relative clauses: 1) defining 2) non-defining

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RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

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RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR). SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR). MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH , PLAYS THE BAGPIPES. DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

RELATIVE CLAUSES:

1) DEFINING

2) NON-DEFINING

Page 2: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR)

SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH

Page 3: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR)

MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH, PLAYS THE

BAGPIPES

Page 4: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN

LANGUAGE

Page 5: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

NDR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN WRITTEN

LANGUAGE

Page 6: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

DR CLAUSES

• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS

person thing

Subject WHO / THAT THAT / WHICH

Object ----- / THAT ----- / THAT• RELATIVE PRONOUN: OBJECT

Did you like the present (that) I gave you?• RELATIVE PRONOUN: SUBJECT

I met a man who works in marketing

Page 7: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

NDR CLAUSES

• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS

person thing

Subject WHO WHICH

Object WHO / WHOM WHICH

• RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE LEFT OUT

Page 8: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun

• The new terminal, ______ will be finished by May, has been designed by a famous architect

• Have you finished the book ______ I lent you?

• The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi follow everywhere, has a new girlfriend

• I don’t know the man ______ arrived just after you

Page 9: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

PREPOSITIONS: DR AND NDR

• Prepositions come at the end in most casesI can always rely on my friend

She’s a friend I can always rely onI went to school with Mary

This is Mary, who I went to school with• Prepositions come before the pronoun in a formal

written styleShe is a friend on whom I can relyIt is a fact with which you cannot argue

Page 10: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

OTHER RELATIVE PRONOUNS

WHICH

WHOSE

WHAT

WHY

WHEN

WHERE

Page 11: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

WHICH

• Can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole of the sentence before

She arrived on time, which amazed everybody

They had everything ready for us, which was nice

Page 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

WHOSE

• Can be used in both DR and NDR clauses

That’s the woman whose son ran over my dog

My parents, whose only interest is gardening, never go away on

holiday

Page 13: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

WHAT

• Is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that

Has she told you what’s worrying her?

What you need is love

Page 14: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

WHY

• Can be used in DR clauses to mean the reason why

I don’t know why we are arguing

Page 15: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

WHEN, WHERE

• Can be used in DR and NDR clauses

Tell me when you expect to arrive

We’ll go on Monday, when I’m free

The hotel where we stayed was excellent

He works in Oxford, where my sister lives

Page 16: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

AND FINALLY...

Page 17: RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

• When a DR clause has a continuous or passive verb form, we can leave out who, that, which and the auxiliary

Everyone (who is) living in the area complains about the noiseThe first novel (that was) written by Doris Lessing is The Grass Is

Singing