reia report

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER – 3

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME, MAN

POWER & PLANT PLANNING

CHAPTER – 4

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR

CONDUCTING CEIA STUDY

CHAPTER – 5

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER – 6

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS-

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS

CHAPTER – 7

BASELINE STATUS FOR ECOLOGICAL

ASPECTS

CHAPTER – 8

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC

ASPECTS

CHAPTER – 9

PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

CHAPTER – 10

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Krishna BhagyaJala Nigam Limited EIA study for Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project

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CHAPTER-1 INTROUDCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd (KBJNL) was incorporated on19th August 1994 under the

Companies Act, 1956 as Company, wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka for

implementation of the Upper Krishna Project (UKP) in the state of Karnataka.

The Company is responsible for planning, investigation, estimation, execution, operation and

maintenance of all irrigation projects coming under the UKP. The Company is also responsible

to obtain Government of India's clearance and execute the UKP. The Company is also

entrusted with the responsibility of rehabilitation and resettlement of the people affected by the

Project. The Company is authorised to sell water and recover revenues from individuals,

groups of farmers including those in the Command Area Development Authority, towns, city

municipalities and industries.

1.2 PROJECT PROFILE Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is one of the major irrigation projects taken-up to benefit drought

prone Taluka of Chittapur of Gulbarga District and Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District by KBJNL.

Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a Barrage across Bhima River near

Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at latitude of 160, 49' 50" &

longitude of 760, 55' 45" to impound 2.89 TMC of water including a dead storage of 0.265 TMC

and one lift irrigation scheme benefiting Chittapur taluka of Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir

taluka of Yadgir District.

The total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC and is earmarked for irrigation purpose.

By utilizing 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) it is proposed to irrigate 16800 ha of

Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas for Chittapur taluka of

Gulbarga district and Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District. The project location map is enclosed as

Figure-1.1.


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Figure-1.1: Project Location Map

1.3 CONNECTIVITY The barrage site is approachable by road from Shahapur which is about 24 kms. Approach to

site by air is from nearest Airport situated at Hyderabad, which is about 300 km. Approach by

Rail is from Station Nalwar (Madras Mumbai Route and Hyderabad – Chennai via Wadi

Junction) which is 20 km away.

1.4 PROJECT DISTRICT-PROFILE

Gulbarga district has a total area of 16174 km2. This constitutes 5.93% of the area of the state.

The region is characterized by black cotton soil, expanses of flat treeless surface, a range of

hills covering a surface of about 100 km and some lower belts following the main rivers. The

district is devoid of forest except in the hilly portion of Aland and Chincholi. The area under

forest is 4.2% of the total area of the district.


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Yadagir district occupies an area of 5234.4 km2

1.5 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

. It is the second smallest district in the state.

The district is having one revenue sub-divisions viz. Yadgir. There are 03 revenue blocks in

the district namely Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadgir. There are 3 educational blocks in the

district namely Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadgir. The district is predominantly an agricultural

district divided into two agro climatic zones namely eastern transition and north eastern dry

zone. The zones indicate the predominance of rain dependent dry land agricultural area.

Gulbarga district in Karnataka state is one of the most drought prone areas in the State of

Karnataka which exaggerated vulnerability of the poor and the minorities living in the district.

The district is one of the most backward districts in the state and occupies a lowest position in

economic as well as human development.

High-Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalances (HPCRRI, 2002) identified nine

of the ten talukas in Gulbarga district as the most backward taluks. According to Human

Development Index (HDI) report (1999), the district is ranked nearly at the bottom among all

27 districts of the state. The details are given in Table-1.1.

Table-1.1: HDI Index of Gulbarga District

Irrigation through dug wells is more prevalent in few taluks of Gulbarga district, e.g., Aland,

Gulbarga, Yadgiri and Afzalpur taluks. About 75% of the geographical area of the district is

under cultivation. Presently the quantity of ground water used for irrigation is comparatively

low. The groundwater levels are falling every year, hence, there is an urgent need to provide

irrigation by lifting water from river Bhima.

The proposed project is under taken to maintain a sustainable development of the area and to

take up planned irrigation in the area to enhance the food production for the overall socio-

economic development of the area and to improve environmental quality and living status of

the population by harnessing the vast potential of available water resources which was

otherwise going as a waste.


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1.6 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) report is prerequisite for

obtaining Environmental Clearance.

The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MOEF), Government of India. MOEF formulates environmental policies and accords

environmental clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) accords

No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate for the

projects.

As per the guidelines pertaining to Environmental clearance issued by Ministry of Environment

and Forests (MoEF) dated September 14, 2006, the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA

study were approved by MoEF. A copy of the approved Terms of Reference for the CEIA

study is enclosed as Annexure-I.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY

The brief scope of EIA study includes:

• Assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic

aspects of environment

• Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to

activities envisaged during construction and operation phases of the proposed

irrigation project.

• Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components using appropriate

mathematical/simulation models.

• Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to minimize

adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project.

• Formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan.

• Formulation of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

construction and operation phases.

• Estimation of Cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan,

Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Programme and

other Management Measures.


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1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

The document for the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme

has been presented in four volumes as listed below:

• Volume-I : Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report • Volume-II : Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report • Volume-III : Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report • Volume-IV : Command Area Development (CAD) Plan Report

The present document (Volume-I) outlines the findings of the EIA study for the proposed Sonthi

Lift Irrigation Scheme. The contents of the document are organized as follows:

Chapter-1 The Chapter gives an overview of the need for the project. The policy, legal and

administrative framework for environmental clearance has been summarized. The objectives

and need for Comprehensive EIA study too have been covered.

Chapter-2 gives a brief description of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme.

Chapter-3 outlines the construction methodology to be adopted for the proposed Sonthi Lift

Irrigation Scheme.

Chapter-4 outlines the methodology adopted for conducting the Comprehensive EIA study for

the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme.

Chapter-5 outlines the Hydrological and Water Related Aspects of the proposed Sonthi Lift

Irrigation Scheme.

Chapter-6 covers the environmental baseline conditions covering physico-chemical aspects of

environment. The baseline study involved both field work and review of existing documents,

which are necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other

purposes.

Chapter-7 presents the biological aspects of environment. As a part of the Comprehensive

EIA study, detailed ecological survey was conducted for three seasons. The findings of the

ecological survey were analysed and ecological characteristics of the study area have been

covered in this Chapter. The study also utilizes the available data from various secondary data

as well.

Chapter-8 delineates the pre-project environmental baseline conditions visa-vis socio-

economic aspects of environment.

Chapter-9: describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the

construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme on physico-chemical

and ecological aspects of environment. It is essentially a process to forecast the future

environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the


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construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to forecast

future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain

parameters, which cannot be quantified, qualitative assessment has been done so that

planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible

implications.

Chapter-10: describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the

construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme on socio-economic

aspects of environment.


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CHAPTER-10 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

10. INTRODUCTION Forced resettlement carries severe risks of impoverishing the uprooted people, many of

who are poor even before displacement. A project of this magnitude is likely to entail both

positive as well as negative impacts on the socio-cultural and socio-economic fabric of the

area. During construction and operation phases, a lot of allied activities will mushroom in

the project area. The construction phase would require a large labour force. It is felt that

most of the labour force may come from other parts of the country. Economic opportunities

would increase both directly as well as indirectly. Infrastructure facilities are likely to

increase.

10.8.1 Economic Impacts The construction of the proposed project would invariably create a number of direct

employment opportunities. However, indirect employment opportunities would also be

generated which would provide great impetus to the economy of the local area. Various

types of businesses, such as shops, food-stalls, tea stalls, restaurants, workshops, etc.

would invariably come-up, which would be run by the more entrepreneurial local residents.

Besides, a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters, service providers, etc., are also likely

to concentrate here and likely to benefit immensely, as demand for almost all types of

goods and services will increase significantly. The business community as a whole would

be benefited. The locals would also avail these opportunities arising from the project and

increase their income levels.

The construction and operation of the project will provide an impetus to the industrialization

and urbanization in the area. Many of the agricultural lands or barren lands are likely to be

put to non-agricultural use. The power station would require lot of ancillary developments

like shops, restaurant, workshops, etc. which will have a significant impact on the existing

land use of the area.

Job opportunities will drastically improve in this area. At present most of the population

sustains on agriculture and allied activities. There are no major industries or other avenues

of occupation in the area. The project will open a large number of jobs to the local

population during project construction phase.

10.8.2 Impacts on Infrastructure facilities

The availability of infrastructure could be a problem during the construction phase.

Increase in economic opportunities would lead to influx of population, thereby increasing

the population of this area. This may create pressure on the existing infrastructure facilities

available. The district administration along with the project developer has to play a leading

role in developing infrastructure facilities, such as providing adequate water supply,


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sewage treatment, housing, health and education etc. These facilities need to be ensured

before hand and adequate measures need to be taken at appropriate time.

10.8.3 Impacts on cultural/religious/historical monuments Monuments of cultural/ religious/ historical/ archaeological importance are not reported in

the project area. Thus, no impact on such structures is envisaged.

10.8.4 Impacts of socio-cultural environment Certain deleterious impacts are likely to emerge due to inter-mixing of the local

communities with the expatriate labour force. Differences in social, cultural and economic

conditions among the locals and labour population could become a reason of friction

between the migrant labour population and the local population.

10.2.5 Impacts due to land acquisition One of the most important and negative impact due to the commissioning of the project

would be that a number of families could be displaced from their lands, and economic

activity. As per the assessment, a total of 2861 landholders/ land titleholders would be

losing land in varying proportions. 1760 PAFs would be losing homesteads.

10.10.6 Impoverishment Risk Assessment (IRA) In project feasibility and preparation studies, the IRA performs two basic functions.

Foremost, it serves as a diagnostic and predictive tool, to anticipate risks in resettlement

and to assess their nature and their expected intensity. Secondly, IRA is also used as a

problem resolution and planning function, to guide the incorporation of measures matching

each main risk, either for prevention or mitigation. The IRA identifies impoverishment not

only in terms of income, but also in terms of employment opportunities, health care,

nutrition, food security, common assets, education, shelter or social capital.

The IRA framework has been synthesized from the knowledge of past experiences, which

saves considerable time and effort in feasibility work by not demanding general risk

analysis to start afresh in each project, but rather by ex-ante offering a well-tested starting

point. The matrix of eight basic risks in light of historical experience, predictable in most

resettlement situations: landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization,

increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity, loss of access to common property, and

social (community) disarticulation. Each of these risks is briefly discussed below in Table-

10.19.

Table-10.19:Impoverishment Risk Assessment Sr. No

Risks involved

Description of risks involved Details

1. Landlessness Expropriation of land removes the main foundation on which people build productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods. Often land is lost forever, sometimes it is

As per our assessment, there are about 2004 PAFs who are likely to lose their lands in varying proportions due to the process of land acquisition. There are 54 villages from


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Sr. No

Risks involved


partially replaced, and seldom is it fully replaced or fully compensated. This is the principal form of de-capitalization and pauperization of displaced people, as they lose both natural and man-made capital.

which this land has been identified. The villagers depend on their lands for their livelihood. In addition, there are a number of families that are dependent on these lands for their livelihood, who work as agricultural labour work force. Acquisition of lands would invariably affect their means of livelihood and sustenance.

2. Joblessness Loss of wage employment occurs on account of acquisition of agriculture land, Yet creation of new jobs is difficult and requires substantial investment. Resulting unemployment or underemployment among resettlers endures long after physical relocation has been completed.

There are a number of PAFs who are dependent on Agricultural land. As This would adversely affect the job opportunities in the area.

3. Homelessness Loss of housing and shelter may be only temporary for many displaced families, but for some homelessness remains a chronic condition.

About 1760 PAFs are lilely to lose homestead. Thus, homelessness would be an issue for these families

4. Marginalization Marginalization occurs when families lose economic power and slide on a downward mobility path middle-income farm - households do not become landless, they become small landholders, small shopkeepers’ and craftsmen downsize and slip below poverty thresholds. Relative marginalization often begins long before actual displacement; for instance when lands are condemned for future flooding they are implicitly devalued as new public and private infrastructure investment are prohibited and the expansion of social service is undercut.

This aspect needs to be carefully and sensitively assessed, as the main source of sustenance, ie., land would be acquired and thus the main source of income and livelihood is gone; the possibility of many of the PAFs would become marginalized. As mentioned there are 2861 land titleholders that would lose land due to the process of land acquisition. It is felt that only a few families/ individuals that would be able to bear the brunt of land acquisition. For the remaining the possibility of sliding on a downward mobility path would be inevitable unless alternative sources of livelihood are not provided.

5. Increased Morbidity and

Serious decreases in health levels result from displacement

Fluctuations in morbidity and mortality rates would depend


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Sr. No

Risks involved


Mortality caused social stress, insecurity, psychological trauma and out-break of relocation related illnesses particularly water-borne and vector-borne diseases. Unsafe water supply and poor sewerage system increase vulnerability to epidemic and chronic diarrhea, dysentery etc. The weakest segments of the demographic spectrum, viz., infants, children and the elderly are severely affected the most.

on the displacement related social stress, insecurity, psychological trauma. Out-break of illnesses particularly water-borne and vector-borne diseases can be envisaged. But these would depend on the kind of civic amenities provided at the relocation or at the labour camps, where the labour would be housed. Health indicators could also fluctuate due to the presence of labour colonies that have come to work in the plant construction. Thus it is imperative to provide proper civic amenities in these colonies as well.

Having understood the socio-economic status of the project affected families, and the

impacts that are likely to influence the project affected families and the project area. Both

positive as well as negative impacts are envisaged during construction and operation

phase of the proposed Kundlaia Major Multipurpose project. Project planner need to

understand the negative impacts with sensitivity, and formulate mitigation measures

appropriately; such mitigations measures that would be acceptable to the concerned

population groups and that are sustainable.

A detailed Resettlement and rehabilitation Plan has been formulated to minimize the

adverse impacts on socio-economic environment. The same has been outlined in

Environmental Management Plan outlined in Volume-II of this Report.

10.9 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES

a) Construction Phase The construction phase of a water resources project, could lead to increased incidence of

various water-borne and vector-borne diseases, if adequate precautions or control

measures are not undertaken.

The health risks specific to water resources projects emanate from congregation of labour

at various construction sites. During construction phase, new groups come and go

constantly keeping the human population in a flux. These groups are usually housed in

temporary dwellings without proper sanitary conditions and water supply. In the final

stages, colonies for project maintenance, townships are built. During construction phase or

for permanent settlement, if adequate precautions are not taken, the vector-borne disease


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epidemiology may show sudden or long lasting change. Many of the immigrant population

could be reservoir of infection for various communicable diseases. Once they settle in

labour camps/colonies, there could be increased incidence of various diseases. This

aspect needs to be looked into with caution, and efforts must be made to ensure that a

thorough check up of the labour population congregating in the area is conducted. Those

affected by any ailments need to be properly quarantined depending on the ailment with

which they are suffering.

Population migration induced by actual or possible opportunities for work can aggravate

problems as a result of housing difficulties, over-crowding, rise in cost of living and some

unpredicted social problem, as well as the introduction of new sources of diseases or new

diseases or immigrants immunologically susceptible to the endemic diseases prevalent in

the areas of development. The overcrowding could lead to increased incidence of

respiratory infection and tuberculosis. The scarcity of water in the houses and the absence

of sanitary facilities in labour camps could be responsible for increased prevalence of

gastero-enteritis and other water-borne diseases.

b) Operation Phase Increased incidence of water-related diseases Health risks include diseases hazards due to lack of sanitation, (lack of potable water,

inadequate human waste disposal facilities) and hazards due to local carriers. Mitigation

measures include provision of adequate sanitary health care and human waste disposal

facilities near the construction sites and labour camp.

Malaria is a common vector borne disease in the project area. The preferred environmental

setting for vectors is fresh water open to sunshine or moderate shade. The habitats for

larvae growth are permanent or semi-permanent standing fresh water such as small ponds,

pools, standing agricultural water, permanent or semi-permanent fresh water such as open

stretches or canals. Thus, the project may create favorable conditions for breeding of new

pathogens or vectors such as mosquitoes, etc. Most of the water borne diseases can

largely be prevented by adequate hygiene. The experience of various project confirms the

above mentioned hypothesis. In the project area, a sudden spurt in the incidence of

malaria is expected, if adequate control measures are not taken up.

Improvement in availability of water for various uses, increased agricultural production,

availability of diversified food, strengthening of educational and health facilities significantly

improves public health in the project area. On the other hand, water resources

development also has negative impacts, since, it could increase the habitat of certain

vectors like mosquitoes. Thus, poorly planned and managed water resources projects

could increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis. The

following factors are responsible for increased incidence of vector-borne diseases:


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Rain pools Collection of rain water in roadside ditches, clogged drainage and other natural

depressions, expected to partial or full sunlight could serve as breeding habitats for

mosquitoes. This can lead to increased incidence of malaria. The water-borne diseases are

common in the command area. The overall picture does not indicates whether there will be

rise in the number of cases because of the project. With the increased water availability,

the quality of water being supplied is expected to improve, leading to reduction in incidence

of water-borne diseases. However, adequate measures in the form of strict public health

measures are required.

Impacts on water –borne diseases The provision of 20 Mm3 of water for meeting drinking water requirements will go a long

way in reducing the incidence of water-borne diseases. With the increased water

availability, quality of water being supplied is expected to improve, leading to reduction in

incidence of water borne diseases. However, adequate measures in the form of strict

public health measures are required.

Water washed diseases The water washed diseases occur mainly due to scarcity of water and with the

improvement of water availability, the incidence of these diseases is reduces in a water

resources project. This impact is envisaged in the proposed project as well.

Impacts on Fluorosis problem in the area The proposed Kundalia Major Multipurpose project will provide 20 Mm3

Improvement in agriculture production

of water every year

to meet drinking water requirements. This will serve a population of 1.35 million, who will

be served with low fluoride levels. Thus, Rajgarh district, which is categorized as fluoride

affected, will be immensely benefitted due to the project.

10.10 IMPACTS DUE TO COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT Change in cropping pattern

The existing and the proposed cropping pattern in the command area of the proposed

Kundalia Major Multipurpose project is given in Tables-10.20 and 10.21 respectively.

It can be observed from Tables 10.20 and 10.21, that in project operation phase, area

under crops will increase from 44,000 ha to 75,000 ha. The increase in cropping intensity

will increase the agricultural production, with a corresponding increase in the remuneration

from agriculture. The increased income levels will have a quantitative effect on the quality

of demand for various facilities, which will facilitate improvement in the infrastructure

sector. The increased income levels would lead to demands for better communication,

health, education and other services. The increased income levels would also provide an

impetus for development of these facilities.


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At present, the area under agriculture in the command area is 44,000 ha. With the

introduction of irrigation, not only the irrigation intensity will improve, but also the cropping

intensity will improve. The introduction of irrigation will also lead to improvement in

agriculture productivity as well. The details are given in Table-10.22.

PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN THE COMMAND AREA OF THE SONTHI LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECT, KARNATAKA

Sl. No. Cropping Season Irrigated

Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Kharif a) Hybrid Maize 600 50.60 b) Groundnut 3200 20.25 c) Tur 3000 22.24 d) Pluses 2400 18.53 Sub-Total -A 9200 Rabi a) Local Jowar 1920 55.65 b) Sunflower 1280 20.25 c) Safflower 1600 15.20 d) Pulses 1000 18.53 Sub-Total –B 5800 Bi-Seasonal crops a) Cotton 1200 8.00 b) Chillies & Vegetables 600 31.00 Sub-Total -C 1800 Tptal(A+B+C) 16,800

The total agriculture production would increase from 0.581 lac tonne per year at pre-project

level to 1.98 lac tonne per year in project operation phase. Thus there will be an increase in

agriculture production by about 1.401 lac tonne. The details are given in Table-10.23. The

increase in crop production would also increase the income level, which is a significant

positive impact.

Increased income Level The net profit from agriculture production would increase from Rs. 779.4 million per year at

pre-project level to Rs. 3013.48 million per year in project operation phase. Thus there will

be an increase in total profit from agriculture production by about Rs. 2234.08 million per

year. The details are given in Table-10.24. The increase in income level is a significant

positive impact.

Improvement in livestock The improvement in the socio-economic status of the population in the command area will

indirectly improve the quality of livestock. The main reasons could be improvement in the

supply and availability of the veterinary services along with the betterment in the

infrastructure facilities in the area.


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During project operation phase, food grain production will increase from 0.581 lakh tonnes

per year to 1.98 lakh tonnes per year. The increase in agriculture byproducts would be of

the order of 1.401 tonnes per year. Assuming even 50% of agriculture by product is usable

as fodder, hence, about 0.70 lakh tonnes of additional fodder would be available. This

would satisfy the fodder requirements of about 7,700 cattles per year. This will reduce the

pressure on the existing forests or vegetation of the area, which is a significant positive

impact. Considering cost of fodder as Rs. 3,000/tonne, the cost of increased fodder

production would be of the order of Rs. 210 million/year. The project would also improve

the water availability for livestock. The coupled with improved fodder availability improve

the livestock status of the area. It has been observed in other Irrigation Projects the

number of livestock does not increase significantly. It is the quality of livestock that show

similar improvement. Similar impacts are envisaged in the proposed Kundalia Major

Multipurpose Project as well.

Employment generation The increase in the irrigation intensity in the command area would improve the employment

scenario to a large extent. The introduction of irrigation requires a greater amount of labour

in fields. This would improve the employment scenario not only for the local farmers, but

would also increase the demand for agricultural labour. On average, labour demand in

irrigated and unirrigated field is 200 mandays/year/ha and 100 mandays/ha/year. The

employment potential in with out -project phase for a cropped area of 44,000 ha has about

4.4 million which will increase to 15.0 million mandays in project operation phase. Thus,

with the increase in the irrigation intensity, manpower requirement in the agriculture sector

would increase by 10.6 million man days per year.

As per the general definition, a main worker is defined as one who is engaged in any

economically productive activity for at least for 183 days or six months in a year. Thus, the

increased irrigation intensity will ensure employment to about 58,000 persons per year.

This is a significant positive impact. Urbanization The commissioning of the project will increase the gross money flow in the command area.

This will lead to significant impacts in the project area. The area will have increased

demands for services, such as sewerage system, communication, transportation, medical

and educational facilities, etc. It is presumed that all these developments would result in

generation of additional employment. Thus, with the increased income level, there will be a

greater demand for urbanization in the command area.


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Industrialization The cropping pattern proposed for the command area envisages significant increase in the

production of soyabean, wheat and gram. The increased production will lead to

mushrooming of small scale agro-industries for processing of some of the agriculture

produce.

The increased level of industrialization would provide greater employment opportunities.

The industrialization will also increase the demands for improvement in infrastructure

facilities. This will lead to improvement in roads, communication, markets, storage yards,

service yards, etc. as ancillary benefits.

Other changes With the improvement in irrigation intensity, there will be an increase in the agricultural

production of the command area. This, subsequently, will increase the money flow in the

command area as well as in the surrounding areas. The increased agricultural production

will automatically lead to industrialization and demand for better infrastructures facilities.

There will be an increased migration in the command area, as it will provide better

economic avenues in comparison to the surrounding area. The influx of migrants in the

area will slightly change the population composition. The influx of migrants along with the

increasing pressure on land and greater influx of money in the command area will lead

to a diversification of occupational profile. Small scale industrial units and commercial

establishments are likely to come in the area.

The command area will have increased demands for services, such as sewerage system,

communication, transportation, recreation, schools, hospitals, etc. The presumed benefit of

all these development is generation of additional employment. This array of services can

provide amenities hitherto lacking and stimulate changes in the tasks performed by women

in society and to the status of women within the society.

Impacts due to Water supply for drinking water requirements The provision of 20 Mm3 of water for meeting drinking water requirements will go a long

way in reducing the hardships to the local population. The project will supply water to about

187 villages. The fluoride-affected villages in Rajgarh district are spread over 5 blocks of

the district, namely, Rajgarh, Biaora, Khilchipur, Zirapur and Sarangpur. Considering per

capita water supply as 40 lpcd, a population about 1.35 million shall be served with fluoride

free drinking water.


