!
In the forest Thou art Green
In the mountains Thou art High
In the river Thou art Restless
In the ocean Thou art Grave ”
Chapter 6 Slide 34
“Prayer carries us half way to God, fasting brings us to the door of His palace, and alms-giving procures us admission.”
Chapter 6 Slide 35
If I have no physical body, if I have obtained the Way and become naturally so, I shall lightly lift myself and raise into the clouds.
Coming and going between empty space, I become one in spirit with the Way. What trouble could I have?
Chapter 6 Slide 36
But the wisdom of the people is useless:
They have the minds of little infants! If an infant's head is not shaved, its sores will spread, and if its boil is not opened, it will become sicker. Yet while its head is being shaved and its boil opened, one person has to hold it tight so that
Chapter 6 Slide 37
the caring mother can perform the operation, and it screams and wails without end.
Infants and children don't understand that the small pain they have to suffer now will bring great benefit later.
Chapter 6 Slide 38
Answers:
1. Confucianism2. Buddhism3. Hinduism 4. Islam5. Taoism6. Legalism
Chapter 6 Slide 39
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
Chapter 6 Slide 40
1. ‘Religion’ and ‘philosophy’ are…
2. Some of the religions and philosophies of the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia were…
3. These beliefs affected how the ancient people lived and organised themselves in…