relative clauses: 1) defining 2) non-defining
DESCRIPTION
RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR). SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR). MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH , PLAYS THE BAGPIPES. DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
RELATIVE CLAUSES:
1) DEFINING
2) NON-DEFINING
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR)
SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR)
MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH, PLAYS THE
BAGPIPES
DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN
LANGUAGE
NDR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
DR CLAUSES
• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
person thing
Subject WHO / THAT THAT / WHICH
Object ----- / THAT ----- / THAT• RELATIVE PRONOUN: OBJECT
Did you like the present (that) I gave you?• RELATIVE PRONOUN: SUBJECT
I met a man who works in marketing
NDR CLAUSES
• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
person thing
Subject WHO WHICH
Object WHO / WHOM WHICH
• RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE LEFT OUT
Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun
• The new terminal, ______ will be finished by May, has been designed by a famous architect
• Have you finished the book ______ I lent you?
• The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi follow everywhere, has a new girlfriend
• I don’t know the man ______ arrived just after you
PREPOSITIONS: DR AND NDR
• Prepositions come at the end in most casesI can always rely on my friend
She’s a friend I can always rely onI went to school with Mary
This is Mary, who I went to school with• Prepositions come before the pronoun in a formal
written styleShe is a friend on whom I can relyIt is a fact with which you cannot argue
OTHER RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHICH
WHOSE
WHAT
WHY
WHEN
WHERE
WHICH
• Can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole of the sentence before
She arrived on time, which amazed everybody
They had everything ready for us, which was nice
WHOSE
• Can be used in both DR and NDR clauses
That’s the woman whose son ran over my dog
My parents, whose only interest is gardening, never go away on
holiday
WHAT
• Is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that
Has she told you what’s worrying her?
What you need is love
WHY
• Can be used in DR clauses to mean the reason why
I don’t know why we are arguing
WHEN, WHERE
• Can be used in DR and NDR clauses
Tell me when you expect to arrive
We’ll go on Monday, when I’m free
The hotel where we stayed was excellent
He works in Oxford, where my sister lives
AND FINALLY...
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
• When a DR clause has a continuous or passive verb form, we can leave out who, that, which and the auxiliary
Everyone (who is) living in the area complains about the noiseThe first novel (that was) written by Doris Lessing is The Grass Is
Singing