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CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is one of the major irrigation projects taken-up to benefit

drought prone Taluka of Chittapur of Gulbarga District and Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District

by KBJNL.

Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a Barrage across Bhima River near

Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at latitude of 160 49' 50"

& longitude of 760 55' 45" to impound 2.89 TMC of water including a dead storage of 0.265

TMC and one lift irrigation scheme benefiting Chittapur taluka of Gulbaraga Distirct and

Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District.

The total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC and is earmarked for irrigation

purpose. By utilizing 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) it is proposed to irrigate

16800 Ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas for

Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district and Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District.

The proposed Sonthi lift irrigation scheme envisages diversion of 4 TMC of water for

irrigation by constructing a Barrage across Bhima river near Sonthi village of Chittapur

taluka in Gulbarga District, Karnataka to irrigate 16800 Ha of Culturable Command Area

(CCA) situated in drought prone areas for Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district and Yadgir

taluka of Yadgir District.

The Government of Karnataka had allotted hydel power using seasonal floods to generate

13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units) as per G.O. No: PD/267/NCE/2004, Bangalore Dated:

13.09.2004 and also as per G.O.No: No: PD/264/NCE/2007, Bangalore Dated: 09.08.2007.

The total cost of the project at 2007 price level was 57.41 crores and will be developed by

M/s Sugnaneshwara Hydel Power Pvt. Ltd

2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

a. Barrage: Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, involves, construction of gated barrage across

River Bhima near Sonthi Village in Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters.

The length of earthen dam towards the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180

m.

The spillway crest is kept at RL 368.00 m Full reservoir level is at RL 376.00 m and

Maximum water level is at 376.00 m. 37 Nos. of vertical crest gates of size 15.00 m x 8.3

m is constructed. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is provided over the barrage.


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The spillway has been designed for maximum flood discharge of 11.00 lakh cusecs and is

of solid gravity type. The profile of spillway is aero file. The upstream face of the spillway is

kept vertical from RL 366.50 to 367.50 m and from RL 367.50 to 368.00 m (crest level)

given a slope of 1H: 1V and then to the down stream basin up to RL 367.00m aero file is

provided.

b. Canal: In the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, canal system is mainly contour lift canals. As

per the topographical survey conducted, the canal system consist mainly of 1)Sonthi feeder

canal, 2)Sonthi main canal, 3)Sonthi branch canal 4)Distributory No.1 canal and 5)Yargol

minor canal which are planned to irrigate 16000 Ha of lands under Scheme-A for the

utilization of 4TMC of water. The Details of canals proposed are given in Table-1.2

Table-1.2 The Details of canals proposed

No. Name of canals Length (km)

Discharge (Cumecs) FSD (m) ICA (ha)

1. Feeder Canal 1.886 8.00C 1.90 -

2. Sonthi Main canal 38.00 3.05 1.30 6100

3. Distributory No.1 15.00 2.61 1.30 5227

3. Sonthi Branch canal 20.00 2.11 1.30 4213

4. Yargol minor canal 9.50 0.23 0.50 460

a) The Sonthi Main canal is a contour canal with its distributaries and minors as ridge

canals. The Sonthi Main canal after the railway line crossing i.e. from cistern point, runs in

full cutting parallel to the railway line from Km 0.000 to 0.930. Further, the canal runs in a

RCC trough from Km 0.930 to 3.360 in the foot of the hill. From Km 3.360 to 5.000, the

canal runs in hilly area in full cutting and further runs on a contour with full cutting and

partial embankment. From Km:11.50 to 22.50Km, the canal runs in the command area of

Hattikuni & Soudagar Projects in full cutting. From Km:22.50 onwards, the canal runs in

undulated area crossing small nalas in gentle slopes and tails off in to a nala which leads to

Warakenahalli Tank at Km:38.00.

b) The Sonthi Branch canal takes off at Km:1.540 of feeder Canal before Railway

crossing and traverse to a length of 20.00km and runs almost parallel to the Railway line

up to Km.12.00 and then tails off in to Bheema River at Km:20.00 near Tumkur Village of

Yadagir Taluka. The proposed ICA of the Branch canal is 4213Ha.

c) The Disrtibutory No:1 was earlier proposed to take off from the Sonthi Branch canal

in the 1st Km. Now, the Dy. No:1 is proposed to take off directly from the Feeder canal at

Ch:0.010km, there by avoiding a dead run of about 1.20kms. The length of the Dy. No:1 is


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about 15kms. The Dy. No:1 is a ridge canal surpassing the saddles. The proposed ICA of

the Dy. No:1 is about 5227Ha.

d) The Yargol Minor canal takes off from the cistern after Railway crossing of the

Feeder Canal and traverse to a length of about 9.50 kms. and tails off into the

Kumbarahalli Tank near Village Kumbarahalli. The Yargol Minor canal is a contour canal

which runs almost parallel to the Railway line with an ICA of about 460Ha.

e) Capacity requirement of the canals is based on the command area under the canal

and peak fortnightly crop water requirement for the command area based on the project

crop planning. Canals are generally aligned in normal cut only and high embankments are

avoided. Alignment of canals is finalized based on considerations like balanced sections,

cross drainages requirement, clearance at CD works, proximity to existing villages/habitats

etc. Generally, the strata along the canal alignment consist of hard soil, soft rock and hard

rock. In few reaches the alignment are inevitably located in expansive B.C. soil strata. In

these reaches, treatment in form of CNS layer as per the recommendations of IS: 9451-

1994 is proposed.

f) The project being a lift irrigation scheme located in a drought prone area with

limited water allocation. As such, canal water is of high value. Therefore in order to

minimize the seepage losses and to extend benefits of irrigation to a large area, all the

canals up to outlet are provided with canal lining. For the canal lining, cast-in-situ cement

concrete lining is proposed as per IS: 3873.

g) As the crop water requirement is based on Modified Penman method, the

capacities of canals are designed for the maximum discharge with due provision of 10 %

extra for rush irrigation by adopting a BDC ratio of 0.000377.

h) Canal sections are designed as lined canal section adopting Manning’s formula with

the value of Rougosity coefficient as 0.018 in contour canals. Bed fall is finalized in such a

way as to ensure non silting velocity of about 0.70 m/s. In ridge canals, bed slope is made

to confirm the ground slope subject to limiting the velocity to optimum velocity of 1.0 m/s.

Bed width and Full Supply Depths are so proportioned that B/D ratio is in the range of 0.80

to 1.20. Suitable head loss at structures wherever required, namely, at flumed aqueduct,

cross regulator etc., is provided.

i) FSL of parent canal is so fixed as to provide minimum driving head for the off-taking

canal and the bed level of off-taking canal is fixed accordingly. However in small canals,

considering the terrain and steep cross gradient, bed level of off-taking canal is proposed

to be fixed at the bed level of parent canal only.

j) Canal structures are proposed as per the site conditions, site requirements and

relative levels of Canal bed. FSL, Nala bed, HFL, Catchment area, Designed flood etc. All


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the structures are proposed to be constructed with Cement Concrete only. Designs and

drawings of typical canal structures like Super Passage, Road Bridge, RCC Trough, Cross

Regulator, Head Regulator etc.,

c. Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme: The scheme comprises of an intake channel of 3 km

length to draw water from the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village and construction of

Jackwell at the end of intake channel near Tarkaspet village and there by lifting the water

by installing 3 vertical turbine pumps, including a standby pump of 1944 HP capacity to an

height of 43.20 m through raising mains of 2.20 m diameter for a length of 4.32 kms. A

delivery chamber is constructed from where the canal network will start in a gravity flow for

irrigating 16800 Ha of land of Gulbarga and Yadgir Districts.

Under this lift irrigation scheme total 31 villages are being benefited, i.e. 9 villages of

Chittpaur taluka of Gulbarga Distirict viz., 1) Kollur 2) Sonthi 3) Kanaganahalli 4)

Holandagere 5) Banahatti 6) Tarkaspet 7) Rampurhalli 8) Shampurhalli and 9) Nalwar and

22 villages of Yadgir taluka of Yadgir Distirict viz., 1) Yargol 2) Talak 3) Hedagimudra

4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-

B 11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)

Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and

22) Naganayakanahalli.

d. Power Requirement for Lift Irrigation Scheme: It is estimated that about 7.50 Mega

Watts of power would be required for running these huge pumps and special / express

power lines have to be drawn up for the purpose.

e. Public Co-operation and Participation: The public is very eager to co-operate and

participate in the execution of the project to improve the socio-economic condition and

overall development of the region general.

2.3 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT The salient features of Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project are given in Table-2.1.

Table-2.1 Table-2.1: Salient Features of Sonthi Lift Irrgation Project, Karnataka

Sl. No. Details Salient features

1 Name of the project Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme 2 Type of project

(Irrigation or Multipurpose) Irrigation

3 Location a) Barrage Across Bhima river near Sonthi village in

Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga District. Latitude - 160, 49' 50"

Longitude- 760, 55' 45" b) Lift Irrigation Schemes Lift irrigation schemes at Tarkaspet village of

Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district.


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3.1 River Basin a) Name Krishna b) Located in Bhima river. i) State (s) Karnataka State ii) Countries (if international river) -

3.2 River / Tributory Bhima river. Which is tributary to Krishna main stream

3.3 State (s) /District(s)Taluka (s) or Tehsils in which following are located

a) Reservoir Karnataka/Gulbarga /Chittapur b) Headwork (Barrage) Karnataka /Gulbarga/Chittapur. c) Command Area Karnataka /Gulbarga/Chittapur/Yadgir. d) Power house. Mini Hydel Scheme,

Karnataka/Yadgir/Shahapur. 3.4 Name of village near the head

works Tarkaspet village of Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district.

3.5 Location of Headwork Sonthi LIS a) Longitude 160,53' 07" b) Latitude 760, 59' 07" c) Lies in Earthquake Zone No. Zone - II

3.6 Project area reference to: - a) Degree Sheets _ b) Index Plan Enclosed

3.7 Access to the project Name Distance from project site

a) Airport Hyderabad 300 km b) Rail head Station Nalwar 20 km c) Road head Yadgir / Shahapur 30 km / 24 km d) River head - e) Sea port - 4 International/ Interstate aspects

of the project.

a) Catchment area of the basin (K-6, Bhima)

70,613.70 sq.km.

b) Catchment area in the state. 22,853.70 sq.km. c) Submergence due to projects i) In the state 642.00 ha.(SLIS) ii) In other states - d) Water allocation for the state (if

any) (Karnataka) 41.92 TMC

e) Water allocation for other states

-

f) Committed utilization. 41.92 TMC


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(Karnataka) Upstream projects - Downstream projects - Sub Total - g) Proposed utilization by the

project

i) Irrigation 4.00 TMC Khariff 2.30 TMC Rabi 1.40 TMC Two Seasonal 0.30 TMC Total 4.00 TMC ii) Water supply - iii) Industrial and other purpose - iv) Evoparation losses (included

in 4 TMC) 0.365 TMC

v) Gross annual utilization 4.00 TMC 5 Estimated life of the project

(Years) 100 years

6 Irrigation (Ha.) By Lift a) Gross command area (GCA) 17920 ha. b) Culturable command area

(CCA) 16800 ha.

c) Area under irrigation (break-up) i) Kharif 9200 ha ii) Rabi 5800 ha iii) Hot weather - iv) Two seasonal 1800 ha v) Perennial - vi) Gross irrigated area (GIA) ** 16800 ha. vii) Intensity of irrigation

(GIAx100%)/CCA 105%

viii) District (s) benefitted. Gulbarga and Yadgir d) Cost per hectare of gross area

irrigated Rs. 2.98 lakhs

g) Water utilization 4.00 TMC 7 Flood control Not Applicable 8 Navigation Not Applicable 9 Water supply Not Applicable

10 Project performance Period of Simulation

No. of failure

a) Irrigation 1965-66 to 2005-06 (41 years)

-

11 Hydrology


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11.1 Catchment Area 11.1.1 Catchment area at head work site

(sq.km)

a) Gross 26712 sq.km. b) Intercepted - i) By existing projects In Maharashtra- 47,760 sq.km. ii) By ongoing projects - iii) By contemplated projects - c) Un-intercepted In Karnataka- 5,568 sq.km.

11.1.2 Catchment area classification according to mode of precipitation (sq.km)

a) Rainfed 26712 sq.km. b) Snowfed -

11.2 Precipitation 11.2.1 Catchment period of record from 1965 to 2010

Rain fall (weighted mm) Annual Monsoon (June-Oct)

a) Average 740.00 634.85 b) Maximum 1265.00 1083.40 c) Minimum 263.00 205.00 d) Co-efficient of variation

11.2.2 Command Cropping season Annual Khariff

(June to October)

Rabi (November

to February)

Hot (March to May)

a) Average 740.00 634.85 105.80 b) 80% dependable 592.00 507.88 84.64 c) ETo (mm) 73.88 65.40-

92.40 60.45-77.25

11.3 Annual yield calculated at the proposed site (M.cum) period of record

1965 to 2006 Gross Net

a) Maximum - 14896 b) Minimum - 229 c) Average - 4563.67 d) Dependable (percent) - 3422.75 (75%) Annual Monsoon i) 50 2281.835 - ii) 75 3422.7525 - iii) 90 4107.303 -


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iv) 98 4472.3966 - 11.4 Climatic Data (Command)

11.4.1 Name of Stations and period of record

Sl. No. Names Period of Record From To

1 Gulbarga 1959 1968 11.4.2 Data Normal Maximum Minimum

a) Air temp. (o.C) 32 44.00 7.20 b) Humidity (per cent) 68 - - c) Wind (km/hr) 9.0 24.30 -

11.5 Utilization within the State Karnataka (M.cum)

1186.86 M.cum (41.92 TMC)

11.5.1 State's share in case of interstate river

1186.86 M.cum (41.92 TMC)

11.5.2 Committed utilization Major Medium Minor a) Upstream projects - - - a) Down stream projects - - -

11.5.3 Proposed utilization by the project a) Irrigation 4.00 TMC i) Khariff 2.30 TMC ii) Rabi 1.45 TMC iii) Two seasonal 0.25 TMC

Total 4.00 TMC b) Water supply - c) Industrial and other purpose -

11.6 Floods near the headwork site. 11.6.1 Historical - period of record 2006 Location at Devanagoan Bridge.( U/S of

Proposed Bhima Barrage) a) Maximum water level (El-m) 407.375 m b) Maximum discharge estimated

(cumec) 9168.740

c) Year of occurrence, date 2006, August-13 11.6.2 Observed - period of record Location at Devanagoan Bridge

1998 - 2006 a) Maximum water level (El-m) 407.375 b) Maximum discharge (cumec) 9168.740 c) Year of occurrence, date 2006, August-13

11.6.3 Estimated flood a) 50 year return period - b) 100 year return period 20,000 cumec (7,06,000 cusec) c) 1000 year return period - d) Standard project flood (cumec) - e) Maximum probable flood 44,050 cumec (15,50,000 cusec)


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(cumec) 11.6.4 Design flood (cumecs)

a) Dam - b) Weir/Barrage 32212 cumec (11,37,550 cusec) c) Construction Diversion - d) Flood Control Works -

11.6.5 River flows (minimum observed) a) Water level (El-m) 364.000 b) Discharge (cumec) 0.019 on 02-12-2002. c) Months of 'nil' flow Feb-2001, Mar-2000,2001, Apr-2000,2001

&2002, May-2001 &2002, June-2002 & July- 2001 & 02.

12 Reservoir - 12.1 Water levels (El-m) -

a) Maximum Water Level (MWL) 376.000 m b) Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 376.000 m c) Minimum Draw Down level

(MDDL) 368.000 m

d) Outlet levels i) Irrigation 365.500 m (CBL of intake channel) ii) Power - iii) Others (Please specify) - proposed utilization by the project Crest level of Spillway- 368.000 m.

12.2 Free Board (m) 1.756 m. 12.3 Wave height (m) 1.32 m. 12.4 Live storage (M.cum) 87.79 M.cum (2.486 TMC) 12.5 Capacity at (M.cum)

a) Maximum Water Level 104.00 M.cum (3.672 TMC) b) Full reservoir level 104.00 M.cum (3.672 TMC) c) Minimum draw down level 9.38 M.cum (0.265 TMC) d) Dead storage level 9.38 M.cum (0.265 TMC)

12.6 Average monthly evaporation losses from the reservoir (M cum)

10.15 M.cum (0.36 TMC)

13 Submergence 13.1 Land and property submerged MWL FRL

a) Villages affected (No.) 4 4 i) Fully 1 1 ii) Partially - - b) Land affected (ha) i) Gross - 642 Ha. ii) Culturable - Dry land- 642 Ha. iii) Irrigated - -


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iv) Forest - - v) Others (specify) - c) Buildings/houses (No.) i) Private 915 ii) Communities - iii) Governament 52 d) Wells (No) - e) Road/Rail (Km.) - f) Transmission lines (km.) - g) Any other -

13.2 Submergence ratio (with reference to culturable command areas)

642.18 /16000 = 0.04

13.3 Number of faimilies/persons affected

Families Persons

a) Total 852 942 b) Scheduled Castes / Scheduled

Tribes 381

c) Other Backwards Castes 342 d) General 129

13.4 Anticipated back water levels at important places along the periphery of the reservoir

S. No. Name of place Back water level

(El-m) 1 Plinth level of

Chandralamba Temple 406.058

2 Plinth level of Someshwara Temple

409.970

14 Head works 14.1 Dam Not applicable 14.2 Barrage

14.2.1 Location with respect to dam, if any.

Across Bhima river near Sonthi village in Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga District.

14.2.2 Length (m) 665 m. 14.2.3 Spillway bays

a) Total length (m) 665 m. b) Full pond level (El-m) 376.000 m - FRL c) Maximum water level (EL-m) 376.000 m. d) Maximum height of spillway

crest above deepest foundation (m)

4.00 m.

e) Length of bay (m) 15 m. f) Crest level (El-m) 368.000 m. g) Number of gates 37 Nos. h) Type of gates Vertical Gates.


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j) Size of gate (m) 15.00 m X 8.3 m. k) Type of energy dissipation

arrangement. Aerofile profile with end sill wall apron

l) Maximum discharging capacity (cumec)

32,212

m) Tail water level (E1-m) - (i) Maximum 376.00 (ii) Minimum 368.00

14.2.4 Under Sluice Bays Not Applicable 14.2.5 Guide bund/afflux bunds -

a) Guide bunds - i) Upstream - ii) Donstream - b) Afflux bunds - c) Other protective works

(if any) Earthen Embankments (Bunds)

Details Left flank Right flank

Type of construction Composite section with central hearting of impervious material and outer casing with gravel.

Length (m) 275.00 180.00 Top width (m) 7.50 7.50 Top level (El-m) 380.250 380.250 Max. height above

GL (m) 6.000 6.000

14.3 Weir Not applicable 14.4 Head Regulator (s) Not applicable 15 Canal System

15.1 Main Canal (Name) Feeder Canal 15.1.1 Purpose of canal (Irrigation/

Power/Navigation/Diversion/Water supply/ Multipurpose

Irrigation

15.1.2 Type a) Flow/lift Lift b) Lined-Unlined Lined c) Discharging capacity of the

channel above which lining is proposed

All capacity upto FIC

d) Type of lining Cement Concrete 15.1.3 Design data


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a) Length (Km) 1.88 b) Full supply level a head/tail

(E1-m) 409.90/408.73

c) Full supply depth at head/tail (m)

1.90/1.35

d) Bed width at head/tail (m) 2.20/1.65 e) Side slope at head/tail 1:1 /1:1 f) Bed slope (range) 1 in 3000 g) Maximum dischaging capacity

at head/tail (m3/sec) 8.07/3.37

h) Total number of canal structures

i) Total assumed head of losses across the structure (m)

0.25

j) Gross command area (ha) 17,920 k) Culturable command area (ha) 16,000

15.1.4 Distribution System a) Number 5 b) Total length (Km) 66.88

15.2 Efficiencies (Percent) i) Conveyance 75 ii) Field application 68

16 Cropping Pattern 16.1 Name of Crops (Seasonwise) Percentage area (CCA)

Existing Proposed (I) Kharif

1) Tur dal - 18.75 2) Bajra 14.00 - 3) Jawar Kharif 30.00 - 4) Oil Seeds 9.00 - 5) Pulses(Black gram, Green

gram, Cow Pea) 20.00 15.00

6) Ground nut 15.00 20.00 7) Maize 3.00 3.75 (II) Rabi

1) Toor - - 2) Bajra - - 3) Ground nut - - 4) Jawar rabi 6.00 12.00 5) Sun flower - 8.00 6) Safflower - 10.00


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7) Pulses - 6.25 8) Wheat - - 9) Cotton - - 10) Other crops 3.00 - (III) Two Seasonal 1) Cotton - 7.50 2) Chillies - 3.75 Total 100.00 105.00

17 Power Not Applicable- However, a Mini Hydel Scheme work for generating 10.50 MW power under private sector is under progress.

18 Cost 18.1 Cost of the project (Rs Lakhs)

Unitwise (refer para II Guidelines -para 1.18)

Rs. 50205.00 lakhs

18.2 Allocated cost (Rs lakhs) a) Irrigation Rs. 50205.00 lakhs b) Power - c) Flood control - d) Navigation - e) water supply - f) Any other -

19 Benefits / Revenue 19.1 Benefits Qty (t) Unit

price (Rs/t)

Value Rs lakh

a) Food Production (tonne) 411890.00 3488.35/ MT

14368.16

b) Power (kwh) - - - c) Flood protection (ha) - - - d) Navigation (tonnage) - - - e) Water supply (Population

served) - - -

f) Any other (fisheries) - - - Total 14368.16

19.2 Revenue Area Rate Amount Rs. lakh 1 Betterment levy - - - 2 Water Rates 16800 118.69/ha 19.39 3 Irrigation cess - - - 4 Pisiculture rights auction - - - 5 Power rates - - - 6 Navaigation - - -


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i) Cargo rates - - - ii) Regd charges - - - iii) Passenger tax - - - iv) Others - - - Total 19.39

20 Benefit Cost Ratio a) B. C. Ratio i) Irrigation 1.75 (Drought Prone Area) ii) Flood control - iii) Power - b) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) -

2.4 PROJECT BENEFITS The project on completion will provide:

• Irrigation over a GCA of 17,920 ha, with irrigable area as ha of Net CCA 5800ha in

Rabi and 9,200 ha in kharif cropping season in 31 villages. The total area to be

irrigated is 16,000 ha, with an irrigation intensity of 105 %.

• Enable upliftment of urban population living in small to medium size town, clusters

of Gulbarga District.

• Generate permanent employment potential to the large agricultural laborers

available in the area.

• Increased agricultural activities and production will also generate multiple type of

indirect employment facilities e.g. workshops, food processing units, transportation

etc.

• Creation of a large manmade lake will provide good facility for water sport, tourism

and will generate number of indirect employment particularly in non-cropping

period.

2.5 COST ESTIMATES

The detailed estimate of Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme amounting to Rs.600.00 Crores is

prepared as per CWC Guidelines for Preparation of Project Estimates for River Valley

Projects (Second Revised Edition, March 1997).

The rates adopted for the estimates are based on Schedule of Rates of W.R.D. for the year

2012-13 and P.W.D. Gulbarga Circle S.R. 2012-13.

Initially, the work of construction of Bridge cum barrage across river Bhima near Sonthi

Village, Chittapur Taluk, Gulbarga District was taken up with an estimated cost of Rs.

3310.00 lakhs vide Technical Sanction Dated: CEC-1/10 during May-2003 and work was


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taken up under the KBJNL Fund. Subsequently, the total expenditure incurred on the work

of Construction Bridge cum Barrage to convert the submergible barrage into an all weather

non submersible bridge cum barrage and providing vertical lift crest gates is Rs. 72.79

crores. The work of construction of Lift Irrigation Head Works is taken up under the KBJNL

Fund on turn key basis for a cost of Rs.30.30 crores. Till now, an amount of Rs. 15.33

crores has been spent on the lift irrigation head work. The work of construction Feeder

canal for a cost of Rs. 2.43 crores has been taken up under KBJNL Funds and amount

spent is Rs. 1.93 crores.

The summary of cost is given in Table-2.2.

Table-2.2 : Summary of cost required for commissioning of Kundalia Major Multipurpose Project

Rs in Crores

No Description of works

Estimate cost as

per 2011-12 Rates

Expenditure incurred

upto August-

2012

Balance cost

Funds allocation

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-

16

1a) Barrage and Allied works

280.61

185.00 415.00 165.00 100.0 100.00 50.00

b) Submergence LAQ & R & R works

2) Sonthi LIS 3) Canal

Networks and LAQ

319.39

Total Rs 600.00 185.00 415.00 165.00 100.00 100.00 50.00

2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT The total land to be acquired for the project is 1412 ha. The ownership wise status of land

acquisition is given in Table-2.3.

Table-2.3: Ownership status of land to be acquired for the project Component Government

(ha) Private(ha) Forest (ha) Total (ha)

Land acquired for intake channel, pump house, raising main and Delivery chamber for lift

- 38.96 - 38.96

Canal network - 610.8 0.78 611.58 Borrow Area - 40.00 - 40.00 Submergence Area 2.43 669.52 - 671.95 Resettlement and Rehabilitation

- 40.48 - 40.48

Approach roads to Sonthi Barrage

- 9.84 - 9.84

Total 2.43 1409.60 0.78 1412.81


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2.7 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 2.8 COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN


3-1

CHAPTER -3 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME, MAN POWER & PLANT PLANNING

3.1 Introduction

All the major components of work related to Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme are being

executed through reputed contractors by processing of tenders and acceptance thereof,

strictly under Karnataka Transparency Public Procurement Act, (KTPP Act). The present

status of programme and progress in respect of each major components are as under:

3.2 Present Status of Work:

Barrage:

The entire barrage work are divided into following two components.

i) Civil works pertaining to main barrage. (Salient features is enclosed)

ii) Design, supply, fabrication, erection including commissioning of gates (37

No.).

The civil works of barrage is completed in all respects. The fabrication, erection and

commissioning work of all 37 vertical gates is entrusted to Karnataka State Construction

Corporation Limited (Government undertaking company) and work of fabrication, erection

is completed in all respects. The commissioning of the gates will be carried out during

ensuing monsoon. It is planned to impound water in the barrage up to RL 372 m during

2012-13.

Rehabilitation Centres

The lands required for formation of one rehabilitation centre is identified and land

acquisition process, preparation of lay-out plans, preparation of estimate etc., are under

progress. The survey work of affected structures of the entire village is being carried out

and the acquisition process of these structures is under progress. The survey work of lands

which will get submerged under the back water of reservoir (FRL) is completed and

necessary action is being taken up to acquire these submergence lands.

The Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) is entrusted to the Managing Director,

Rehabilitation & Resettlement Authority, Bagalkot.


3-2

Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme:

The head works related to Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme comprises of the following

5-components.

i) Intake Channel – 3.00 Km

ii) Jack well cum pump house.

iii) Raising main – 4.32 Km

iv) Delivery Chamber v) Electrical Sub-Station

The present status of the above works is as under:

The work of construction of intake canal and pump house cum jack well structure is in

progress. Delivery chamber is completed and laying/ jointing of gunited and in-lined MS

pipes for raising main is nearing completion. All the electro-mechanical equipments

required for the commissioning of the scheme are procured and the erections of these

equipments are in progress.

Canal Network

The survey, Investigation, Preparation of estimates and draft tender papers etc., for main

canals, Branch canals and Distributory network of the lift canals are assigned on

Consultancy Services. Presently, the survey work for net work of the lift canals is

completed. Alignment of distributaries and preparation of detailed estimates thereof is

under progress.

With the present status of progress on above component of work, it is planned to complete

the construction of project by 2013-14.

Power requirement:

The power sanction for lift irrigation schemes is obtained from KPTCL / GESCOM the

details are as under.

The work of providing power supply to the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is under progress

on self execution scheme in consultation with the KPTCL / GESCOM authorities.

Sonthi LIS : 7500 KVA

Barrage : 250 KVA

Total : 7750 KVA

Say : 7.750 MVA


3-3

Man power planning

As explained above, all the major components of work are being executed on contractual

basis and the responsibility of man power planning rests with the respective contractor.

However the man power requirement of project organization concerned, the organization

chart is depicted below.

ORGANIZATION CHART

Chief Engineer, KBJNL, Canal Zone-1, Bheemarayangudi.

Executive Engineer, KBJNL, Sonthi LI Division, Khanapur Camp.

Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL,

NRBC-17, Sub Division, KHANAPURA.

Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL, JBC-16,

Sub Division, KHANAPURA.

Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL, NRBC-

16, Sub Division, DORANAHALLI.

In addition to the above, a Quality Control wing is setup for carrying out all the necessary

quality test / QAP under the guidance of the Superintending Engineer, Quality Control,

Bheemarayanagudi.

Superintending Engineer, KBJNL, NRBC Circle No.2, Krishnapur.


4-1

CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR CONDUCTING CEIA STUDY

4.1 INTRODUCTION Standard methodologies of Environment Impact Assessment were followed for conducting

the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. A brief

account of the methodologies and matrices followed in the present study is given below

under different headings. All the methods were structured for the identification, collection

and organization of environmental impact data. The information thus gathered has been

analysed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation

and decision-making.

4.2 STUDY AREA

The study area covered as a part of the EIA study is as below:

• Submergence area • Area to be acquired for various project appurtenances • Area within 10 km radius of various project appurtenances including i.e. canal

network, etc. • Gross Command Area

4.3 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY

The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs.

Scoping : An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many

sources as possible was prepared. The next step was to select a manageable number of

attributes which were likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. The various

criteria applied for selection of the important impacts were follows :

• magnitude • extent • significance

Description of Environment : Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain

the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly

affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline status assessed as a part of

CEIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project involved both field work and

review of data collected from various secondary sources.

Prediction of Impacts: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental

conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the

construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. An attempt was

made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible.

However, for intangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been made so that planners

and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.


4-2

Environmental Management Plan: the approach for formulation of an Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize

the negative ones. The steps suggested as a part of EMP include modifications of plans,

engineering designs, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operational and

management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost

required for implementation of various management measures has also been estimated as

a part of the present study.

Environmental Monitoring Programme: An Environmental Monitoring Programme for

monitoring of critical parameters during project construction and operation phases has

been prepared as a part of the CEIA study to oversee the environmental safeguards, to

ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality. The monitoring programme also

helps in suggestion of remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but

arising during construction and operation phases. The exercise will also generate data for

future use and serve as a reference for assessment of impacts of hydropower projects in

similar settings.

4.4 SCOPING MATRIX Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the project activities

on the environment. As a part of the study, scoping exercise was conducted selecting

various type of impacts which can accrue due to the proposed irrigation project. Based on

the project features, site conditions, various parameters to be covered as a part of the

CEIA study were selected. The results of scoping analysis are presented in Table-4.1.

Table-4.1:Scoping Matrix for EIA study for Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts A. Land Environment Construction phase • Increase in soil erosion

• Pollution by construction spoils Operation phase • Acquisition of land for alignment of canal

network. • Impact on soil erosion rates.

B. Water resources and water quality Construction phase • Impacts due to disposal of sewage from labour

camps or colonies. Operation phase • Impacts on downstream water users.

• Increase in ground water recharge. • Impacts on groundwater levels and increased

vulnerability to waterlogging. • Impacts on groundwater quality due to increased

use of agro-chemicals. C. Air Environment Construction phase • Impacts due to fuel combustion in various

construction equipment • Entrainment of fugitive emissions from various

construction sites. • Impacts on ambient air quality due to increased

vehicular movement


4-3

Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts D. Noise Environment Construction phase • Increased noise level due to operation of various

construction equipment • Impacts due to increased vehicular movement

E. Aquatic Ecology Operation phase • Introduction of irrigation and thereby increase in

ponds and tanks will increase the fish potential • Impacts on riverine ecology due to diversion of

water for irrigation. • Impacts due to increased human interferences.

F. Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase • Loss of trees due to siting of various project

appurtenances • Impacts on vegetal cover due to cutting of trees

by immigrant labour population Operation phase • Improvement in vegetal cover

• Changes in floral composition, density, diversity due to increase moisture content.

• Impacts on wildlife movement • Impacts on wildlife habitats

G. Socio-Economic Aspects Construction phase • Improved employment potential during project

construction phase • Development of allied sectors leading to greater

employment • Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities

Operation phase • Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances including distributaries minors, etc.

• Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments

• Impacts on mineral reserves • Increased agriculture production • Improvement in livestock status due to additional

fodder availability • Increase in to industrialization and urbanization. • Improvement in infrastructure facilities. • Increased revenue from increased agriculture

production. H. Public Health Aspects Construction phase • Increased incidence of water-borne diseases due

to lack of potable water and absence of adequate sanitation facilities.

Operation phase • Reduction in fluoride levels in groundwater. • Increased vulnerability of incidence of vector-

borne diseases due to increase in stagnant pools of water which habitats for proliferation of mosquitoes.

• Improvement in public health due to potable water supply, improved infrastructure and increased income level.


4-4

Based on scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data has been collected on which the

impacts due to the project have been superimposed to understand the beneficial and

deleterious impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift

Irrigation Project.

4.5 DATA COLLECTION

Primary surveys were started in December 2012 and field studies were conducted for

various seasons to collect data on flora, fauna, forest types and ecological parameters,

geological and soil features. During these surveys data and information was collected on

physico-chemical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the study area. In addition,

detailed surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding bio-diversity in the

study area.

4.5.1 Physico-chemical aspects Geology The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology was based on the

existing information available in the Engineering Reports of the project.

Hydrology Hydrological data for river Bhima as available in the Engineering Report was collected and

suitably incorporated in the Comprehensive EIA study.

Landuse pattern Landuse pattern of the study area including command area was carried out by standard

methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by ground truth collection and

interpretation of satellite data. For this purpose digital satellite data was procured from

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, IRS-P6 LISS-IV. The data was

processed using ERDAS software package.

Soils The soil quality was monitored at various locations in the catchment area. The monitoring

was conducted for three seasons listed as below:

• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013

The parameters monitored are listed as below:

• pH • Electrical Conductivity • Sodium • Bulk Density • Available Phosphates • Available Potassium • Available Nitrogen • Particle Size Distribution • Porosity • Organic Carbon


4-5

Water Quality The existing data on water quality has been collected to evaluate the surface and ground

water quality on upstream and downstream of the project site.

River water Quality

Samples to be collected from various representative locations on river Bhima in and

around water abstraction sites. The water quality was monitored for three seasons listed

as below:



• pH • Total Alkalinity • Electrical Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Total Hardness • Total Suspended Solids • Chlorides • Nitrates • Sulphates • Fluorides • Phosphates • Calcium • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Iron • Manganese • Phenolic compounds • Chromium • Copper • Lead • Cadmium • Mercury • Zinc • Cyanides • Arsenic • Dissolved Oxygen • Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand • Chemical Oxygen Demand • Total Coliform • Fecal Coliform • Oil & Grease


4-6

Ground Water Samples were collected from various representative wells in the command area. The

ground water quality was monitored for three seasons listed as below:



• pH • Electrical Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Total Alkalinity • Total Hardness • Nitrates • Chlorides • Sulphates • Fluorides • Phosphates • Calcium • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Iron • Manganese • Copper • Chromium • Lead • Phenolic compounds • Cyanides • Arsenic • Cadmium • Mercury • Zinc • Oil & Grease • Dissolved Oxygen • Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand • Chemical Oxygen Demand • Total Coliform • Fecal Coliform

Ambient air quality The ambient air quality was monitored at various locations in the study area. The

parameters monitored were PM10, SO2 and NO2.

Ambient Noise level As a part of the EIA study noise level was monitored at various locations in the study area.

Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely Winter (December 2012), Pre-

monsoon (May 2013) and Monsoon Season (September 2013) At each station, hourly

noise level was monitored during day time. Using the hourly noise levels, day time

equivalent noise level was estimated.


4-7

4.5.2 Ecological Aspects Terrestrial Ecology Flora Data on forest type legal status and their extent in the catchment and study area has been

collected from forest department. The other relevant data on bio-diversity economically

important species medicinal plant. Rare and endangered species in the study area and its

surroundings have been collected from secondary as well as primary sources. Field

studies were conducted to collect data on various aspects in the study area. The various

aspects studied were floral density frequency and abundance of species of trees, shrubs,

herbs and grasses. Species of economical species and medicinal use and endangered

species were also identified as a part of the study.

The monitoring was conducted for the following three seasons:


Fauna The assessment of fauna has been done on the bases secondary data collected from

different government offices like forest department, wildlife department, fisheries

department, etc. and visual observations during field visits. The presence of wildlife was

also confirmed from the local inhabitants depending on the animal sightings and the

frequency of their visits in the catchment area. Review of secondary data was another

source of information for studying the fauna of the area. In addition, sightings of faunal

population during field studies as a part of ecological survey were also recorded.

Aquatic Ecology and fisheries Water samples from river Bhima were also collected as a part of field studies. The density

and diversity of periphyton and phytoplanktons, species diversity index and primary

productivity, etc. were also studied. The monitoring was conducted for the following three

seasons:


4.5.3 Socio-economic Aspects Demography The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the submergence area as well as

the study area have been studied through primary as well secondary sources. Detailed

socio-economic census survey was conducted in all the affected villages due to the

proposed project. Collection of data was completed at two levels - at village/ block and

individual household level. The socio-economic survey at the village/ block level was

aimed at finding out the status and extent of amenities and resources at the disposal of


4-8

villages/ blocks. The household surveys were conducted with the main aim of evolving and

preparing compensatory and rehabilitation packages for families who would be rendered

houseless, landless and whose part of land would be acquired for various project activities.

Based on the assessment of demographic profile of the Project Affected Families (PAFs),

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan using guidelines and norms as per Policy laid down

in National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (NRRP)-2007.

4.6 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION The summary of the data collected from various sources is outlined in Table-4.2.

Table-4.2:Summary of data collected from various sources Aspect Mode of Data

collection Parameters monitored

Frequency Source

Meteorology Secondary Temperature, humidity, rainfall

- India Meteorological

Department (IMD)

Water Resources

Secondary Flow, Design hydrograph and

design flood hydrograph

- Detailed Project Report (DPR)

Water Quality

Primary Physico-chemical and bacteriological

parameters

Three seasons

Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and

winter seasons Ambient air

quality Primary PM10, SO2 and

NOThree

seasons

2 Field studies for Pre-monsoon,

post-monsoon and winter seasons

Noise Primary Hourly noise level

Three seasons


winter seasons

Landuse Primary and secondary

Landuse pattern

- NRSA and Ground truth

Studies Geology Secondary

Geological

characteristics of study area

- Detailed Project Report (DPR )

Soils Physico-chemical

parameters

Three seasons


winter seasons Terrestrial Ecology

Primary and secondary

Floral and faunal diversity

Three seasons


winter seasons

Aquatic Ecology

Primary and Secondary

Presence and abundance of

various species

Three seasons


winter seasons


4-9

Aspect Mode of Data collection

Parameters monitored

Frequency Source

Socio-economic aspects

Primary and secondary

Demographic and socio-economic,

Public health cultural aspects

- Field studies for PAFs, Secondary

data collection from Revenue

Department and literature review.

4.7 IMPACT PREDICTION Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the

project area that might be expected to occur because of implementation of the project.

Impact of project activities has been predicted using mathematical models and overlay

technique (super-imposition of activity on environmental parameter). For intangible impacts

qualitative assessment has been done.

The environmental impacts predicted are as follows:

A. Project construction phase

• Pollution due to large scale quarrying activities

Land Environment

• Degradation of land during construction activities, i.e. as a result of disposal of

construction

waste.

• Generation of muck and other construction wastes

• Pollution due to increased soil erosion from the construction sites.

• Impacts due to disposal of solid waste from labour camps.

• Pollution due to disposal of untreated sewage from the labour colonies.

Water Environment

• Pollution due to disposal of runoff from construction sites.

• Impacts due to discharge of effluents from the crusher.

• Increase in turbidity during construction phase with corresponding reduction in

photosynthetic activity and primary productivity.

Ecology

• Impacts on terrestrial ecology due to increased human interferences due to

congregation of labour population during construction phase

• Impacts on ambient air quality as a result of construction activities, e.g. operation of

various construction equipments, increased vehicular traffic etc.

Air Environment

• Impacts due to fugitive emissions.


4-10

• Impacts on ambient air quality due to source of construction power to be identified at

the time of construction.

• Increase in noise levels as a result of operation of various construction equipment.

Noise Environment

• Impacts due to increased vehicular traffic.

• Improvement in the employment scenario as a result of absorption of locals in the

construction activities.

Socio-Economic Environment

• Traffic congestion and traffic safety aspects due to increased traffic movement.

• Increased stress on existing infrastructure facilities due to congregation of labour

population.

• Incidence of water-borne diseases in construction staff colony

B. Impacts during the operation phase

• Impacts on landuse pattern due to increase in cropping intensity

Land Environment

• Increased irrigation intensity in the command area

• Impacts on soil quality due to increased and continued use of agro-chemicals.

• Increased potential for waterlogging and soil salinization in the command area.

• Impacts due to acquisition of land for various project appurtenances including

ownership status

• Impacts on reservoir water quality.

Water Environment

• Reduction in fluoride levels in groundwater.

• Disposal of effluents containing agro-chemicals including pesticides from surface and

sub-surface drainage system.

• Impacts due to increased use of agro-chemicals in the command.

• Impacts on the bio-diversity as a result of introduction of irrigation in the command

area.

Ecology

• Impacts due to acquisition of forest land and impacts on flora and fauna

• Impacts on ecologically sensitive sites like national park, wildlife sanctuary, etc. if any

• Impacts on rare, endangered and threatened species.

• Impacts on medicinally important and other economically important species if any.

• Impacts on migratory routes of wildlife

• Increased potential for farm and tank fisheries in the command area.


4-11

• Acquisition of private lands for construction of various project appurtenances namely

construction of road network joining the quarry sites and the construction sites, canal

and drainage network in the command area.

Socio-Economic Environment

• Improvement in employment potential as a result of increase in irrigation intensity.

• Improvement in quality of life as a result of higher agricultural production, and

improvement in income levels.

• Improvement in the status of livestock as a result of greater water availability and

fodder from agricultural residues.

• Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases.

• Improvement in public health, educational status, etc. as a result of economic

development.

• Impetus to industrialization as a result of improved water availability.

• Impetus to urbanization as a result of improved water availability and overall increase

in income levels.

4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES Based on the environmental baseline conditions and project inputs, the adverse impacts

were identified and a set of measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) for their amelioration. The management measures have been

suggested for the following aspects:

• Measures to control the water pollution due to various effluents to be discharged during construction phase.

• Measures to control air pollution during construction phase. • Measures to contain noise pollution during project construction phase. • Reclamation of areas disturbed during construction including quarry stabilization and

construction waste disposal sites • Development of public health management plan • Maintenance of water quality during project operation phase. • Biodiversity conservation plan • Greenbelt development along periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach road, canals

etc. • Health Delivery system. • Air Pollution Control. • Noise Control measures • Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan • Sustenance and enhancement of fisheries potential. • Infrastructure development for agriculture.

The expenditure required for implementation of these management measures has also

been estimated as a part of the EMP study.


4-12

4.9 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT A Catchment area Treatment Plan for the catchment area intercepted at the diversion

structure of the proposed dam site has been prepared as a part of the Comprehensive EIA

study. The landuse pattern using satellite data, slope map (prepared using Survey of India

toposheets), etc. has been used.

The CAT Plan comprises of delineation of watersheds in the catchment, mapping of

critically degraded areas based on Integration of Remote Sensing technique, GIS

methodology and Silt Yield Index method coupled with ground survey.

A Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan has been be prepared for sub-watersheds with

very high and high erosion intensity. The cost required for implementation of CAT plan has

also been estimated as a part of the study.

4.10 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS

A dam break analysis has been conducted to simulate hypothetical failure of dam including

preparation of inundation maps. A Disaster Management Plan (DMP) including the cost

estimates has been prepared for dealing with emergency situation. It includes emergency

preparedness plan, surveillance plan, evacuation plan etc including communication

system.

4.11 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN As a part of the CEIA study, a Local Area Development Plan (LADP) has been formulated

for implementation in study area villages. An amount of 0.5% of the project cost has been

earmarked for implementation of Local Area Development Plan. The key features of the

Local Area Development Plan includes upgradation of infrastructure facilities in schools of

various Study Area villages, scholarship to students, upgradation of infrastructure in

various PHCs in the study area.

4.12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME It is necessary to continue monitoring of certain parameters to verify the adequacy of

various measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and to assess

the implementation of mitigative measures. An Environmental Monitoring Programme for

monitoring of critical parameters has been suggested for implementation during project

construction and operation phases. The staff, necessary equipment and agencies to be

involved for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme and costs have

also been indicated.


5-1

CHAPTER-5 HYDROLOGY

5.1 lntroduction

The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a barrage across Bhima River

near Sonthi village in Chittapur taluka, Gulbarga district, in Karnataka to impound 4 TMC of

water including a dead storage of 0.265 TMC. A foreshore lift irrigation scheme is proposed

to irrigate an area of 16000 ha., of lands in Chittapur and Yadgir taluka.

5.2 Water availability

a) For assessing the availability of water at Sonthi barrage (CA=69184 Sq.Km) site,

the observed flow data at the C.W.C. Gauging Stations namely, at Takali (CA= 33916

Sq.Km), at Yadgir (CA= 69863 Sq.Km) on river Bhima, at Wadakbal on river Sina (CA =

12092 Sq.Km) were considered where in the flow data is available from 1965-66 to 2010-

11. The flow data is tabulated at Table -1, Table-8 and Table-14 respectively for Takali on

river Bhima, for Wadakbal on river Sina and for Yadgir on river Bhima. The percent

monsoon flows of river Bhima at Takali, of river Sina at Wadakbal , and of river Bhima at

Yadgir are arrived at by dividing monthly flow of the corresponding year by the monsoon

total of that year.

b) The abstracts of Maharastra in K5 and K6 Sub-basin projects have been tabulated

at Table-3. The abstracts pertaining to Sina sub-basin projects of Maharastra in K5 and K6

Sub-basin are tabulated at Table-3(a). The abstracts upto Takali excluding Sina

catchment abstractions have been Tabulated at Table 3(b) which is obtained by

deducting figures in Table-3 correspondingly with that in Table-3(a) and has been

distributed on to monsoon months based on the percent monsoon flows of river Bhima at

Takali. (vide:- Table 4 ) c) The virgin flows at Takali on river Bhima is arrived at by adding the gauged flows as

at Table-1 and the distributed flows as at Table-4. The virgin flows are tabulated at

Table-5. d) The planned utilization figures of Karnataka,Maharastra and Andhrapradesh is

tabulated at Annexure –I. e) The net flows at Takali on Bhima Stem i.e. without Sina flows is obtained by deducting the monthly annual planned utilization of K5 and K6 Sub-Basin as indicated in Table-6. by Gross flows arrived at Takali as indicated vide Table:-5. This is Tabulated in Table-7.

f) Similarly the virgin flows at Wadakbal on river Sina (vide:- Table 11 ) and at Yadgir

on river Bhima (vide:- Table 18 ) are worked out and the corresponding net flows of

Wadakbal tabulated at Table 13.


5-2

g) The monthly virgin flows between Yadgir,Takali and Sina gauge sites obtained by

deducting the Gross flows of Takali and Wadakbal from the Gross flows of Yadgir. (i.e,

Table 18- Table:-5- Table 11). The same is tabulated at Table 19. h) Multiplication Factor has been derived by considering the intermediate catchment area

upto Sonnathi and Yadgir GD site. The monthly intermediate virgin flows as at para (g) has

been reduced on to the Sonnathi site by multiplying the figures of Table 19 with

Multiplication Factor and the same has been tabulated at Table 20. i) The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the intermediate catchment area

upto Sonnathi is obtained by deducting the planned utilization of Karnataka and

Andhrapradesh as per Annexure –I (vide:- Table 17(a)) and the same is tabulated at

Table 21. The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site in Tmc is tabulated at Table 22. The net annual flows at Sonnathi from the independent catchment is tabulated at Table-22(a). j) The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the entire catchment area upto

Sonnathi is obtained by adding the net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the

intermediate catchment area and the net flows at Takali and Wadakbal.i.e, by adding Table 21, Table 7 and Table 13. The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site in Mcum considering

the entire catchment area upto Sonnathi is tabulated at Table 23 and the net monthly

flows at Sonnathi site in Tmc is tabulated at Table 24. The net annual flows at Sonnathi

from the entire catchment is tabulated at Table-24(a).

k) The gauge data adopted for this estimation is from 1965-66 to 2010-11 (i.e., for 46

years). The Annual Yield Statement with yield series for 46 years (1965-66 to 2010-11) are

appended as Table-24(a). Accordingly the 75% dependable yield works out to 49.49 TMC

and 50% dependable yield works out to 120.64 TMC. The 75% dependable yield of this

project i.e., 49.49 TM is approved by Water Resource Department, Anand Rao Circle,

Bangalore, vide their letter No: WRDO/ P&I/TA-2/AE-2/Sonthi/2010-11, Dated: 07.05.2010

at Annexure- 3 and considering that the utilization is limited to 4.00 TMC, which is

substantially lower than approved yield.

1.1. Design Flood

1) Flood Discharge by Ravey’s formula: Q = CM2/3

Q = CM

Where Q= Discharge in Cumecs

M= Catchment area in Sq.Km C= 18.75 Constant

= 18.75 X (69184)2/3

2/3 = 31599 Cumecs or (1115922 Cusecs)2) High Flood by unit Hydrology : 32212 cumecs or (1137550 cusecs)

3) High flood level : 381.30

4) (a) Scour depth ( in alluvial Soil):


5-3

Dsm = 0.473 ( Q/ksf)

Where Q= Discharge in cumecs KSf: silt factor

1/3

= 1.25 in medium sand

Dsm = 0.473 (31599/1.25)

(b) Maximum Scour Depth (D)

1/3

Nature of River course = Right angle Bend

Constant = 2

Hence, D = 2 X dsm

= 2 X 13.82 = 27.64m

5) Foundation level:

a) (HFL – Maximum Scour Depth) = +353.660 m

b) Lowest Foundation level = +362.000 m

(as per the bore Details)

The work of Design and Drawings regarding construction of Bridge cum Barrage was

entrusted to Aminbhavi & Hegade, Consulting Engineer Pvt. Ltd, Dharwad. The agency

has made elaborate studies on the Design, Discharge, Site selection and foundation.

Details arriving at the structural details (Annexure – 4). The High flood discharge obtain by Unit Hydrograph method ie.. 32212

Cumecs has been considered for the design of the barrage. The construction of the

Barrage was completed during 2008-2009 and has already surpassed two monsoon

seasons that to with an observed high flood 7500 cumecs in the monsoon of 2009. The

structure is safe for a life period of 100 years.

1.2. Yield calculation

By considering the 75 % dependable yield of Bhima at Sonthi from total Catchment {Data

taken from Table-24 (a)}

Yield at the Sonthi barrage site: = (75% Dep. Yield in MCum) – 2(Gattergi + Kollulr-B)

= 1401.38 – 2(17.66 + 20.78) = 1324.50 Mcum

= 46.77 TMC


6-1

CHAPTER-6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS

6.1 GENERAL

Before the start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the

baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a result

of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been

adopted for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme. The

Scoping Matrix as outlined in Chapter-4 was formulated to identify various issues likely to be

affected as a result of the proposed project. Based on the specific impacts likely to accrue due

the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the CEIA study were identified. The other issues

as outlined in the Scoping Matrix were then discarded. Thus, planning of baseline survey

commenced with the shortlisting of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data

needs to be collected.

The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:

• Physico-chemical aspects

• Ecological aspects

• Socio-Economic aspects

The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have been covered in this Chapter.

6.2 METEOROLOGY

Gulbarga district lies in the northern plains of Karnataka and has semi - arid type of climate.

Dry climate prevails for most part of the year. December is the coldest month with mean daily

maximum and minimum temperatures being 29.5°C & 15° to 1 DoC respectively. During peak

summer, temperature shoots up to 45°C. Relative humidity varies from 26% in summer to 62%

in winter. The project area has a moderate climate tending to hot ranging from 15.2°C to 44°C.

The monsoon usually arrives in June and last until October.

Rainfall

The southwest monsoon sets in the middle of June and extends till the end of September. Bulk

of the annual rainfall occurs during this season, which constitutes over 75% of the annual

rainfall. Significant rainfall occurs during the winter monsoon owing to northeastem monsoon,

which constitutes 15% of the annual rainfall. The Chittapur Taluka of Gulbarga District and

Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District receives very low rainfall (The average annual rainfall is 740

mm and 695 mm respectively) The rainfall is erratic and unevenly distributed, causing regular

crop failure.


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Temperature

The project lies in semi - arid type of climate. December is the coldest month with mean daily

maximum and minimum temperatures being 29.5 °C & 15° C to 1 DoC respectively. During peak

summer, temperature shoots up to 45°C. Relative humidity varies from 26% in summer to 62%

in winter.

Humidity Annual mean humidity in morning is found to be 68% and in the evening it is 44%. Maximum

humidity is 82% and Minimum humidity 41 %

Cloud Cover

During the period from May to November skies are moderately to heavily cloud. In the rest of

the year, skies are clear of lightly clouded generally.

Wind Speed

Mean wind speed (high) is 21.4 Kmph during July and Mean low wind speed is 6.5Kmph in

December

Predominant wind directions Morning November to February SE, E, N, NE

March to June S, SW, W, NW July to October W, NW

Evening November to February SE, E, N, NE March to June E, SE, W, NW

July to October W, NW

6.3 HYDRO-GEOLOGY The ground water occurs under water table conditions as well as semi-confined condition in

weathered and fracture zone of the country rock of the area. Recharge of ground water is

mainly from rain water. In lime stone area ground water occurs in the contract zone of lime

stone and granitic gneiss. In granitic area ground occurs mainly in fractures and weathered

portion of rocks. The yield of borewells drastically dwindles during summer and hot condition

makes agricultures stand still.

The quality of ground water is equally important as quantity. The ground water quality depends

mainly on its aquifer. Due to over exploitation of ground water, quality of water degrading day

by day. The concentration of fluoride is increasing and it found more than 1.5 ppm which is

more than permissible limit in western portion due to poor drainage brackishness of water is

observed.

Geohydrological conditions are feasible in the eastern of the area which as well developed

dendretic type of drainage. Some small patches of structurally controlled nalas are seen in this

terrain. In the western portion geohydrological condition unfavorable for tapping of ground

water. The area mainly depends up on rain fed only.


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The command area comes under semi critical and critical zone of ground water. The entire

area depends on ground water for agriculture and drinking purpose. Depletion of ground water

is occurring over a period of year. The proposed lift Irrigation Scheme from Sonthi Barrage

auguments ground water table condition along with irrigation benefit. It reduces


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6-5


7-1

CHAPTER 7 BASLESINE STATUS FOR ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

7.1. INTRODUCTION Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the

baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a

result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has

been adopted for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Sonnthi Lift Irrigation Project.

The baseline setting for Ecologcal aspects have been covered in this Chapter following

floral and faunal accounts of the area. Flora is categorized in to three groups as herbs,

shrubs and trees. Fauna is divided into two groups i.e. terrestrial fauna include insects

(butterflies), reptiles, birds and mammals whereas aquatic fauna consists of plankton,

benthos and fishes. Field survey was conducted for baseline study of existing ecological

environment for one season - monsoon season during the present study period.

7.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a bridge cum barrage across

Bhima River near Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at

latitude of 160, 49' 50" & longitude of 760, 55' 45" to impound 2.89 M.Cum including a dead

storage of 0.265 TMC of water and one lift irrigation scheme. Thus, the total water allocation

for the scheme is 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) and is earmarked for irrigation

purpose. The Canal network will provide irrigation to 16800 ha of Culturable Command Area

(CCA) situated in drought prone areas- dry lands of Chittapur Taluka (9 Villages) of

Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir Taluka (22 Villages) of Yadgir District. In addition, the

proposed scheme will also help to generate incidental power 13.5 MW through surface

power house in downstream area.

The Government of Karnataka had allotted hydel power using seasonal floods to generate

13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units) as per G.O. No: PD/267/NCE/2004, Bangalore Dated:

13.09.2004 and also as per G.O.No: No: PD/264/NCE/2007, Bangalore Dated: 09.08.2007.

The total cost of the project at 2007 price level was 57.41 crores and will be developed by

M/s Sugnaneshwara Hydel Power Pvt. Ltd.

The proposed scheme is undertaken by KBJNL. Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd (KBJNL)

was incorporated on19th August 1994 under the Companies Act, 1956 as Company, wholly

owned by the Government of Karnataka for implementation of the Upper Krishna Project

(UKP) in the State of Karnataka. The Company is responsible for planning, investigation,

estimation, execution, operation and maintenance of all irrigation projects coming under the

UKP.


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The land use in the proposed project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of

monsoon rain with low cropping intensity and low productivity. The common crops that are

grown are Jowar, Pulses, Groundnut, Sunflower, etc. The proposed irrigation intensity is

kept at 105% for Khariff and Rabi season to grow semi dry and wet crops as recommended

by the Agriculture Department in case of Barrage across Bhima River near Kollur. Figure 1.1

depicts the location map of the project area on Toposheet and Figure 1.2 presents the

Google view of the proposed project.

7.3 OBJECTIVES

The ecological study of the surrounding area up to 10 km radius and other longitudinally

influenced area in catchment and downstream power house has been conducted in order to

understand the ecological status of the existing flora and fauna to generate baseline

information and evaluate the probable impacts on the biological environment. Similarly,

longitudinal stretch of Bhima River has been surveyed for aquatic ecology.

The floral & faunal survey for three seasons during 2013 for pre-monsson (summer),

monsoon (rainy season) and post monsoon (or winter) has been conducted. For Floral

accounts, a herbarium for unidentified species shall be prepared during the course of the

ecological survey. The survey has been conducted at eight locations following random

quadrat technique for flora and line transect for fauna. The quadrate size will range

from 01 m2 to 100 m2 depending on the type of species number (i.e., Trees, Shrubs &

Herbs etc.) and sensitivity of species. At each sampling location, at least 25 quadrats have

been studied which are varies due to prevailing field conditions of undulating plains. The

objectives of the work as follows:

7.3.1 Flora (Vegetation)

• Identification of forest type and density, bio-diversity in the study area

• Preparation of comprehensive checklist of flora (Angiosperm,

Gymnosperm, Bryophyte, pteridophyte, algae, fungi, Lichen)

• Importance value index of the dominant vegetation in the study area of proposed

project

• Frequency, Abundance and Density of each species of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs

& Grasses at representative sampling sites will be estimated

• Identification and listing of Rare Endangered species -RET

• Identification and listing of plants of genetically, biologically, economical

and medicinal importance

• Ethno botanical aspects of each species need to be assessed

• Assessment of economic values and uses of existing forests in the study area

• Identification of potentially important species from conservation and economic point


7-3

of view

• Major forest produce, if any and dependence of locals on the same in the forests

7.3.2 Fauna

For Fauna inventorisation i.e. wildlife as mammals, avifauna, reptiles and butterflies etc., the

study was carried out in the proposed project vicinity w.r.t. the following objectives:

• To prepare an inventory of the terrestrial fauna (Mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian,

Lower invertebrate etc.)

• To assess present status of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area

• To assess the impacts on terrestrial fauna present in the study area

• Identification and listing of RET- Fauna following WPA

7.3.3 Aquatic Ecology

The Aquatic Ecological Monitoring is to be conducted minimum at five locations in

summer season. The details of the monitoring work proposed to be carried out are as

follows:

• Assessment of biotic resources with special reference to primary productivity,

zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, benthos, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and

fishes in the study area

• Population densities and diversities of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons benthos,

macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish shall be estimated Diversity indices of

these ecological groups will also be calculated separately

• Spawning breeding grounds if any, have to be identified

• Assessment of loss of habitat and conservation needs for Fish species in the project

area

• Based on the existing status of riverine ecology the ecosystems shall be

characterized for trophic status

• Fish species community in the project area and mitigation measures

7.4 STUDY AREA

Project Details: The project site is approachable from Shahpur Taluka of Yadgir district

through Bhimnarayangudi urban area. The project area- Barrage, Reservoir and Canal

intake sites comes under the Gulbarga districts whereas most of the command area

following canal network falls under Yadgir districts. (Figure 1).

The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, involves, construction of gated Barrage across River

Bhima near Sonthi Village in Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters. The


7-4

length of earthen dam towards the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180 m.

The top of the Barrage is fixed to RL 380.250m. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is

provided over the barrage . Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme (Sonthi LIS head works-160,53'

07"N; 760, 59' 07"E) comprises of an intake channel (365.500 m, CBL of intake channel) of

3 km length to draw water from the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village. Further, canal

system is mainly contour lift canals, which will consist mainly of 1) Sonthi feeder canal, 2)

Sonthi main canal, 3) Sonthi branch canal 4) Distributory No.1 canal and 5) Yargol minor

canal. The Sonthi Main canal is a contour canal and distributaries minors are ridge canals.





4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-

B 11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)

Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and 22)

Naganayakanahalli.

Topography: The rock formation in the Command Area is Deccan trap, available at

reasonable depths. The topography of the project and its surrounding area is plain. The

slope of the catchment area range between “1% to 5%”. The major part of the command

area is gently sloping terrain. It is very gently sloping on the low lands and gently sloping to

undulating on midlands and uplands. The command area lies around 1234 feet (376.00 m)

above mean sea level. Geohydrological conditions are feasible in the eastern of the area

which as well developed dendretic type of drainage. Some small patches of structurally

controlled nalas are seen in this terrain. In the western portion geohydrological condition

unfavorable for tapping of ground water. The area mainly depends up on rain fed only. The

command area comes under semi critical and critical zone of ground water. The entire area

depends on ground water for agriculture and drinking purpose. Depletion of ground water is

occurring over a period of year. The proposed lift Irrigation Scheme from Sonthi Barrage

auguments ground water table condition along with irrigation benefit. It reduces burden on

electric energy of the area. Existing land use pattern (agriculture, non agriculture, forest,

water bodies (including area under crz), shortest distances from the periphery of the project

to periphery of the forest, national parks, wild life sanctuary, eco sensitive areas, water

bodies (distance from, the HFL of the river). Presently, the land use consists of agriculture

and non agriculture areas in most of the portion of the command area. Forest patches

are also available here and there with rocky knobs. The details of the existing land use are

presented in Figure 1.1.


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Study Site Selection: The study has been conducted covering submergence zone, dam

site area and d/s influenced zone in the vicinity of 10 km radius from the periphery of project

appurtenances. The field survey was conducted upto the Left and right bank full height in

the river course as well as in surrounding area including agriculture land and village waste

land, designated forest area. The river morphology in the area is ravine type and flows in

deep cut surface on the rocky bottom where both banks are sandy clay deposits. Above

bank height land is undulating plains followed by agriculture land. Being an irrigation

scheme, few representative sites has also been selected from the wide spread command

area. However, secondary data of Satellite imagery for study area was also referred as

secondary data sources in the study area and information for ecosenstive zone was also

collected from the forest department working plan for protected, reserved forest and any

notified area in the vicinity.

Figure 7.1: Topomap map of Project Area on SoI Toposheet (Scale – 1: 2,50,000, Nos.

56C, 56D, 56G & 56H)


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Figure 7.1.2 Google View of the Project Area

7.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology

For study of floral and faunal accounts in and around the proposed project, the area has

been subdivided in to five groups i.e. Barrage axis site, Submergence & Catchemnt zone,

project influenced area d/s zone, command area under canal network, respectively.

Catchment & Submergence zone where quadrat laid down are both left and right banks

near dam axis d/s of Sonnthi village(Left Bank) and right bank to towards

Hurasagundagi/Sirwal village following u/s catchment –submergence zone and d/s project

influenced area. The river flows in the low gradient surface surrounded by undulating land

plains, which will submerge 900 ha area spreads upstream area beyond canal Intake side at

FRL 376m, msl. Therefore, to have a holistic view of complete ecology and biodiversity of

the area, some study site were also selected beyond 10km radius study area from the

project appurtenance. Similarly, faunal survey was also followed in the same tract while

following visual observation with line transects methodology only. The description of study

area is given in Table 7.1 and images shown in Plate 7.1.

Table 7.1: Description of Study Sites for terrestrial ecology (Floral and Faunal accounts) w.r.t. Project Appurtenances

S.NO./ Sites

LOCATION STUDY SITES SITE DESCRIPTION NEARBY FORESTS

A. SUBMERGENCE /CATCHMENT AREA (up to 10km from barrage axis)

1

Submergence Zone A. Left Bank Sonnthi village B. Right Bank Hurasagundagi to Sirwal villages

Riparian Vegetation- along river banks, including and Agriculture fields as the spreads till river bank

Agriculture dominant (Gulbarga district)


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B. CANAL INTAKE POINT-

2 Canal Intake Area 1. Left Bank Kollur Village & 2. Right Bank Hotanmadi village

Riparian Vegetation- along river banks, including and Agriculture fields as the spreads till river bank

Left Bank moist cropland- paddy dominate and right bank dry zone where cotton crops dominate (Distt Gulbarga)

C. Catchment Area- 3 Catchment Area

Biral Nalla Located between Biral khurd and Biral Buzurg villages 3-4 km upwards from right bank Bhima confluences

Riparian Vegetation- along nalla, and widespread Agriculture fields of cotton, tour dal, green chilli and few ever sugarcanes etc.

Agriculture dominant (Gulbarga district)

D. BARRAGE AXIS SITE BHIMA RIVER

4

1) Left Bank across barrage axis from u/s Chandralama temple to d/s Budha Temple-ASI

Approx 1000 m river length covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m barrage axis+ 500m d/s) following –riparian vegetation, forest and wide spread agriculture fields

Riparian buffer vegetation and predominate agriculture fields. Left banks paddy common and right bank cotton crop common (Distt. Gulbarga & Yadgir)

2) Right Bank across barrage axis u/s area following water intake canal and to d/s Power House site till confluence tail water with river Bhima 3) Power House Site

Approx 1000 m river length covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m barrage axis+ 500m d/s) following –riparian vegetation, forest and wide spread agriculture fields

Riparian buffer vegetation and predominate agriculture fields. Left banks paddy common and right bank cotton crop common (Distt. Gulbarga & Yadgir)

E. INFLUENCE ZONE: (5 to 8 km d/s from barrage)

Area along Left bank is also Part of Command Area

5

Left bank (Moist Vegetation) river reach length from Halandgira /Kagnahalli to Banhatti villages

Riparian Vegetation along bank , Agriculture Land of villages and village area vegetation

Agriculture field – paddy field in kagnahalli to Halandagere and cotton field in dry zone from Halandagere to Banhatti zone

Right Bank (Dry Vegetation) u/s and d/s area of Tangedgi village following Tangedgi nalla confluence

Riparian cover with scrubs and agriculture field of cotton and tour dal, following village vegetation, no forest land

Agriculture fields widespread till the River bank zone.

6 Ibrahimpur Village : approx 6-7 km southern direction

Consists vegetation from Agriculture land, scrub land along Ibrahimpur kere

Agriculture predominate except the riparian vegetation along nalla


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from bhima river right bank

(water tank), village vegetation and riparian nalla /stream (Tangdgi)

and scrubs on side slopes of kere / pond/ water tank

F. COMMAND AREA ALONG PROPOSED CANAL NETWORK

The area located on left bank of Bhima river and spreads toward east and northern directions

7 Delivery Chamber: Feeder Canal Juntion Zone (1.5-2.0km from Shampurhalli Rly. stn.) canal crossing Railway line near village Shampurhalli,

Agriculture field where cotton, and tour dal predominates.

Mainly agriculture fields

8 Wadnahalli Village: Canal passing through Agriculture fields and partly along the margin of Yadgir Reserve Forest –open scrubs type.

Agriculture field semi arid type. Land undulating plains. Yadgir RF open scrubs on the slopes of extended rocky hillocks till the slopes of Wadnahalli Kere (water tank-lake). Riparian zone of Water tank/ kere.

Agriculture field semi arid zone with open scrub forest land. Left bank of canal Yadgir RF and Right bank is village land of Wadnahalli following agriculture land.

7.5 Eco-sensitive Zones

The project section is not passing through any sanctuary or ecological sensitive area except

some sites of reserve forests and protected forests. One of the distributary canal cross

along the southern margin fringe (about 300m) through open scrubs of rocky hillock of

Yadgir RF in the command area. However, there is no protected, eco sensitive, wildlife area

as notified in Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is located in 10 km of proposed barrage, power

house and canal intake site. The existing scrub land, protected forest and reserve forests

are shown in the map along with project location, streams of Bhima river and in d/s area the

Bhima river (Figure 1.0.).

7.6 Terrestrial Ecology Methodology

A detail investigation was made to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resource

characteristics within 10 km radius from the major project components and some sites

beyond 10 km area due to large longitudinal submergence in Bhima river course. For

assessing the floral diversity in the study area both floristic survey and quantitative analysis

of vegetation were undertaken. Information regarding local names and locality of the plants

were recorded with the help of the local people and forest personnel. The quantitative

analysis of vegetation was done by using quadrats as sampling units. The details of

methodology followed are described in below section.


7-9

7.7 Floral resources

a. Secondary data

Published documents of the concerned Forest Divisions are used as the secondary

information source of the area. Also various published reports and research papers are

used as the secondary source of data.

b. Primary data

A detail investigation was made to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resource

characteristics within 10 km radius of the proposed project area. The study was carried out

during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons.

7.7.1 Forest and Forest Types

Forest and Forest types are classified as per Champain and Seth Forest classification of

India.

7.7.2 Floral Study

The present report on the plants of project area is based on field survey conducted during

monsoon seasons. The project area has been divided into three zones based on project

appurtenances in the river course i.e. dam axis site, catchment area or submergence zone

u/s of dam axis, and project influenced area d/s of dam site following surrounding area upto

10km radius including the proposed command area for lift canal irrigation scheme.

Therefore, detail survey was conducted in the different habitats for having a holistic view of

phyto-sociological aspects.

Phytosociology

A nested quadrats technique was used for sampling the vegetation. The size and number of

quadrates needed were determined using species area curve (Mishra, 1968) and the

runnings mean method (Kershaw, 1973). To study the phytosociological attributes

quadrates of 10 m × 10 m size for trees, 5 m x 5 m. size for shrubs and 1m x 1m size for

herbs and grasses were randomly laid out at each site randomly in identified sites in the

dam site, submergence area, Catchment area and Command area. The vegetation analysis

was undertaken by collecting numerical community data for trees, shrubs and herbs from

the randomly laid quadrats. Total 25 numbers of quadrats were laid at each study sites due

to sparse vegetaion, which are having representation of from the left and right banks of river

Bhima, where each 25 quadrats laid both banks to the uppermost bank height and

undulating land plains above slopes. The terrain is undulating ravine habitat type. The

enumeration of vegetation in each of the quadrat was done. The vegetation data collected

for phyto-sociological information was quantitatively analyzed according to the method

developed by Curtis and McIntosh (1950) and by Misra (1968). The GBH of all trees having


7-10

girth of more than 16 cm (equivalent to 5 cm DBH) was measured. The tree species

diversity for each stand in different forest types was determined using Shannon Wiener

information function (Shannon and Wiener, 1963) and Evenness Index formula,

respectively. Vegetation composition was evaluated by analyzing the frequency, density,

abundance, abundance to frequency ratio (A/F) and importance value index (IVI). The tree

species diversity for each stand in different forest types was determined using Shannon

Wiener information function (Shannon and Wiener, 1963) and Evenness Index formula,

respectively.

Further, Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density and cover (basal area) for each

species were calculated using the following formula:

Density (ha-1) = (Total number of individuals of the species in all the quadrats/total number

of quadrats studied) multiplied by the factor depending on the quadrat size to express on

per hectare basis for trees and shrubs, individual/m2 for herbs.

Frequency (%) = (Number of quadrats in which the species occurred/total number of

quadrats studied) × 100;

Basal cover is considered as the portion of ground surface occupied by a species (Greig-

Smith, 1983). Basal area = πr2 = C2/4 π Where, C = 2 πr (C = Circumference at breast

height; r = Radius)

Frequency indicates the number of sampling units in which a given species occur and thus

express the dispersion of various species. The density represents the numerical strength of

the species in the community. The ratio of abundance to frequency (A/F) was used to

represent the distribution pattern of the species i.e. the two dimensional spatial organization

or dispersion of population in the community. The ratio of abundance to frequency if less

than 0.025 indicates regular distribution while between 0.025 – 0.050 random and more

than 0.050 indicates contiguous distribution (Cottam and Curtis , 1956).

Based on the quantitative characters like frequency, density, and dominance (Basal area or

cover) the overall dominance of a species on the entire community is measured by

analyzing the synthetic character called Importance Value Index (IVI), Philips (1959)

reported that IVI expresses the abundance and ecological success of any species. The

values of IVI were computed by the summation of the value of relative frequency, relative

density and relative dominance (Curtis and McIntosh 1950 and 1951; Mishra, 1968).

Relative values for frequency, density and basal area were calculated by dividing the

individual species value by the total value multiplied by 100. The IVI values were tabulated

in the descending order. It helped in permitting the development of an abstract called

“Community Type”.


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Diversity indices and Evenness

The herbaceous vegetation has been studied through tiller analysis. Separate shoots

appearing above the ground were counted as individual tiller. The method was selected for

study because it was difficult to decide where an individual plant begins and where it ends.

Grasses and sedges usually form smaller and large tufts and the number of aerial shoots

(culms) varies greatly with the tufts as well as the species. Such a method provides a real

picture of the actual composition of herb age of mixed grassy vegetation. To assess

diversity of floral elements and structure of the plant community in different study sites,

various diversity indices were analyzed. A diversity index is a mathematical measure of

species diversity in a community. They provide more information about community

composition than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also

take the relative abundances of different species into account.

Shannon Weinner index (H′)

It is an index used to measure diversity in categorical data. In a basic sense, it is the

information entropy of the distribution in a given area treating species as symbols and their

relative population sizes as the probability. The diversity index takes into account the

number of individuals as well as number of taxa. Higher values of Shannon index indicate

that a particular community has more information.

H′ = – ∑=

s

iii pp

1ln

where, s = the number of species

pi = the proportion of individuals or abundance of the ith species expressed as a

proportion of total cover

ln = log base n.

Concentration of dominance (Cd)

It is calculated as Cd= ∑ ((ni/n)2) where ni is number of individuals of taxon i. The value of

D Ranges from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community

completely).

Equitability or Evenness

It was calculated by following formula given by Pielou (1966, 1969), which reads:

Evenness (J) = s

pps

iii

ln

ln∑== 1

maxH'H'


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Where, s = the number of species

pi = the proportion of individuals or abundance of the ith species expressed as a

proportion of total cover

ln = log base n.

It indicates the relative abundance or proportion of individuals among the species.

α-diversity is within area diversity, measured as the number of species occurring within an

area of given size (Huston, 1994). It is therefore a measure of richness of a potentially

interactive assemblage of species.

7.7.3 Identification of Rare, Endangered and Threatened plant species

Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book of India and

other available literature, flora and herbarium pertaining to the rare/ endangered species of

state of Karnatka.

7.7.4 Medicinal & Economic important Plants

An Ethno botanical survey is carried out to identify the wild plants used by the local peoples

for different purposes.

7.8 FLORAL RESOURCES: VEGETATION PROFILE / FLORAL ACCOUNTS

7.8.1 Forest Type

As per the revised survey of forest type of India Sir Harry G Champian and Shri S K Seth

(1968), vegetation occurring in the area has been classified under two subgroup namely 5A-

Southern tropical dry deciduous forests and 6A-Southern tropical thorn forests identified in

the Gubarga district and Yadgir district forest division. Further each subgroup has been

divided in to two categories.

Sub group 5 A : Southern tropical dry deciduous forests

However, the present survey in the study area does not support type 5A group except some

presence of Type 5 /DS 1 : Dry deciduous scrubs and predominate Type 6 A/ C1 : Southern

tropical thorn forest and Type 6A/DS 1 : Southern thorn scrubs forests in Chhittur (Nalawar),

Shahpor and Yadgir areas. The type 5 /DS 1 is characterized by shrubby growth 3-6m high,

including some tree species reduced to similar conditions, usually many shrubs are

unpalatable to the cattle (Holorrhina, Dodonea) or thorny (Randia, Carrissa). The grasses

occur throughout of the area.

Type 5 A/ C3 : Southern dry mixed deciduous forest and

Type 5 /DS 1 : Dry deciduous scrubs


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Sub group 6A : Southern tropical thorn forests

These are open low forests in which thorny and hard wood species predominate, Accacia

species being particularly characteristic with other mixure of species. Thin grass appears

during moist season with more or less bare soil. The usual height is 6-9m. There is an ill

defined lower story of smaller trees and large shrubs mostly spiny and often with other

xerophytic conditions.

Type 6 A/ C1 : Southern tropical thorn forest and

These are with Accacia spp., thorny mimosae and ziziphus species followed by dry

deciduous scattered vegetation of Anogeissus latifolia, Soymida febrifuga and the like in

Gulbarga, Shorpur and Yadgir area.

Type 6A/DS 1 : Southern thorn scrubs

This is the most common type which occurs in the area. This includes open scrubs following

degraded vegetation of impenetrable thorny thickets, 4-6 m high with few surviving tree

stand out.

Therefore, the commonly occurring floral species in these forests and surrounding areas

including village, agriculture land, and water bodies are Albizzia amara, Azhadirecta

indica, cholorxylon swietenia, zizphus xylopyrus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Randia

dumetorum, Flacourtia indica, Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea, Albizzia lebbek, Annona

spp, Ziziphus spp etc.

7.8.2 Agronomy and Agro forestry Practice in the Area

Cropping Pattern Name of Crops (Seasonwise)

(I) Khariff

1) Tur dal

2) Bajra

3) Jawar Khariff

4) Oil Seeds

5) Pulses(Black gram, Green gram, Cow Pea)

6) Ground nut

7) Maize

(II) Rabi

1) Toor

2) Bajra

3) Ground nut


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4) Jawar rabi

5) Sun flower

6) Safflower

7) Pulses

8) Wheat

9) Cotton

10) Other crops

(III) Two Seasonal

1) Cotton

2) Chillies

S.No. Crops Common name Scientific name 1. Cereal 2. Maize Corn (macca) Zea mays 3. Bajra Bajra Pennisetum glaucum 4. Jowar Jowar Sorghum vulgare 5. Wheat Gahuun Triticum aestivum 6. Barley Jo Hordeum vulgare 7. Oats Jaie Avena fatua 8. Sugarcane Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum 9. Torai Arhar (Redgram) Cajanus cajon 10. Oil seeds 11. Sunflower Oil seed Helianthus annuus 12. Groundnut Moongfali Arachis hypogaea 13. Fruits 14. Bananaas Sweet banana Musa bulbisiana 15. Grapes Angoor Vitis vinifera 16. Vegetables 17. Onion pyaj Allium cepa

7.8.3 Vegetation Accounts in & around project site & Study Area The area lies in a region of moderate to low rainfall zone. Besides these vagaries of

monsoon, the prolonged dry periods have rendered the area into draughprone Yadgir

districts. Therefore, sever droughts in the area often leads to damage to the natural

regeneration of natural forests and plantations. The community lavel studies of the selected

sites (see Table-7.1) were conducted during different seasons (i.e, Monsoon, Post-monsoon

and Pre-monsoon) for herbaceous vegetation and once for trees and shrubs. During the

survey, individuals within the quadrat were identified up to the species level, and the number

of individuals of each species in each quadrat was counted and described in the below

sections.


7-15

7.8.3.1 Florostics

The floristic exploration of present study of Sonthi lift irrigation project area in different

seasons, a total of 129 plant species belonging to 106 genera under 42 families have been

recorded. The habit approach of plants revealed that out of 129 flowering plants, the biggest

group was herbs, contributed 76 species (58.91%) which is followed by trees with 29

species (22.48%), shrubs with 18 species (13.95%), climbers with 5 species (3.88%) and

parasite with single species (Table-7.2).

Table 7.2: Vegetation stasus of the study site PLANT HABIT NO. OF SPECIES % OF SPECIES

Herbs 76 58.91% Trees 29 22.48%

Shrubs 18 13.95% Climber 5 3.88% Parasite 1 0.78%

Total 129

During the floristic survey in Pre-monsoon season, a total of 93 plant species were

recorded from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. Of these, 29 species are trees, 18 are

shrubs, 43 herbs, and 3 climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded from the

study area in this season. In Monsoon Season, a total of 124 plant species were recorded,

which is the maximum number of plant diversity in the project area. Of these, 29 species are

trees, 18 shrubs, 71 herbs, 5 climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded

from the study area, however, only single species of parasite were recorded in this season

from the project area.

In Post-Monsoon Season, a total of 87 plant species were recorded from the Sonthi Lift

Irrigation Project Area. Of these, 29 species are trees, 18 are shrubs, 36 herbs, and 4

climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded from the study area in this

season. The summary of number of floral species recorded during field studies in various

seasons is given in Table-7.3.

Table 7.3: Number of plant species recorded in different seasons from the study area Life form Number of Species

Pre-Monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon Trees 29 29 29

Shrubs 18 18 18 Herbs 43 71 36

Climbers 3 5 4 Parasite - 1 -

Total 93 124 87


7-16

Figure-7.2: Showing floral species recorded in different seasons from the study area The composition of floristic elements of the study area consisted of 77.52% dicots and 22.48% monocots. A total 129 plant species (100 dicots and 29 monocots) belonging to 106 genera (82 dicots and 24 monocots) and 42 families (37 dicots and 5 monocots) were recorded (Figure -7.3). It is evident that dicots families are over 7 times larger than monocots, the genera are more than three times the monocots and species are also more than three times the monocots. The details are given in Table-7.4.

Table 7.4: Showing the percentage composition of the floristic elements of the study site

Group Family

Genera Species

No. % No. % No. % Dicots 37 88.10 82 77.36 100 77.52

Monocots 5 11.90 24 22.64 29 22.48 Total

42 106 129

Figure 7.3: Taxa reported from the study site

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Trees Shrubs Herbs Climber Parasite

Pre-monsoon

Monsoon

Post-monsoon

0

20

40

60

80

100

Family Genera Species

37

82

100

5

24 29

Num

bers

Rank of Taxa

Dicots Monocots


7-17

Description of families, genera and species along with their local name and habit observed

at various sampling locations in different seasons are depicted in Table -7.5.

Table 7.5:Total list of plant species recorded from the Sonthi lift irrigation project in different seasons

Plant Species Local name Family Habit

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Kakari Malvaceae Shrub

Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. Kachu/Khadira Mimosaceae Tree

Acacia ferruginea DC. Banni Mimosaceae Tree

Acacia leucophloea Roxb. - Mimosaceae Tree

Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile Karjali Mimosaceae Tree

Acalypha indica L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. - Asteraceae Herb

Achyranthes aspera L. - Amaranthaceae Herb

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bael Rutaceae Tree

Agave cantula Roxb. - Agavaceae Shrub

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin Tugli,Chigare Mimosaceae Tree

Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. Bage/ Siris Mimosaceae Tree

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree Mimosaceae Tree

Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Belati/ Safed siris Mimosaceae Tree

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. - Amaranthaceae Herb

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb

Amaranthus spinosus L. - Amaranthaceae Herb

Amaranthus viridis L. - Amaranthaceae Herb Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees - Acanthaceae Herb

Andropogon schoenanthus L. Rausa grass Poaceae Herb

Annona squamosa L. Shareefa/Seetafal Annonaceae Shrub

Apluda mutica L. Karrigudi Poaceae Herb

Argemone mexicana L. - Papaveraceae Herb

Aristida setacea Retz. - Poaceae Herb

Azadirecta indica A. Juss Bevu/Neem Meliaceae Tree

Bahunia racemosa Lam. - Caesalpiniaceae Tree Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. Madare Asclepiadaceae Shrub

Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. - Asclepiadaceae Shrub

Carex cyperoides Dewey. - Cyperaceae Herb

Carica papaya L. Papita Caricaceae Tree

Carissa carandas L. Kavale Apocynaceae Shrub

Cassia auriculata L. Thangadi Caesalpiniaceae Shrub


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Cassia mimosoides L. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb

Cassia occidentalis L. - Caesalpiniaceae Shrub

Cassia pumilla Lam. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb

Cassia siamea Lam. Seeme/ Tangudi Caesalpiniaceae Tree

Cassia tora L. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb

Celosia argentea L. - Amaranthaceae Herb

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Brahmi Apiaceae Herb

Chrysopogon spp - Poaceae Herb

Cissampelos pareira L. - Menispermaceae Climber

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt - Cucurbitaceae Climber

Cocos nucifera L. - Arecaceae Tree

Coix lacryma-jobi L. - Poaceae Herb

Commelina benghalensis L. - Commelinaceae Herb

Corchorus aestuans L. - Tiliaceae Herb Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). - Asclepiadaceae Climber

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. - Cuscutaceae Parasite

Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don - Commelinaceae Herb Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Rosha grass Poaceae Herb

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon - Poaceae Herb

Cyperus cyperoides Britton. - Cyperaceae Herb

Cyperus difformis L. - Cyperaceae Herb

Cyperus distans L.f. - Cyperaceae Herb

Cyperus niveus Retz. - Cyperaceae Herb

Cyperus nutans Vahl - Cyperaceae Herb

Cyperus rotundus L. Konnerigadde Cyperaceae Herb Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sissoo Fabaceae Tree

Datura innoxia Mill. - Solanaceae Herb

Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees - Acanthaceae Herb

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler - Poaceae Herb

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link - Poaceae Herb

Eclipta prostrata (L.) Taila Asteraceae Herb

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - Poaceae Herb

Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex - Poaceae Herb


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Roem. & Schult.

Eucalyptus spp Nilgiri Myrtaceae Tree

Euphorbia helioscopia L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb

Euphorbia heterophylla L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb

Euphorbia hirta L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb

Ficus bengalensis L. Aala Moraceae Tree

Ficus religiosa L. Arali/ Peepal Moraceae Tree

Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Miller - Apiaceae Herb

Grewia tiliaefolia vahl Tadasalu Tiliacaeae Shrub

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. - Lamiaceae Herb

Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. - Fabaceae Herb

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. - Convolvulaceae Shrub

Justicia procumbens L. - Acanthaceae Herb

Lantana camara L. Lantana Verbenaceae Shrub

Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills Subabool Mimosaceae Tree Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel - Lamiaceae Herb Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten - Solanaceae Herb Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke - Malvaceae Herb

Mangifera indica L. Mavinamara/Aam Anacardiaceae Tree

Martynia annua L. - Martyniaceae Herb

Melia azedarach L. Arebevu/ Huchbevu Meliaceae Tree

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Climber

Musa bulbisiana Colla - Musaceae Herb

Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. - Nymphaeaceae Herb

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Herb Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb

Parthanium hysterophorus L. Congress grass Asteraceae Herb Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene - Caesalpiniaceae Tree

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Ichalu Arecaceae Tree

Physalis minima L. - Solanaceae Herb Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. Asoka Annonaceae Tree

Polygonum barbatum L. - Polygonaceae Herb

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Honge/ Kanige Fabaceae Tree

Prosopis juliflora DC. Bellary Jali Mimosaceae Shrub


7-20

Psidium guajava L. Amrood Myrtaceae Tree

Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret Mangare Rubeaceae Shrub

Rhynchosia spp - Fabaceae Climber

Ricinus communis L. - Euphorbiaceae Shrub

Saccharum spontaneum L. - Poaceae Herb

Scirpus articulates L. - Cyperaceae Herb

Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. Bala Malvaceae Herb

Sida rhombifolia L. - Malvaceae Herb

Solanum nigrum L. - Solanaceae Herb

Sonchus brachyotus DC. - Asteraceae Herb

Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon - Poaceae Herb

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Nerale Myrtaceae Tree

Tamarindus indica L. Hunise Caesalpiniaceae Tree

Tectona grandis L. f. Tegal/ Sagavani Verbenaceae Tree

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. - Fabaceae Shrub Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Karrinatti Combritaceae Tree

Tribulus terrestris L. Neggilu Zygophyllaceae Herb

Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. - Boraginaceae Herb

Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae Herb

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. - Tiliaceae Herb

Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard Aapu/ Anechondu Typhaceae Herb

Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing - Asteraceae Herb

Vitex negundo L. Sakkigida Verbenaceae Shrub

Waltheria indica L. - Malvaceae Herb

Xanthium indicum Koenig - Asteraceae Herb

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bare Rhamnaceae Shrub

Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe - Fabaceae Herb

The most dominant family of the study area as per number of genera and species was

Poaceae with 16 species belonging to 16 genera. The co-dominant families were

mimosaceae with 10 species and 5 genera, Fabaceae with 10 species and 10 genera,

Caesalpiniaceae with 9 species and 4 genera and Cyperaceae with 8 species and 3 genera

(Figure-7.4).


7-21

Figure -7.4: Most dominant families of the study site

7.8.3.2 Economically Important Plant Species

Vegetation is the most precious gift that nature has provided to us, as it is meeting all kinds

of essential requirements of the humans in the form of food, fodder, fuel, medicine, timber,

resins, and oil, etc. Most of the plant species recorded in the present study was used by the

local villagers for variety of uses ranging from food, religious uses medicinal, fodder, dye,

household articles, agricultural implements, vegetables, fuel, ornamental and fruits etc.

The list of economically important plant species observed in various seasons is enumerated

in Table-7.6.

Table-7.6: List of economically important plant species recorded from the study area

Plant Species Local name Habit Economic value Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). - Climber Medicinal

Acalypha indica L. - Herb Medicinal

Achyranthes aspera L. - Herb Medicinal

Amaranthus spinosus L. - Herb Medicinal

Amaranthus viridis L. - Herb Green vegetable Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees - Herb Medicinal

Apluda mutica L. Karrigudi Herb Fodder grass

Argemone mexicana L. - Herb Medicinal

Cassia tora L. - Herb Medicinal

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Brahmi Herb Medicinal

Chrysopogon spp - Herb Fodder grass Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Rosha grass Herb Fodder grass

02468

10121416

16

5

10

4 3

16

10 10 9 8N

umbe

rs

Families

Genera

Species


7-22

Cyperus rotundus L. Konnerigadde Herb Medicinal

Datura innoxia Mill. - Herb Medicinal

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees - Herb Medicinal

Eclipta prostrata (L.) Taila Herb Medicinal

Euphorbia helioscopia L. - Herb Medicinal

Euphorbia hirta L. - Herb Medicinal

Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Miller - Herb Condimental

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. - Herb Medicinal

Justicia procumbens L. - Herb Medicinal Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel - Herb Medicinal Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten - Herb Salad/ vagetable

Musa bulbisiana Colla - Herb Eruit edible

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulsi Herb Medicinal

Physalis minima L. - Herb Medicinal

Saccharum spontaneum L. - Herb Sand binder Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. Bala Herb Medicinal

Solanum nigrum L. - Herb Medicinal/Fruit edible

Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon - Herb Fodder grass

Tribulus terrestris L. Neggilu Herb Medicinal

Tridax procumbens L. - Herb Medicinal

Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard Aapu/

Anechondu Herb Medicinal

Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing - Herb Medicinal

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. - Parasite Medicinal

Agave cantula Roxb. - Shrub Fencing Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. Madare Shrub Medicinal

Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. - Shrub Medicinal

Carissa carandas L. Kavale Shrub Fencing

Cassia auriculata L. Thangadi Shrub Medicinal

Grewia tiliaefolia vahl Tadasalu Shrub Fodder

Lantana camara L. Lantana Shrub Medicinal

Prosopis juliflora DC. Bellary Jali Shrub Fencing

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. - Shrub Medicinal

Vitex negundo L. Sakkigida Shrub Medicinal

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bare Shrub Fruit edible

Acacia ferruginea DC. Banni Tree Timber


7-23

Acacia leucophloea Roxb. - Tree Timber

Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile Karjali Tree Timber

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bael Tree Medicinal

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin Tugli,Chigare Tree Timber/Fuel wood

Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. Bage/ Siris Tree Timber/Fuel wood

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree Tree Planted

Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Belati/ Safed siris Tree Timber

Azadirecta indica A. Juss Bevu/Neem Tree Medicinal/ Fuel wood

Bahunia racemosa Lam. - Tree Medicinal

Carica papaya L. Papita Tree Fruit edible

Cassia siamea Lam. Seeme/ Tangudi Tree Ornamental

Cocos nucifera L. - Tree Fruit edible

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sissoo Tree Timber/planted

Eucalyptus spp Nilgiri Tree Planted

Ficus religiosa L. Arali/ Peepal Tree Religious tree

Mangifera indica L. Mavinamara/Aam Tree Fruit edible

Melia azedarach L. Arebevu Tree Fodder/Fuel wood Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene - Tree Planted/Ornamental Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. Asoka Tree Planted/Ornamental

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Honge/ Kanige Tree Soil binder

Psidium guajava L. Amrood Tree Fruit edible

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Nerale Tree Fruit edible/Fuel wood

Tamarindus indica L. Hunise Tree Fruit edible

Tectona grandis L. f. Tegal/ Sagavani Tree Planted Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Karrinatti Tree Medicinal

7.8.3.3 Quantitative Analysis of community characteristics at various sampling sites (Phytosociology).

SITE-IA

A total of 10 tree species were recorded from the Submergence zone upsream (site-IA, left

bank) during the study.The highest value of IVI (82.71) as well as density (80 individuals h-

1) with 60% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant

species of the site. Albizia amara and Leucaena latisiliqua occupy the second and third

position in dominance with IVI value of 49.59 and 33.23 respectively. With minimum value of

density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.50), Cocos nucifera attained least position in


7-24

dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica was randomly distributed whereas;

remaining species showed contiguous distribution.The details are given in Table-7.7.

Nine shrub species made their contribution to this site (Table-7.7). From this table, it is clear

that Tephrosia purpurea is the dominant shrub species with maximum value for density (188

individuals ha-1) and IVI (58.87) and has occurred with 56% frequency at the site. The co-

dominance was shown by Prosopis juliflora with an IVI value of 53.86 Cassia auriculata the

main associate of Tephrosia purpurea with an IVI value 46.59 occurred at third place in

dominance Ricinus communis was the least frequent shrub species of this site with 8%

frequency. In terms of A/F ratio, Annona squamosa was randomly distributed while, rest of

species showed contiguous distribution pattern.

The vegetation of herbs on this site during pre-monsoon season is characterized by the

occurrence of 18 herbaceous species. The highest value of IVI (42.74) as well as density

(5.76 individuals/m2)) with 84% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which

resulted most dominant species of the site. Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 38.03) was the co-

dominant species of this vegetation stand followed by Andropogon schoenanthus (IVI,

36.97). The least position was shown by Euphorbia hirta with having an IVI value of 5.02.

Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 84% frequency and the least

value of frequency was recorded for Euphorbia heterophylla (12%). Distribution pattern of

species showed random distribution for the six species and contiguous for rest of the

species. The details are given in Table-7.8.

A total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from this site during the vegetation study in

the monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI) and density Dactyloctenium

aegypticum (IVI,27.25, density 11.08 individuals/m2) was the dominant herbaceous species

of the site followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI,25.17) and Eragrostis tenella IVI (20.64). The

least dominace for this site was shown by Physalis minima (IVI, 2.76) and minimum density

(0.36 individuals/m2). Frequency value ranged from 20% to 92%. The A/F values ranges

from 0.02 for Dicliptera bupleuroides to 0.17 for Dactyloctenium aegypticum.The details are

given in Table-7.8.

Table eight gives details of 25 herbaceous species that occurred in the upsream barrage

site (site-IA, left bank) during the post-monsoon season. It is evident that the Cynodon

dactylon is the dominant plant species of the site stand with maximum occurrence (88%)

and IVI (29.16) value. Apluda mutica and Cymbopogon martinii co-dominated the site.

Maximum density (4.92 individuals/m2) was shown by Cynodon dactylon closely followed by

Apluda mutica (4.68 individuals/m2). The least dominance was shown by Polygonum

barbatum with lowest value of IVI as 5.04 and density (0.28 individuals/m2). The A/F ratio

reveals contiguous distribution pattern for all the species except 5 species which were


7-25

randomly distributed and single species (Acanthospermum hispidum) was regularly

distributed.

Table 7.7: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site IA

Plant species Frequency %

Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI

TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 60 80 1.33 0.02 82.71

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 20 32 1.60 0.08 49.59 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 20 32 1.60 0.08 33.23 Acacia ferruginea DC. 16 24 1.50 0.09 28.62 Tamarindus indica L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 27.98 Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. 12 28 2.33 0.19 25.80 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 8 20 2.50 0.31 19.68 Ficus religiosa L. 8 12 1.50 0.19 15.97 Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 8 12 1.50 0.19 11.92 Cocos nucifera L. 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.50 SHRUB COMMUNITY Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 56 188 3.36 0.06 58.87 Prosopis juliflora DC. 32 132 4.13 0.13 53.86 Cassia auriculata L. 48 112 2.33 0.05 46.59 Annona squamosa L. 52 120 2.31 0.04 44.61 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 36 116 3.22 0.09 34.02 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 28 48 1.71 0.06 23.26 Lantana camara L. 16 36 2.25 0.14 15.16 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 24 40 1.67 0.07 14.43 Ricinus communis L. 8 20 2.50 0.31 9.21 Table 7.8 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IA during various seasons


Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI

PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 84 5.76 6.86 0.08 42.74 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 52 4.60 8.85 0.17 38.03 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 68 4.68 6.88 0.10 36.97 Aristida setacea Retz. 60 4.08 6.80 0.11 33.71 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 72 1.84 2.56 0.04 20.14 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 60 1.08 1.80 0.03 14.64 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 32 1.00 3.13 0.10 13.04 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 12.45 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 12.24 Tridax procumbens L. 52 0.68 1.31 0.03 11.36 Celosia argentea L. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.37 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.37 Amaranthus spinosus L. 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 9.48 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 32 0.40 1.25 0.04 7.70


7-26

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 7.49 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 7.29 Cyperus distans L.f. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 6.96 Euphorbia hirta L. 20 0.20 1.00 0.05 5.02 MONSOON SEASON Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 80 11.08 13.85 0.17 27.25 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 10.40 11.30 0.12 25.17 Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 84 8.00 9.52 0.11 20.64 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 76 6.88 9.05 0.12 18.58 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 56 5.80 10.36 0.18 17.28 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 72 4.64 6.44 0.09 13.83 Apluda mutica L. 60 4.48 7.47 0.12 13.79 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 72 2.76 3.83 0.05 9.69 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 60 2.24 3.73 0.06 8.41 Tridax procumbens L. 68 2.08 3.06 0.04 8.12 Tribulus terrestris L. 76 1.84 2.42 0.03 7.77 Corchorus aestuans L. 56 1.88 3.36 0.06 7.51 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 64 1.72 2.69 0.04 7.22 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 68 1.60 2.35 0.03 7.04 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 40 1.64 4.10 0.10 6.97 Cassia tora L. 64 1.52 2.38 0.04 6.76 Acalypha indica L. 68 1.40 2.06 0.03 6.58 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 68 1.40 2.06 0.03 6.58 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 64 1.40 2.19 0.03 6.48 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 64 1.36 2.13 0.03 6.39 Commelina benghalensis L. 48 1.20 2.50 0.05 5.67 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 32 1.04 3.25 0.10 5.24 Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 4.80 Justicia procumbens L. 36 0.92 2.56 0.07 4.78 Achyranthes aspera L. 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 4.71 Euphorbia hirta L. 48 0.84 1.75 0.04 4.69 Waltheria indica L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 4.59 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 4.28 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 4.27 Martynia annua L. 36 0.76 2.11 0.06 4.27 Cyperus distans L.f. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 3.93 Xanthium indicum Koenig 44 0.56 1.27 0.03 3.81 Amaranthus spinosus L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 3.75 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 3.39 Solanum nigrum L. 32 0.40 1.25 0.04 3.00 Physalis minima L. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 2.76 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 88 4.92 5.59 0.06 29.16 Apluda mutica L. 76 4.68 6.16 0.08 28.20 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 84 4.44 5.29 0.06 27.06 Aristida setacea Retz. 64 3.92 6.13 0.10 24.97


7-27

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 48 2.76 5.75 0.12 19.80 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 13.26 Justicia procumbens L. 40 1.48 3.70 0.09 12.74 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 52 1.44 2.77 0.05 12.44 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 1.04 1.86 0.03 10.45 Waltheria indica L. 68 0.84 1.24 0.02 10.13 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 72 0.76 1.06 0.01 10.02 Cassia tora L. 40 1.00 2.50 0.06 9.78 Acalypha indica L. 52 0.92 1.77 0.03 9.64 Achyranthes aspera L. 44 0.96 2.18 0.05 9.59 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 24 0.60 2.50 0.10 7.23 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 24 0.60 2.50 0.10 7.23 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 7.17 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.60 2.14 0.08 7.10 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 7.10 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 7.06 Argemone mexicana L. 36 0.56 1.56 0.04 6.91 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 6.53 Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 6.17 Cassia pumilla Lam. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 5.20 Polygonum barbatum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.04

SITE-IB

The sampling site is represented by 9 tree species during quadrat study. The highest value

of IVI (97.56) as well as density (60 individuals h-1) with 40% frequency was recorded for

Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the site. Albizzia procera and

Acacia ferruginea occupy the second and third position with IVI value of 48.52 and 33.10

respectively. With minimum value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (6.63), Ficus

bengalensis attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica

was randomly distributed whereas, the remaining species showed contiguous distribution

(Table-7.9).

A total 10 shrub species were recorded from the up stream barrage site right bank, site-IB

during the study. Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the

most dominant species with maximum value of IVI (116.67) and density (260 individuals h-

1) followed by Ziziphus mauritiana (IVI, 56.87) and density (192 individuals h-1each).

Abutilon indicum was another co-dominant species showed IVI (39.38) and density (108

individuals ha-1). The least dominace for this site was shown by Ipomoea carnea (IVI, 3.48).

Calotropis procera and Ipomoea carnea acquired lowest density (12 individual’s ha-1each).

Frequency values ranged from 4% to 72%. A/F ratio indicates that species like Abutilon

indicum showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed

(Table-7.9).


7-28

In pre-monsoon season, a total of 21 herbaceous species were recorded during the study.

The highest value of IVI (43.34) as well as density (6.24 individuals/m2)) with 88%

frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the most dominant species of the

site. Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 33.94) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand

closely followed by Eleusine indica (IVI, 33.26).The least position was shown by Dicliptera

bupleuroides with having an IVI value of 3.45. Maximum occurrence was shown by

Cynodon dactylon with 88% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for

Cissampelos pareira and Typha angustata with 8% each. Distribution pattern of species

showed random distribution for the few species and contiguous for rest of the species. The

details are given in Table-7.10.

Among the 34 herbaceous species reported from this sampling site during the vegetation

study in monsoon season, Digitaria ciliaris with highest value of density (14.28

individuals/m2) and maximum value of IVI (37.49) dominated the site. Dactyloctenium

aegypticum with IVI (23.73) was the important associate of it. Cynodon dactylon was the

most frequent species having 92% frequency. Physalis minima attained least position in

dominance having minimum density (0.16 individuals/m2) and importance value (1.88).The

A/F values ranged between 0.02 to 0.94 throught the site.The details are given in Table-

7.10.

The vegetation of herbs on this site during post-monsoon season is characterized by the

occurrence of 26 herbaceous species. Apluda mutica possessed the highest value of IVI

(27.43) and dominated the site. In terms of density, Cynodon dactylon was the dominant

herbaceous species with (5.48 individuals/m2) followed by Apluda mutica (5.40

individuals/m2). The least position was shown by Datura innoxia with having an IVI value of

2.37. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 92% frequency and the

least value of frequency was recorded for Typha angustata (4%). Distribution pattern of

species showed random distribution for the six species and contiguous for rest of the

species. The details are depicted in Table-7.10.

Table 7.9 : Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site IB


Density (ha-1 Abundance )

A/F IVI

TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 40 60 1.50 0.04 97.56 Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. 24 36 1.50 0.06 48.52 Acacia ferruginea DC. 16 16 1.00 0.06 33.10 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 12 20 1.67 0.14 30.56 Tectona grandis L. f. 12 28 2.33 0.19 26.60


7-29

Table 7.10 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IB during various

seasons



PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 88 6.24 7.09 0.08 43.34

Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 72 4.48 6.22 0.09 33.94 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 32 3.60 11.25 0.35 33.26 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 3.48 6.21 0.11 28.43 Xanthium indicum Koenig 64 1.76 2.75 0.04 18.39 Tridax procumbens L. 60 1.28 2.13 0.04 15.31 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 68 1.16 1.71 0.03 15.29 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 40 1.08 2.70 0.07 12.89 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 36 1.00 2.78 0.08 12.22 Celosia argentea L. 32 0.92 2.88 0.09 11.57 Waltheria indica L. 20 0.76 3.80 0.19 10.85 Corchorus aestuans L. 36 0.68 1.89 0.05 9.79 Amaranthus spinosus L. 40 0.56 1.40 0.04 9.17 Euphorbia hirta L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 8.16 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 7.21 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.57 Cissampelos pareira L. 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 6.33 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 5.63 Datura innoxia Mill. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10 Solanum nigrum L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 12 0.12 1.00 0.08 3.45

Tamarindus indica L. 12 16 1.33 0.11 21.05 Ficus religiosa L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 18.51 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 8 12 1.50 0.19 17.46 Ficus bengalensis L. 4 4 1.00 0.25 6.63 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 72 260 3.61 0.05 116.67 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 52 192 3.69 0.07 56.87 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 56 108 1.93 0.03 39.38 Carissa carandas L. 24 64 2.67 0.11 20.67 Lantana camara L. 20 60 3.00 0.15 20.51 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 20 28 1.40 0.07 13.75 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 12 20 1.67 0.14 12.95 Ricinus communis L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 10.20 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 8 12 1.50 0.19 5.53 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 4 12 3.00 0.75 3.48


7-30

MONSOON SEASON Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 76 14.28 18.79 0.25 37.49 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 64 8.00 12.50 0.20 23.73 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 7.56 8.22 0.09 21.39 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 60 5.96 9.93 0.17 18.85 Aristida setacea Retz. 80 6.16 7.70 0.10 18.49 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 68 5.88 8.65 0.13 18.19 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 52 3.12 6.00 0.12 11.64 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 72 2.28 3.17 0.04 9.45 Commelina benghalensis L. 92 1.92 2.09 0.02 9.25 Tridax procumbens L. 84 1.88 2.24 0.03 8.87 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 52 2.00 3.85 0.07 8.50 Corchorus aestuans L. 88 1.20 1.36 0.02 7.53 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 76 1.36 1.79 0.02 7.40 Euphorbia hirta L. 80 1.28 1.60 0.02 7.37 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 72 1.32 1.83 0.03 7.16 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 7.06 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 52 1.32 2.54 0.05 6.59 Tribulus terrestris L. 68 1.04 1.53 0.02 6.33 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.04 1.86 0.03 5.92 Acalypha indica L. 64 0.92 1.44 0.02 5.88 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 48 1.00 2.08 0.04 5.60 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 40 0.92 2.30 0.06 5.22 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 60 0.72 1.20 0.02 5.21 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 5.17 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.76 2.71 0.10 4.66 Achyranthes aspera L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 4.08 Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.48 3.00 0.19 3.85 Solanum nigrum L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 3.57 Waltheria indica L. 36 0.44 1.22 0.03 3.53 Rhynchosia spp 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 2.98 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 2.57 Datura innoxia Mill. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 2.36 Cassia mimosoides L. 12 0.20 1.67 0.14 2.22 Physalis minima L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 1.88 POST-MONSOON SEASON Apluda mutica L. 52 5.40 10.38 0.20 27.43 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 5.48 5.96 0.06 26.23 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 64 4.56 7.13 0.11 23.10


7-31

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 84 4.12 4.90 0.06 21.45 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 68 4.00 5.88 0.09 20.88 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 68 3.88 5.71 0.08 20.43 Aristida setacea Retz. 36 2.80 7.78 0.22 17.59 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 44 1.52 3.45 0.08 10.80 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 56 1.40 2.50 0.04 10.53 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 52 1.36 2.62 0.05 10.23 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 10.10 Justicia procumbens L. 36 1.24 3.44 0.10 9.50 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 9.21 Xanthium indicum Koenig 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 9.21 Argemone mexicana L. 44 1.16 2.64 0.06 9.13 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 8.58 Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.88 1.57 0.03 8.39 Euphorbia hirta L. 48 0.60 1.25 0.03 6.75 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 6.54 Acalypha indica L. 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 6.07 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 5.84 Waltheria indica L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 5.84 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 5.53 Cassia pumilla Lam. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 4.44 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 3.83 Datura innoxia Mill. 12 0.12 1.00 0.08 2.37

SITE-II

A total of 12 tree species were recorded at the up stream barrage site (canal intake area)

from the Sonthi lift irrigation Project. The highest value of IVI (112.69) as well as density (92

individuals h-1) with 60% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted

most dominant species of the site followed by Dalbergia sissoo (IVI, 42.46) and Tamarindus

indica (IVI,26.62). With minimum value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.49), Acacia

ferruginea acquired least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all the species were

contiguousely distributed except Azadirachta indica which showed random distribution. The

details are given in Table-7.11.

In shrub community layer, a total of 8 shrub species were recorded from this sampling site.

In terms of density (180 individuals’ ha-1) as well as IVI (122.76) and frequency (64%)

Prosopis juliflora was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area. Cassia

auriculata and Abutilon indicum were the co-dominant species of the area in case of density

and IVI value. The density of other species was less and recorded limited in number. All the


7-32

species were contiguously distributed except Prosopis juliflora, Tephrosia purpurea and

Cassia auriculata which showed random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.11.

This sampling site is characterized by the presence of 19 herbaceous species in pre-

monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (45.11) as well as density (6.12 individuals/m2)

with 60% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which resulted most dominant

species of the site. Apluda mutica (IVI, 39.24) was the co-dominant species of this

vegetation stand closely followed by Andropogon schoenanthus (IVI, 36.43).The least

position was shown by Amaranthus viridis with having an IVI value of 4.10 and density of

0.16 individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Malvastrum coromandelianum

with 68% frequency. A/F values indicated that Vernonia cinrea and Xanthium indicum

showed regular type of distributionand four species were randomly distributed whereas,

remaning species were contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.12.

A total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from the site during the vegetation study in

monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI ,28.36) and density (15.60

individuals/m2) Eragrostis tenella was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed

by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 21.10) and Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 20.52). The least dominace for

this site was shown by Physalis minima (IVI, 1.86) and minimum density (0.24

individuals/m2). Frequency value ranged from 8% to 96%. The A/F values ranges from 0.02

for Alternanthera sessilis to 0.88 for Polygonum barbatum.The details are given in Table-

7.12.

The vegetation study in post-monsoon season, the site was represented by 23 herbaceous

species. Cynodon dactylon with highest value of density (7.00 individuals/m2) and IVI

(38.66) was the characteristic plant species of the site. The main associates of it were

Andropogon schoenanthus IVI, 35.96), Apluda mutica (IVI, 34.70) and Setaria verticillata

(IVI, 24.75).Species like Datura innoxia (IVI, 3.55), Andrographis paniculata (IVI, 4.05) and

Cyperus nutans (IVI, 5.64) contributed the least dominance. Lowest density (0.16

individuals/m2) was observed for Datura innoxia. Few species were randomly distributed

while rest of species showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.12.

Table 7.11: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-II

Plant species Frequency

% Density

(ha-1 Abundance )

A/F IVI

TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 60 92 1.53 0.03 112.69

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 28 48 1.71 0.06 42.46

Tamarindus indica L. 16 24 1.50 0.09 26.62


7-33

Eucalyptus spp 12 32 2.67 0.22 22.74

Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. 12 16 1.33 0.11 20.22

Mangifera indica L. 16 20 1.25 0.08 19.66

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 12 12 1.00 0.08 14.04

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 16 2.00 0.25 12.79

Peltophorum pterocarpum

(DC.) K. Hene 8 8 1.00 0.13 10.11

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 8 8 1.00 0.13 9.60

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.57

Acacia ferruginea DC. 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.49

SHRUB COMMUNITY

Prosopis juliflora DC. 64 180 2.81 0.04 122.76

Cassia auriculata L. 48 100 2.08 0.04 44.86

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 36 92 2.56 0.07 41.59

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 40 68 1.70 0.04 30.83

Ricinus communis L. 16 32 2.00 0.13 19.22

Annona squamosa L. 16 28 1.75 0.11 17.07

Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br.

Ex Ait. 20 24 1.20 0.06 16.71

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 16 2.00 0.25 6.96

Table 7.12 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-II during various seasons


% Density Ind/m

Abundance 2 A/F IVI

PRE-MONSSON SEASON

Cynodon dactylon (L.)

Persoon 60 6.12 10.20 0.17 45.11

Apluda mutica L. 60 5.16 8.60 0.14 39.24

Andropogon schoenanthus

L. 44 4.40 10.00 0.23 36.43

Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 1.60 2.86 0.05 17.24

Malvastrum

coromandelianum (L.)

Garcke 68 1.32 1.94 0.03 16.41


7-34

Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 14.16

Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 76 0.72 0.95 0.01 13.78

Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.96 1.85 0.04 12.90

Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.84 1.50 0.03 12.46

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 12 0.64 5.33 0.44 11.67

Acanthospermum hispidum

DC. 52 0.72 1.38 0.03 11.34

Cassia tora L. 36 0.80 2.22 0.06 10.80

Euphorbia heterophylla L. 40 0.76 1.90 0.05 10.70

Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 0.44 0.73 0.01 10.38

Sonchus brachyotus DC. 40 0.68 1.70 0.04 10.11

Celosia argentea L. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 9.15

Corchorus aestuans L. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 8.91

Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 5.12

Amaranthus viridis L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10

MONSOON SEASON

Eragrostis tenella (L.)

P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 80 15.60 19.50 0.24 28.36


Persoon 92 11.12 12.09 0.13 21.10

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.)

Koeler 92 10.72 11.65 0.13 20.52

Dactyloctenium aegypticum

(L.) P. Beauv. 96 10.20 10.63 0.11 19.72

Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)

Wats. 64 7.92 12.38 0.19 16.88

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 52 6.64 12.77 0.25 15.29

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 48 5.80 12.08 0.25 13.96

Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 64 4.76 7.44 0.12 11.47

Setaria verticillata (L.) P.

Beauv. 36 2.92 8.11 0.23 8.68

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.)

DC. 56 3.16 5.64 0.10 8.67

Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 44 2.48 5.64 0.13 7.43


Cassia tora L. 56 2.16 3.86 0.07 6.85



7-35

Alternanthera sessilis (L.)

DC. 80 1.52 1.90 0.02 6.51

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.84 3.07 0.05 6.36

Tribulus terrestris L. 44 1.88 4.27 0.10 6.18



Commelina benghalensis L. 72 1.44 2.00 0.03 6.07

Leucas cephalotes (Roth.)

Sprengel 64 1.28 2.00 0.03 5.51

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 20 1.24 6.20 0.31 5.34


DC. 64 1.08 1.69 0.03 5.17

Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.56 7.00 0.88 4.50

Malvastrum

coromandelianum (L.)

Garcke 56 0.84 1.50 0.03 4.44

Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 44 0.92 2.09 0.05 4.19

Acalypha indica L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 4.14



Cyperus distans L.f. 12 0.56 4.67 0.39 3.52

Justicia procumbens L. 16 0.64 4.00 0.25 3.46

Achyranthes aspera L. 44 0.56 1.27 0.03 3.44


Martynia annua L. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 3.13

Waltheria indica L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 3.07

Datura innoxia Mill. 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 2.46

Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 2.28


Physalis minima L. 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 1.86

POST-MONSOON SEASON


Persoon 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 38.66

Andropogon schoenanthus

L. 48 6.16 12.83 0.27 35.96

Apluda mutica L. 60 6.24 10.40 0.17 34.70

Setaria verticillata (L.) P. 44 3.84 8.73 0.20 24.75


7-36

Beauv.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 28 2.16 7.71 0.28 17.45



Cassia tora L. 56 1.08 1.93 0.03 11.05



DC. 36 1.16 3.22 0.09 10.58


Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 56 0.80 1.43 0.03 9.74


Alternanthera sessilis (L.)

DC. 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 8.48


Argemone mexicana L. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 6.92

Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 6.23




Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 5.64

Andrographis paniculata

(Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 4.05


SITE-III

Table-7.13, summarises the presence of 10 treet species on catchment area in site-II of

sonthi lift irrigation project. The highest value of IVI (96.35) as well as density (144

individuals ha-1) with 52% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which results

most dominant species of the site followed by Leucaena latisiliqua (IVI,43.09) and Mangifera

indica (IVI, 28.97). With minimum value of density (12individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (10.62), Ficus

religiosa attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Contiguous pattern was

shown by all species.

A total 10 shrub species were recorded from the catchment area site-III during the study.

Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the most dominant

species having highest value of IVI (89.13) and density (300 indidividuals ha-1) followed by

Cassia auriculata (IVI,39.66) and density (116 individuals ha-1). Tephrosia purpurea was


7-37

another co-dominant species showed IVI (34.92) and density (136 individuals ha-1). The

least dominace for this site was shown by Calotropis procera (IVI, 5.86). Calotropis procera

and Ipomoea carnea acquired lowest density (12 individuals ha-11each). Frequency values

ranged from 12% to 76%. A/F ratio indicates that four species showed random distribution

whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.13.

In pre-monsoon season, a total of 22 herbaceous species were recorded from the

catchment area site. The highest value of IVI (38.74) as well as density 5.00

individuals/m2)) with 80% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the

most dominant species of the site followed by Chrysopogon spp, (IVI, 26.77) and

Cymbopogon martini (IVI,26.13). The least position was shown by Euphorbia heterophylla

with having an IVI value of 5.77. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon

with 80% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Cyperus cyperoides.

Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the four species and

contiguous for rest of the species. The details are given in Table-7.14.

The catchment area, site-III is characterized by the presence of 36 herbaceous species in

monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (24.73) as well as density (8.60 individuals/m2)

with 72% frequency was observed for Dactyloctenium aegypticum which was the most

dominant herbaceous species of the site. Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 23.03) was the co-dominant

species of this vegetation stand closely followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 22.37).The least

position was shown by Physalis minima with having an IVI value of 2.15 and density of 0.16

individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 84% frequency.

A/F values varied between 0.02 to 0.25. The details are given in Table-7.14.

The vegetation study in post-monsoon season, the site was represented by 26 herbaceous


(31.28) was the dominant plant species of the site. The main associates of it were

Cymbopogon martinii IVI, 22.56), Aristida setacea (IVI, 20.44) and Apluda mutica (IVI,

19.66). Species like Amaranthus viridis (IVI, 4.18), Cassia pumilla (IVI, 4.62) and Xanthium

indicum (IVI, 6.46) contributed the least dominance in the area. Lowest density (0.12

individuals/m2) was observed for Cassia pumilla. Single species Justicia procumbens

shows regulae distribution and eight species were randomly distributed while rest of species

showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.14.

Table 7.13: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-III



TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 144 2.77 0.05 96.35 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 36 60 1.67 0.05 43.09 Mangifera indica L. 16 40 2.50 0.16 28.97


7-38

Tectona grandis L. f. 28 48 1.71 0.06 28.63 Acacia ferruginea DC. 24 32 1.33 0.06 23.27 Tamarindus indica L. 12 28 2.33 0.19 21.75 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 28 1.40 0.07 19.18 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 12 20 1.67 0.14 15.03 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa 12 16 1.33 0.11 13.11 Ficus religiosa L. 8 12 1.50 0.19 10.62 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 76 300 3.95 0.05 89.13 Cassia auriculata L. 68 116 1.71 0.03 39.66 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 48 136 2.83 0.06 34.92 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 56 108 1.93 0.03 29.33 Carissa carandas L. 56 68 1.21 0.02 25.41 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 52 60 1.15 0.02 20.97 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 20 84 4.20 0.21 20.93 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br) 16 76 4.75 0.30 17.69 Ricinus communis L. 16 48 3.00 0.19 16.12 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 12 16 1.33 0.11 5.86

Table 7.14 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-III during various

seasons




Chrysopogon spp 56 3.00 5.36 0.10 26.77 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 48 2.84 5.92 0.12 26.13 Apluda mutica L. 60 2.64 4.40 0.07 24.31 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 52 2.60 5.00 0.10 24.19 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 64 1.24 1.94 0.03 15.39 Tridax procumbens L. 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 12.54 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 12.48 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 60 0.64 1.07 0.02 11.20 Xanthium indicum Koenig 24 0.76 3.17 0.13 10.85 Corchorus aestuans L. 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 10.56 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 24 0.68 2.83 0.12 10.01 Cassia tora L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 9.73 Celosia argentea L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 9.21 Physalis minima L. 28 0.60 2.14 0.08 9.05 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 40 0.52 1.30 0.03 8.78 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 8.01 Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.36 1.00 0.03 7.21 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 6.71 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 6.19 Solanum nigrum L. 20 0.32 1.60 0.08 6.16 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 24 0.28 1.17 0.05 5.77 MONSOON SEASON Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 72 8.60 11.94 0.17 24.73 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 80 8.04 10.05 0.13 23.03


7-39

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 84 7.80 9.29 0.11 22.37 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 6.52 11.64 0.21 20.73 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 52 5.44 10.46 0.20 18.15 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 64 5.00 7.81 0.12 16.30 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 80 3.44 4.30 0.05 12.50 Corchorus aestuans L. 76 2.20 2.89 0.04 9.54 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 52 2.32 4.46 0.09 9.47 Cassia tora L. 68 1.84 2.71 0.04 8.44 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 68 1.84 2.71 0.04 8.44 Acalypha indica L. 64 1.80 2.81 0.04 8.24 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 76 1.64 2.16 0.03 8.23 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 48 1.84 3.83 0.08 8.12 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 80 1.36 1.70 0.02 7.74 Euphorbia hirta L. 64 1.32 2.06 0.03 7.03 Carex cyperoides Dewey. 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 6.79 Tridax procumbens L. 72 0.96 1.33 0.02 6.46 Xanthium indicum Koenig 68 0.92 1.35 0.02 6.19 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 60 1.04 1.73 0.03 6.17 Eclipta prostrata L. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 5.71 Sida rhombifolia L. 48 1.00 2.08 0.04 5.68 Achyranthes aspera L. 60 0.80 1.33 0.02 5.55 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 40 0.92 2.30 0.06 5.27 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 4.29 Justicia procumbens L. 28 0.64 2.29 0.08 4.18 Tribulus terrestris L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 4.13 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 12 0.40 3.33 0.28 3.69 Amaranthus spinosus L. 36 0.40 1.11 0.03 3.45 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.44 2.20 0.11 3.38 Cyperus rotundus L. 16 0.40 2.50 0.16 3.31 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 2.98 Cyperus distans L.f. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.83 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 2.37 Cassia pumilla Lam. 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 2.36 Physalis minima L. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 2.15 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 68 4.84 7.11 0.10 31.28 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 56 3.12 5.57 0.09 22.56 Aristida setacea Retz. 52 2.72 5.23 0.10 20.44 Apluda mutica L. 56 2.60 4.64 0.08 19.66 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 68 2.36 3.47 0.05 18.48 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 64 1.40 2.18 0.03 13.32 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 8 0.60 7.50 0.93 12.36 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 52 1.16 2.23 0.04 11.48 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 64 1.04 1.62 0.02 11.41 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 56 1.00 1.78 0.03 10.75 Cassia tora L. 40 1.04 2.60 0.06 10.45 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 10.04 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 0.84 1.50 0.02 9.863 Corchorus aestuans L. 36 0.92 2.55 0.07 9.63 Tridax procumbens L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.02 9.18 Justicia procumbens L. 60 0.64 1.06 0.01 9.02


7-40

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 36 0.80 2.22 0.06 8.83 Acalypha indica L. 40 0.76 1.90 0.04 8.67 Euphorbia hirta L. 44 0.72 1.63 0.03 8.53 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 7.71 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 44 0.52 1.18 0.02 7.29 Argemone mexicana L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 7.04 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.52 2.16 0.09 6.71 Xanthium indicum Koenig 32 0.48 1.50 0.04 6.46 Cassia pumilla Lam. 4 0.12 3.00 0.75 4.62 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.18

SITE-IV

A total of 13 tree species were recorded from the Barrage axis site of Bhima river, site-IV

during the study.The highest value of IVI (88.65) as well as density (124 individuals h-1) with

52% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted most dominant species

of the sampling site. Leucaena latisiliqua and Tamarindus indica occupy the second and

third position in dominance with IVI value of 35.06 and 34.79 respectively. With minimum

value of IVI (8.52), Pongamia pinnata found to be least position in dominance. In terms of

A/F ratio, all species was contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.15.

In shrub community layer, a total of 12 shrub species were recorded from this sampling

site.In terms of density (204 individuals’ ha-1) as well as IVI (89.38) and frequency (72%),

Prosopis juliflora was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area followed by

Cassia auriculata (IVI, 42.64) and Abutilon indicum (IVI,36.04). The density of other species

was less and recorded limited in number. All the species were contiguously distributed

except Prosopis juliflora, Cassia auriculata Abutilon indicum and Tephrosia purpurea which

showed random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.15.

The vegetation study in pre-monsoon season, the site was represented by 18 herbaceous


(53.05) was the dominant herbaceous species of the site. The main associates of it were

Chrysopogon spp (IVI, 39.11), Apluda mutica (IVI, 37.29) and Andropogon schoenanthus

(IVI,33.58). Species like Saccharum spontaneum (IVI, 4.82), Sida rhombifolia (IVI, 5.23) and

Cassia pumilla (IVI, 5.78) contributed the least dominance in the area. A/F values indicated

that single species Euphorbia hirta shows random distribution whereas, remaining species

showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-16.

In monsoon season, a total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from the Barrage axis site during the study. The highest value of IVI (28.40) as well as density (11.48 individuals/m2) with 68% frequency was observed for Eragrostis tenella which was the most dominant species of the sampling site IV. Dactyloctenium aegypticum (IVI, 24.19) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand closely followed by Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 22.67).The least position in their dominance was shown by Argemone mexicana with having an IVI value of 1.54. Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the few


7-41

species (14 species) and contiguous for rest of the species. The details are given in Table-7.16.


post-monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI,39.44) and density (6.12

individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed

by Apluda mutica (IVI, 31.48) and Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 30.36). The least dominace for

this site was shown by Achyranthes aspera (IVI, 6.00) and minimum density (0.16

individuals/m2) was acquired for Saccharum spontaneum. All the plant species showed

contiguous distribution except Tridax procumbens, Waltheria indica and Triumfetta

rhomboidea which were randomly distributed. The details are given in Table-7.16.

Table 7.15: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-IV



TREE COMMUNTITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 124 2.38 0.05 88.65

Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 28 48 1.71 0.06 35.06 Tamarindus indica L. 20 36 1.80 0.09 34.79 Mangifera indica L. 20 28 1.40 0.07 26.83 Tectona grandis L. f. 16 28 1.75 0.11 18.95 Cassia siamea Lam. 12 16 1.33 0.11 14.83 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 12 20 1.67 0.14 14.48 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene 8 12 1.50 0.19 14.11 Cocos nucifera L. 8 24 3.00 0.38 12.91 Ficus bengalensis L. 12 12 1.00 0.08 12.24 Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 12 1.50 0.19 9.61 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. 4 20 5.00 1.25 9.03 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 8 12 1.50 0.19 8.52 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 72 204 2.83 0.04 89.38 Cassia auriculata L. 56 104 1.86 0.03 42.64 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 64 104 1.63 0.03 36.04 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 48 84 1.75 0.04 28.66 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 28 48 1.71 0.06 20.88 Annona squamosa L. 16 48 3.00 0.19 17.44 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 52 6.50 0.81 16.87 Lantana camara L. 12 68 5.67 0.47 14.10 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 24 40 1.67 0.07 12.93 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 8 20 2.50 0.31 8.73 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br) 8 28 3.50 0.44 7.96 Grewia tiliaefolia vahl 4 8 2.00 0.50 4.36

Table 7.16 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IV during various seasons




Chrysopogon spp 56 4.84 8.64 0.15 39.11


7-42

Apluda mutica L. 64 4.56 7.13 0.11 37.29 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 52 3.92 7.54 0.14 33.58 Cassia tora L. 64 1.88 2.94 0.05 21.77 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 13.66 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 12 0.72 6.00 0.50 13.26 Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 12.88 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.29 Cyperus distans L.f. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 9.63 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 8.59 Amaranthus spinosus L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 8.24 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 20 0.44 2.20 0.11 8.14 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 7.41 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 7.28 Cassia pumilla Lam. 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 5.78 Sida rhombifolia L. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 5.23 Saccharum spontaneum L. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 4.82 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 68 11.48 16.88 0.25 28.40 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 84 9.80 11.67 0.14 24.19 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 48 7.96 16.58 0.35 22.67 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 6.96 10.88 0.17 19.00 Apluda mutica L. 52 5.72 11.00 0.21 16.82 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 52 5.52 10.62 0.20 16.34 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 4.32 7.71 0.14 13.37 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 52 2.72 5.23 0.10 9.67 Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 52 2.60 5.00 0.10 9.39 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 1.92 2.82 0.04 8.23 Tridax procumbens L. 72 1.60 2.22 0.03 7.72 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 76 1.36 1.79 0.02 7.41 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 48 1.72 3.58 0.07 7.21 Commelina benghalensis L. 60 1.48 2.47 0.04 6.98 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.44 2.40 0.04 6.89 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 64 1.36 2.13 0.03 6.88 Tribulus terrestris L. 60 1.08 1.80 0.03 6.09 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 36 1.32 3.67 0.10 6.03 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.00 1.79 0.03 5.74 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 52 1.00 1.92 0.04 5.58 Cassia tora L. 40 1.12 2.80 0.07 5.51 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 52 0.96 1.85 0.04 5.48 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.56 7.00 0.88 5.38 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 56 0.64 1.14 0.02 4.91 Euphorbia hirta L. 44 0.84 1.91 0.04 4.88 Cyperus rotundus L. 4 0.28 7.00 1.75 4.79 Achyranthes aspera L. 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 4.72 Acalypha indica L. 44 0.76 1.73 0.04 4.67 Waltheria indica L. 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 4.63 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 20 0.72 3.60 0.18 4.27 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 12 0.56 4.67 0.39 4.23 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 3.20


7-43

Physalis minima L. 16 0.36 2.25 0.14 2.77 Saccharum spontaneum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 2.48 Cassia pumilla Lam. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 1.89 Argemone mexicana L. 4 0.08 2.00 0.50 1.54 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 6.12 9.56 0.15 39.44 Apluda mutica L. 56 4.52 8.07 0.14 31.48 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 36 3.88 10.78 0.30 30.36 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 52 3.48 6.69 0.13 25.93 Tridax procumbens L. 72 1.32 1.83 0.03 15.42 Corchorus aestuans L. 52 1.44 2.77 0.05 14.50 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 12.29 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 44 1.12 2.55 0.06 12.21 Cassia tora L. 28 1.08 3.86 0.14 11.75 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 11.02 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.52 6.50 0.81 10.81 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 10.69 Waltheria indica L. 56 0.60 1.07 0.02 10.19 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 36 0.84 2.33 0.06 10.06 Argemone mexicana L. 20 0.72 3.60 0.18 9.29 Justicia procumbens L. 36 0.68 1.89 0.05 9.00 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 8.46 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 7.66 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 20 0.52 2.60 0.13 7.40 Saccharum spontaneum L. 4 0.16 4.00 1.00 6.03 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.00

SITE-V

The sampling site is represented by 12 tree species during quadrat study. The highest value

of IVI (83.65) as well as density (84 individuals h-1) with 56% frequency was recorded for

Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the sampling site. Tectona

grandis and Cocos nucifera occupy the second and third position in dominance with IVI

value of 38.72 and 28.27 respectively. With minimum value of IVI (5.28), and density (84

individuals h-1 Melia azedarach found to be least position in dominance. All the species

showed contiguous type of distribution pattern except Azadirachta indica and Dalbergia

sissoo which were randomly distributed.The details are given in Table-7.17.

A total 12 shrub species were recorded from the Influenced area site-V during the study.

Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the most dominant

species having highest value of IVI (76.28) and density (188 indidividuals ha-1) followed by

Cassia auriculata IVI (50.00) and density (144 indidividuals ha-1). Cassia auriculata was

another co-dominant species showed IVI (23.47) and density (84 indidividuals ha-1). The

least dominace for this site was shown by Cassia occidentalis (IVI, 4.59). Ipomoea carnea

and Cassia occidentalis acquired least frequency of the area. A/F ratio indicates that

species like Cassia auriculata, Ziziphus mauritiana and Abutilon indicum showed random

distribution whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed (Table-7.17.).


7-44

The sampling site-V, (Barrage site down stream) is characterized by the presence of 23

herbaceous species in pre-monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (41.29) as well as

density (6.28 individuals/m2) with 52% frequency was observed for Chrysopogon spp which

was the most dominant herbaceous species of the site. Cynodon dactylon (IVI38.13) was

the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand followed by Apluda mutica (IVI, 32.73).The

least position in dominance was shown by Cassia pumilla with having an IVI value of 2.47

and density of 0.08 individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Parthanium

hysterophorus and Euphorbia hirta each with 64% frequency. A/F values varied between

0.03 to 0.28. The details are given in Table-7.18.

Table 18, summarises the presence of 38 herbaceous species on down stream of barrage

site (Influenced area) in monsoon season. Eragrostis tenella was the important species of

the site with maximum value of IVI (29.82) and density (15.56 individuals/m2. Cymbopogon

martinii and Dactyloctenium aegypticum co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 25.23

and 18.79 respectively. Least value of density (0.28 individuals/m2) and IVI (2.31) was

shown by Martynia annua. The A/F values ranges from 0.02 for Dicliptera bupleuroides to

0.64 for Cymbopogon martinii.

In post-monsoon season, a total of 18 herbaceous species were recorded from the sampling

site. The highest value of IVI (48.23) as well as density (5.58 individuals/m2)) with 76%

frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the most dominant species of the

site followed by Aristida setacea, (IVI, 43.50) and Apluda mutica (IVI,35.35). The least

position was shown by Waltheria indica with having an IVI value of 5.02. Minimum

occurrence was shown by Polygonum barbatum with 8% frequency. All the species were

contiguously distributed except Corchorus aestuans, and Achyranthes aspera which

showed random distribution. The details are given in Table- 7.18.

Table 7.17: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-V



TREE COMMUNITY

Azadirachta indica A. Juss 56 84 1.50 0.03 83.65 Tectona grandis L. f. 32 68 2.13 0.07 38.72

Cocos nucifera L. 24 52 2.17 0.09 28.27 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 24 44 1.83 0.08 28.01

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 28 32 1.14 0.04 25.96 Tamarindus indica L. 20 24 1.20 0.06 22.07

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 16 28 1.75 0.11 19.92 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 20 20 1.00 0.05 19.01

Ficus bengalensis L. 8 16 2.00 0.25 12.71 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 8 12 1.50 0.19 8.91 Ficus religiosa L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 7.47


7-45

Melia azedarach L. 4 8 2.00 0.50 5.28 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 60 188 3.13 0.05 76.28 Cassia auriculata L. 72 144 2.00 0.03 50.00 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 52 84 1.62 0.03 23.47 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 40 88 2.20 0.06 23.39 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 44 64 1.45 0.03 22.68 Carissa carandas L. 36 64 1.78 0.05 21.89 Lantana camara L. 24 56 2.33 0.10 20.41 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 12 72 6.00 0.50 16.24 Vitex negundo L. 16 72 4.50 0.28 16.04 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 16 36 2.25 0.14 13.72 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 24 24 1.00 0.04 11.30 Cassia occidentalis L. 8 20 2.50 0.31 4.59

Table 7.18: Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-V during various

seasons



PRE-MONSOON SEASON Chrysopogon spp 52 6.28 12.08 0.23 41.29 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 5.8 10.36 0.18 38.13 Apluda mutica L. 40 4.44 11.10 0.28 32.73 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 64 1.52 2.38 0.04 15.65 Saccharum spontaneum L. 20 1.4 7.00 0.35 15.53 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 48 1.52 3.17 0.07 14.65 Euphorbia hirta L. 64 1.28 2.00 0.03 14.42 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 40 1.32 3.30 0.08 13.19 Amaranthus spinosus L. 52 1.08 2.08 0.04 12.40 Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.88 1.57 0.03 11.64 Celosia argentea L. 20 0.76 3.80 0.19 9.56 Sida rhombifolia L. 44 0.64 1.45 0.03 9.25 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 40 0.68 1.70 0.04 9.18 Polygonum barbatum L. 16 0.64 4.00 0.25 8.93 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 7.93 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 7.92 Physalis minima L. 36 0.52 1.44 0.04 7.87 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.32 1.14 0.04 5.87 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 5.82 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 5.61 Solanum nigrum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.24 Datura innoxia Mill. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.70 Cassia pumilla Lam. 8 0.08 1.00 0.13 2.47 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 88 15.56 17.68 0.20 29.82 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 40 10.16 25.40 0.64 25.23 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 80 8.56 10.70 0.13 18.79 Chrysopogon spp 52 7.44 14.31 0.28 17.74 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 76 7.04 9.26 0.12 16.30


7-46

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 76 7.04 9.26 0.12 16.30 Apluda mutica L. 44 5.80 13.18 0.30 15.03 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 32 4.60 14.38 0.45 13.68 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 68 5.36 7.88 0.12 13.43 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 68 2.08 3.06 0.04 7.72 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 64 1.88 2.94 0.05 7.22 Saccharum spontaneum L. 24 1.80 7.50 0.31 6.97 Tridax procumbens L. 60 1.60 2.67 0.04 6.56 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 36 1.72 4.78 0.13 6.27 Cassia tora L. 56 1.36 2.43 0.04 5.96 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 0.88 1.29 0.02 5.64 Cyperus rotundus L. 16 1.12 7.00 0.44 5.55 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 48 1.28 2.67 0.06 5.51 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 64 0.84 1.31 0.02 5.36 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 60 0.92 1.53 0.03 5.31 Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 56 1.00 1.79 0.03 5.28 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 36 1.28 3.56 0.10 5.22 Tribulus terrestris L. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 4.88 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 4.57 Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.72 6.00 0.50 4.41 Waltheria indica L. 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 4.29 Commelina benghalensis L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 3.85 Acalypha indica L. 48 0.44 0.92 0.02 3.80 Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 3.60 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 28 0.68 2.43 0.09 3.58 Polygonum barbatum L. 12 0.52 4.33 0.36 3.38 Cassia pumilla Lam. 16 0.56 3.50 0.22 3.26 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 16 0.56 3.50 0.22 3.26 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.40 2.00 0.10 2.60 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 2.55 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 2.43 Cyperus difformis L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 2.36 Martynia annua L. 24 0.28 1.17 0.05 2.31 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 76 5.68 7.47 0.10 48.23 Aristida setacea Retz. 48 4.92 10.25 0.21 43.50 Apluda mutica L. 36 3.60 10.00 0.28 35.35 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 16.30 Saccharum spontaneum L. 12 0.88 7.33 0.61 15.81 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.68 8.50 1.06 15.78 Corchorus aestuans L. 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 15.48 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 20 1.04 5.20 0.26 15.12 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 36 0.92 2.56 0.07 14.07 Cyperus rotundus L. 24 0.96 4.00 0.17 13.92 Achyranthes aspera L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 12.36 Argemone mexicana L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 10.72 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 10.05 Cassia pumilla Lam. 12 0.40 3.33 0.28 8.42 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 16 0.36 2.25 0.14 7.54 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 6.38 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 5.95


7-47

Waltheria indica L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 5.02 SITE-VI

A total of 12 tree species were recorded from the Imbrahimpur village, site-VI. The highest

value of IVI (92.75) as well as density (128 individuals h-1) with 52% frequency was

recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the site followed by

Acacia ferruginea (IVI, 35.06) and Leucaena latisiliqua (IVI, 34.23). With lowest value of

density (8 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (5.87), Ficus religiosa acquired least position in

dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all the species were contiguousely distributed except

Acacia ferruginea which shows random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.19.

In shrub community layer, a total of 9 shrub species were recorded from this sampling site.

In terms of density (216 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (93.35) and frequency (80%) Cassia

auriculata was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area. Prosopis juliflora and

Tephrosia purpurea were the co-dominant species of the site in case of IVI value.

Cryptostagia grandiflora was the least dominant climber shrub and found scattered in the

site. The four species were contiguously distributed while rest species were randomly

distributed. The details are given in Table-7.19.

In pre-monsoon season, a total of 20 herbaceous species were recorded from the

Imbrahimpur village, site-VI. The highest value of IVI (40.74) as well as density (4.76

individuals/m2) with 36% frequency was recorded for Apluda mutica which was the most

dominant species of the site followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 36.83) and Chrysopogon

spp (IVI,35.68).The least dominancy was shown by Solanum nigrum with having an IVI

value of 3.54. Maximum occurrence was shown by Xanthium indicum with 60% frequency

and the least value (4%) of frequency was recorded for Cyperus distans. A/F values

revealed that Sida rhombifolia showed regular type of distribution pattern and five species

were randomnly distributed whereas remaining species were showed contiguous distribution

pattern. The details are given in Table-20.

Table20, summarises the presence of 41 herbaceous species in Imbrahimpur village, site-VI

during monsoon season. The site was represented by maximum herbaceous species from

other representative sites. Eragrostis tenella was the dominant herbaceous species of the

site with maximum value of IVI (22.02) and density (11.92 individuals/m2. Chrysopogon spp

and Dactyloctenium aegypticum co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 21.06 and

19.03 respectively. Least value of density (0.20 individuals/m2) and IVI (1.68) was acquired

by Datura innoxia. The A/F values ranges from 0.02 for Malvastrum coromandelianum to

1.00 for Cyperus rotundus.




7-48

individuals/m2) with 64% frequency Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous

species of the site followed by Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 33.78) and Apluda mutica (IVI,

33.20). The least dominace for this site was shown by Cissampelos pareira with minimum

value of IVI (2.68) and density (0.08 individuals/m2). All the plant species showed

contiguous distribution except Argemone mexicana, Tridax procumbens and Xanthium

indicum which were randomly distributed. The details are given in Table-7.20.

Table 7.19: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VI



TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 128 2.46 0.05 92.75 Acacia ferruginea DC. 32 40 1.25 0.04 35.06 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 28 52 1.86 0.07 34.23 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 16 36 2.25 0.14 24.14 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 20 32 1.60 0.08 19.63 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 24 1.20 0.06 18.40 Tectona grandis L. f. 20 24 1.20 0.06 16.72 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 16 20 1.25 0.08 16.59 Ficus bengalensis L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 16.49 Tamarindus indica L. 12 16 1.33 0.11 13.03 Cocos nucifera L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 7.09 Ficus religiosa L. 4 8 2.00 0.50 5.87 SHRUB COMMUNITY Cassia auriculata L. 80 216 2.70 0.03 93.35 Prosopis juliflora DC. 76 112 1.47 0.02 55.37 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 64 124 1.94 0.03 37.25 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 48 104 2.17 0.05 30.60 Carissa carandas L. 40 68 1.70 0.04 28.97 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 44 64 1.45 0.03 21.57 Lantana camara L. 16 40 2.50 0.16 14.05 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 16 32 2.00 0.13 12.91 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). 8 20 2.50 0.31 5.92

Table 7.20 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-VI during various seasons



PRE-MONSOON SEASON Apluda mutica L. 36 4.76 13.22 0.37 40.74 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 4.60 8.21 0.15 36.83 Chrysopogon spp 36 4.08 11.33 0.31 35.68 Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 18.36


7-49

Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 1.44 2.57 0.05 17.25 Cassia tora L. 48 1.44 3.00 0.06 16.60 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.92 7.67 0.64 15.00 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 13.45 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 12.93 Tridax procumbens L. 44 0.76 1.73 0.04 11.72 Celosia argentea L. 32 0.64 2.00 0.06 9.80 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 40 0.52 1.30 0.03 9.64 Amaranthus spinosus L. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 9.10 Cyperus distans L.f. 4 0.24 6.00 1.50 9.03 Argemone mexicana L. 28 0.56 2.00 0.07 8.88 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 8.54 Sida rhombifolia L. 48 0.20 0.42 0.01 8.46 Corchorus aestuans L. 32 0.36 1.13 0.04 7.59 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.87 Solanum nigrum L. 8 0.12 1.50 0.19 3.54 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 64 11.92 18.63 0.29 22.02 Chrysopogon spp 36 9.76 27.11 0.75 21.06 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 76 9.96 13.11 0.17 19.03 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 56 8.56 15.29 0.27 17.14 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 8.60 13.44 0.21 17.06 Apluda mutica L. 28 6.36 22.71 0.81 15.78 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 48 6.56 13.67 0.28 14.15 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 60 6.32 10.53 0.18 13.62 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 32 4.80 15.00 0.47 11.88 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 64 2.60 4.06 0.06 8.10 Scirpus articulates L. 8 1.40 17.50 2.19 7.93 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 2.16 3.18 0.05 7.64 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 48 2.32 4.83 0.10 7.05 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 6.34 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 52 1.64 3.15 0.06 6.08 Tridax procumbens L. 56 1.40 2.50 0.04 5.89 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 1.00 12.50 1.56 5.82 Commelina benghalensis L. 56 1.28 2.29 0.04 5.70 Cassia tora L. 40 1.60 4.00 0.10 5.55 Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 1.04 1.73 0.03 5.55 Carex cyperoides Dewey. 16 1.40 8.75 0.55 5.42 Euphorbia hirta L. 52 1.16 2.23 0.04 5.31 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 64 0.72 1.13 0.02 5.30 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 40 1.36 3.40 0.09 5.11 Amaranthus viridis L. 48 1.04 2.17 0.05 4.91 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 4.75 Achyranthes aspera L. 48 0.64 1.33 0.03 4.24 Tribulus terrestris L. 32 0.96 3.00 0.09 4.06 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.64 8.00 1.00 3.91 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.64 8.00 1.00 3.91 Acalypha indica L. 36 0.76 2.11 0.06 3.83 Cyperus niveus Retz. 4 0.36 9.00 2.25 3.73 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 20 0.84 4.20 0.21 3.58 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 3.07


7-50

Martynia annua L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 2.72 Cyperus distans L.f. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 2.64 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 2.43 Physalis minima L. 24 0.24 1.00 0.04 2.16 Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.05 Cyperus nutans Vahl 4 0.16 4.00 1.00 1.80 Datura innoxia Mill. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 1.68 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 7.84 12.25 0.19 42.12 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 60 5.84 9.73 0.16 33.78 Apluda mutica L. 56 5.68 10.14 0.18 33.20 Aristida setacea Retz. 48 4.48 9.33 0.19 28.09 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 28 3.60 12.86 0.46 26.47 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 20 2.24 11.20 0.56 20.09 Argemone mexicana L. 48 0.84 1.75 0.04 10.94 Corchorus aestuans L. 44 0.92 2.09 0.05 10.91 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 36 1.04 2.89 0.08 10.87 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 36 0.96 2.67 0.07 10.43 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 32 0.84 2.63 0.08 9.50 Tridax procumbens L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 9.10 Justicia procumbens L. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 7.82 Xanthium indicum Koenig 36 0.40 1.11 0.03 7.40 Euphorbia hirta L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 7.31 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 24 0.56 2.33 0.10 7.31 Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 7.05 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 5.67 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 4.83 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.75 Cissampelos pareira L. 8 0.08 1.00 0.13 2.38

SITE-VII A total of 6 tree species were recorded from the Feeder Canal Junction of Command area,

site- VII. In this site the tree specieas richness is very low as compared to other sampling

sites. The highest value of density (92 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (112.36) with 52%

frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted most dominant species of the

site followed by Mangifera indica (IVI, 63.81) and Eucalyptus spp (IVI, 61.21). With lowest

value of density (8 individuals h-1) & IVI (8.65), Acacia catechu attained least position in

dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica were randomly

distributed whereas, the remaining species showed contiguous distribution (Table-7.21).

During the study for shrub community layer, a total of 7 shrub species were recorded from

this sampling site. In this site the specieas richness of shrub community is less as compared

to other sampling sites. In terms of density (184 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (80.37) with

68% frequency Tephrosia purpurea was recorded to be the most dominant species of the

area. Prosopis juliflora and Abutilon indicum were the co-dominant species of the site in

case of density and IVI value. Cassia occidentalis was the least dominant species and

found very less frequent in the area. Tephrosia purpurea and Prosopis juliflora shoed


7-51

random distribution pattern whereas, rest species were contiguously distributed. The details

are given in Table-7.21.

The vegetation of herbs on this site during pre-monsoon season is characterized by the

occurrence of 17 herbaceous species. Cynodon dactylon possessed the highest value of IVI

(52.96) and density (7.00 individuals/m2) dominated the site. Cymbopogon martinii, and

Andropogon schoenanthus were the close associate species of Cynodon dactylon incase of

IVI and density.The least position was shown by Amaranthus viridis with minimum value of

IVI (5.48). Maximum occurrence was shown by Parthanium hysterophorus with 60%

frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Polygonum barbatum (8%).

Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the four species and

contiguous for rest of the species. The details are depicted in Table-22.

A total of 30 herbaceous species were recorded from this sampling site during the

vegetation study in monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI, 28.83) and

density (12.88 individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the most dominant herbaceous

species of the site followed by Eragrostis tenella ( (IVI, 27.17) and Dactyloctenium

aegypticum IVI (22.55). The least dominace for this site was shown by Martynia annua with

least value of IVI (2.54) and density (0.32 individuals/m2). Abundance to frequency ratio

ranges from 0.02 to 0.64 throughout the site.The tails are given in Table-7.22.

In post-monsoon season, a total of 19 herbaceous species were recorded from the Feeder

Canal Junction area of Sonthi lift irrigation project. The highest value of IVI (51.22) as well

as density (8.04 individuals/m2) with 52% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon

which was the most dominant species of the site closely followed by Cymbopogon martinii

(IVI, 50.67) and Apluda mutica (IVI,34.58). The least dominancy was shown by Sonchus

brachyotus with having an IVI value of 3.90. Maximum occurrence was shown by Euphorbia

hirta with 56% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Andrographis

paniculata, Datura innoxia and Euphorbia hirta 12% each. Distribution pattern of species

showed random distribution for the five herbaceous species and contiguous for rest of the

species. The details are given in Table-7.22.

Table 7.21: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VII


% Density

(ha-1 Abundance )

A/F IVI

TREE COMMUNITY

Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 92 1.77 0.03 112.36

Mangifera indica L. 36 48 1.33 0.04 63.81

Eucalyptus spp 32 64 2.00 0.06 61.21


7-52

Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 28 1.40 0.07 35.46

Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.)

Wight & Arn. 12 12 1.00 0.08 18.51

Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 4 8 2.00 0.50 8.65

SHRUB COMMUNITY




Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 40 72 1.80 0.05 39.19

Carissa carandas L. 20 52 2.60 0.13 23.97

Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex

Ait. 24 28 1.17 0.05 20.23

Cassia occidentalis L. 8 36 4.50 0.56 11.48

Table 7.22 : Distribution of herbaceous vegetation in site-VII during various seasons


% Density Ind/m

Abundance 2 A/F IVI

PRE-MONSOON SEASON

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 52.96


Wats. 44 4.52 10.27 0.23 38.58

Andropogon schoenanthus L. 36 3.72 10.33 0.29 34.34

Aristida setacea Retz. 24 2.68 11.17 0.47 29.62



Cassia tora L. 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 14.38






Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss.

Waalk. 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 8.51


Euphorbia helioscopia L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 7.06


7-53



MONSOON SEASON


Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex

Roem. & Schult. 68 12.00 17.65 0.26 27.17

Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P.

Beauv. 76 9.72 12.79 0.17 22.55

Chrysopogon spp 64 9.24 14.44 0.23 22.18

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 64 8.60 13.44 0.21 20.94


Wats. 56 7.12 12.71 0.23 18.44

Apluda mutica L. 48 6.56 13.67 0.28 17.86


Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 28 3.12 11.14 0.40 11.48

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 40 2.28 5.70 0.14 8.31




Sprengel 68 1.08 1.59 0.02 6.58


Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.28 2.29 0.04 6.39




Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. 24 1.16 4.83 0.20 5.57


Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)

Garcke 60 0.64 1.07 0.02 5.29




Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 28 1.00 3.57 0.13 4.95

Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss.

Waalk. 48 0.72 1.50 0.03 4.82




7-54


Martynia annua L. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.54

POST-MONSOON SEASON



Wats. 36 7.04 19.56 0.54 50.67

Apluda mutica L. 52 4.96 9.54 0.18 34.58







Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)

Garcke 52 0.60 1.15 0.02 11.03






Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 5.54

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.

F.) Wall. Ex Nees 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.47



SITE-VIII

In tree community layer, a total of 9 tree species were recorded from the Wadnahalli

village& adjoining area, site-VIII. The highest value of IVI (132.07) as well as density (128

individuals h-1) with 64% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the

most dominant species of the site followed by Dalbergia sissoo (IVI, 58.28) and Acacia

nilotica (IVI, 35.92). With lowest value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.11) with 4%

frequency Syzygium cumini attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all

the species were showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.23.

A total 15 shrub species were recorded from the Wadnahalli village area, site VIII during the

study. The site is much diverse with open scattered scrub forest. Importance value of shrub


7-55

species of this sampling site shows that Annona squamosa was the most dominant species

having highest value of IVI (34.40). In terms of density, Carissa carandas (172 individuals h-

1) was the dominant shrub species followed by Cassia auriculata having density (120

individuals h-1) and IVI,(25.31). The least dominace for this site was shown by Ricinus

communis (IVI, 2.00). Ricinus communis and Grewia tiliaefolia acquired least density.

Frequency values ranged from 8% for Ricinus communis to 68% Annona squamosa. A/F

ratio indicates that four species showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were

contiguously distributed (Table-7.23).

Table 7.24, summarises the presence of 20 herbaceous species in the site during monsoon

season. Apluda mutica was the important species of the site with maximum value of IVI

(43.65) and density (7.00 individuals/m2. Cynodon dactylon and Andropogon schoenanthus

co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 40.98 and 40.52 respectively. Least value of

density (0.12 individuals/m2) and IVI (3.34) was shown by Solanum nigrum. A/F ratio

indicates that five species showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were

contiguously distributed.

The sampling site-VII, (Wadnahalli village & adjoining area) is characterized by the

presence of 39 herbaceous species in monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (19.62) as

well as density (8.52 individuals/m2) with 84% frequency was observed for Dactyloctenium

aegypticum which was the most dominant herbaceous species of the site. Eragrostis tenella

(IVI,18.75) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand closely followed by

Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 18.14). The least position in dominance was shown by Waltheria

indica with having an IVI value of 2.15 and density of 1.75 individuals/m2. Polygonum

barbatum was the least frequent species of the site with 4% frequency. A/F values varied

between 0.02 (for Alternanthera sessilis) to 1.75 (for Polygonum barbatum). The details are

given in Table-24.



individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed

by Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 31.89) and Aristida setacea (IVI, 29.71). The least dominace

for this site was shown by Eclipta prostrata (IVI, 2.84). The occurrence of the species

ranged between 4% (Eclipta prostrata ) to 68% (Cynodon dactylon ). A/F ratio ranges from

0.02- 0.63 and showed random & contiguous distribution pattern.The details are given in

Table-7.24.

Table 7.23: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VIII


% Density

(ha-1 Abundance )

A/F IVI


7-56

TREE COMMUNITY

Azadirachta indica A. Juss 64 128 2.00 0.40 132.07

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 48 60 1.25 0.25 58.28

Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 48 2.40 0.48 35.92

Ficus religiosa L. 16 24 1.50 0.30 22.76

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 12 16 1.33 0.27 14.06

Acacia ferruginea DC. 8 12 1.50 0.30 12.70

Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 12 1.50 0.30 12.01

Bahunia racemosa Lam. 8 8 1.00 0.20 8.32

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 4 4 1.00 0.20 4.11

SHRUB COMMUNITY

Annona squamosa L. 68 148 2.18 0.03 34.40

Carissa carandas L. 56 172 3.07 0.05 32.57

Cassia auriculata L. 60 120 2.00 0.03 25.31


Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 56 92 1.64 0.03 19.80


Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 36 72 2.00 0.06 10.22

Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 24 48 2.00 0.08 9.50


Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 48 6.00 0.75 8.05

Lantana camara L. 20 36 1.80 0.09 7.44

Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex

R.Br). 16 24 1.50 0.09 3.92

Cassia occidentalis L. 12 24 2.00 0.17 3.82

Grewia tiliaefolia vahl 8 12 1.50 0.19 2.94

Ricinus communis L. 8 8 1.00 2.00

Table 7.24: Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-VIII during various season


Density Ind/m

Abundance 2 A/F IVI

PRE-MONSOON SEASON

Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 36 1.64 4.56 0.13 15.47



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Cassia tora L. 24 0.76 3.17 0.13 9.51



Cassia pumilla Lam. 36 0.52 1.44 0.04 8.36




Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 28 0.32 1.14 0.04 6.28



Solanum nigrum L. 8 0.12 1.50 0.19 3.34

Andropogon schoenanthus L. 48 6.16 12.83 0.27 40.52

Apluda mutica L. 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 43.65


Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.)

P. Beauv. 56 3.20 5.71 0.10 24.22


MONSOON SEASON

Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.)

P. Beauv. 84 8.52 10.14 0.12 19.62

Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv.

ex Roem. & Schult. 76 8.00 10.53 0.14 18.75


Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 52 7.16 13.77 0.26 17.96

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 80 7.20 9.00 0.11 17.34


Wats. 48 6.60 13.75 0.29 17.08

Apluda mutica L. 44 5.72 13.00 0.30 15.48


Chrysopogon spp 60 3.56 5.93 0.10 10.55

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 48 2.28 4.75 0.10 7.81

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 28 1.88 6.71 0.24 7.12





7-58

Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 36 1.80 5.00 0.14 6.67






Sprengel 36 1.48 4.11 0.11 5.87





Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. 44 1.12 2.55 0.06 5.18



Scirpus articulates L. 12 0.68 5.67 0.47 4.29









Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 2.82

Martynia annua L. 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 2.62


POST-MONSOON SEASON



Wats. 40 4.84 12.10 0.30 31.89

Aristida setacea Retz. 24 3.60 15.00 0.63 29.71


Cassia tora L. 56 1.36 2.43 0.04 12.48





7-59







Malvastrum coromandelianum

(L.) Garcke 28 0.84 3.00 0.11 8.68





Cassia pumilla Lam. 24 0.40 1.67 0.07 5.49


Andrographis paniculata (Burm.

F.) Wall. Ex Nees 32 0.32 1.00 0.03 5.34



Cissampelos pareira L. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 3.61


Figure-7.5 : Tree and Shrub density at various sampling sites (unit ind/ha).

Site-I Site-IB Site-II Site-III Site-IV Site-V Site-VI Site-VII Site-VIII

Tree 364 200 284 428 392 396 408 252 180

Shrub 728 776 540 1012 804 912 780 644 480

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

dens

ity

(ind/

ha


7-60

Figure-7.6: Density of herbs in various seasons

7.8.4 Diversity indices measurements

Diversity indices calculated for all the sites separately for trees, shrubs and herbs in different

seasons are presented in Table 7.25 to 7.29.

Species richness (α) is a measure of diversity. It is indicated by the total number of species

in an area or community. Great value for the species richness indicates great diversity and

importance of the particular habitat or ecosystems. From the present observations, the α

(Species richness) diversity ranged between 6 plant species (site-VII) to 13 plant species

(site-IV) for tree layer, 7 plant species (site-VII) to 15 plant species (site-VIII) for shrub layer

and 30 plant species (site-VII) to 41 plant species (site-VI), 18 plant species (site-V) to 26

each plant species (site-IB, III and VIII) and 17 plant species (site-VII) to 23 plant species

(site-V) for herbaceous layer in monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season

respectively.

Diversity index (H') increases in value as the number of species increases. Thus, higher the

value of (H′) the greater is the species diversity in the community. In the present study

species diversity ranged between 1.42 to 2.26 for tree species and 1.46 to 2.46 for shrub

species in all study sites. In case of herbs, the range of diversity was calculated for pre-

monsoon (2.25-2.80), post-monsoon (2.24-2.94), whereas comparatively increased (1.83-

3.18) in monsoon season. The maximum index for monsoon season clearly indicates that

the species richness plays an important role in increasing species diversity.

Site-IA

Site-IB

Site-II

Site-III

Site-IV

Site-V

Site-VI

Site-VII

Site-VIII

Pre-monsoon 28.88 29.12 27.12 25.92 28.32 31.32 25.2 26.76 34.64

Monsoon 85.64 76.52 109.5 72.96 81.84 98.4 105.2 95.2 89.76

Post-monsoon 36.12 45.92 37.84 30.6 31.36 23.76 38.44 32.4 33.32

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Den

sity

(ind

/m2

Study sites

Pre-monsoon

Monsoon

Post-monsoon


7-61

Dominance diversity (Cd) is another diversity index which always ranges from 0 - 1,

indicates species dominance within community gives greater weight to common species. In

addition, the value of Dominance closer to 1 indicates areas dominated by single or few

species. The value of Dominance had followed an opposite trend of diversity. From the

present observations, Site-VII (tree layer) found to have maximum concentration dominance

(0.25) with least diversity (1.42) whereas, site-VIII (monsoon herbs), had the lowest

dominance (0.05) with maximum species diversity (3.18). Dominance is also used for the

estimation of heterogeneity of various sites. (Table 7.25 to 7.29) indicates that increasing

diversity and reduced dominance has been shown to be associated with increased stability.

The distribution of individuals among the species, referred to as evenness. Evenness

compares the similarity of the population size of each of the species present. As species

richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases. In the present study Pielou’s

evenness (J) ranged between 0.78 to 0.90 for tree species and 0.87 to 0.92 for shrub

species in all study sites. In case of herbs, the range of evenness (J) was calculated for

monsoon (0.79 to 0.87), post-monsoon (0.76 to 0.90), and (0.78 to 0.88) for pre- monsoon

season. The value of species diversity (H') and evenness shows that decreased diversity in

the some sites may be due to dominance of very few species, excessive human

interference and low soil moisture contents. However, the range of diversity was high on the

other sites due to disturbance and immigration or replacement by new species.

Table 7.25: Diversity indices of tree species occurring in various sampling sites

Study site

Richness

(α)

Shanon-wiener

Diversity

Index ((H′)

Concentration of dominance

(Cd)

Evenness

(J)

Site-IA 10 2.06 0.16 0.90

Site-IB 9 1.96 0.17 0.89

Site-II 12 2.09 0.17 0.84

Site-III 10 2.03 0.17 0.88

Site-IV 13 2.24 0.15 0.88

Site-V 12 2.26 0.12 0.90

Site-VI 12 2.18 0.15 0.87

Site-VII 6 1.42 0.25 0.79

Site-VIII 9 1.72 0.24 0.78

Table 7.26: Diversity indices of shrub species occurring in various sampling sites


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Project

sampling sites

Richness

(α)

Shanon-wiener

Diversity

Index ((H′)


(Cd)

Evenness

(J)

Site-IA 9 2.01 0.15 0.92

Site-IB 10 1.83 0.19 0.79

Site-II 8 1,80 0.20 0.87

Site-III 10 2.08 0.15 0.90

Site-IV 12 2.23 0.13 0.90

Site-V 12 2.31 0.11 0.93

Site-VI 9 1.99 0.16 0.90

Site-VII 7 1.76 0.21 0.91

Site-VIII 15 2.46 0.10 0.91

Table 7.27: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during Pre-monsoon season

Project

sampling sites

Richness

(α)

Shanon-wiener

Diversity

Index ((H′)


(Cd)

Evenness

(J)

Site-IA 18 2.39 0.12 0.83

Site-IB 21 2.88 0.07 0.88

Site-II 19 2.43 0.13 0.82

Site-III 22 2.68 0.09 0.87

Site-IV 18 2.25 0.15 0.78

Site-V 23 2.60 0.10 0.82

Site-VI 20 2.51 0.11 0.84

Site-VII 17 2.30 0.14 0.81

Site-VIII 20 2.37 0.13 0.79


7-63

Table 7.28: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during monsoon season

Project

sampling sites

Richness

(α)

Shanon-wiener

Diversity

Index ((H′)


(Cd)

Evenness

(J)

Site-IA 36 3.11 0.06 0.87

Site-IB 34 1.83 0.21 0.79

Site-II 39 3.06 0.07 0.84

Site-III 36 3.06 0.06 0.85

Site-IV 36 3.02 0.07 0.84

Site-V 38 3.01 0.07 0.83

Site-VI 41 3.12 0.06 0.84

Site-VII 30 2.81 0.08 0.83

Site-VIII 39 3.18 0.05 0.87

Table 7.29: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during post-monsoon season

Project

sampling sites

Richness

(α)

Shanon-wiener

Diversity

Index ((H′)


(Cd)

Evenness

(J)

Site-IA 25 2.82 0.08 0.88

Site-IB 26 2.91 0.08 0.83

Site-II 23 2.69 0.10 0.83

Site-III 26 2.94 0.07 0.90

Site-IV 21 2.63 0.09 0.86

Site-V 18 2.36 0.14 0.82

Site-VI 21 2.46 0.12 0.81

Site-VII 19 2.24 0.15 0.76

Site-VIII 26 2.77 0.09 0.85


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7.8.5 GYMNOSPERM DIVERSITY

No Gymnosperm species was recorded from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation project of Gulbarga

district.

7.8.6 PTERIDOPHYTIC DIVERSITY

Only three Pteridophytic groups of species were recorded from the study area are

Equisetum debile, Selaginella monospora and adiantum philippense. All three species was

found along river side of the area.

7.8.7 BRYOPHYTIC DIVERSITY

Few species of bryophyte are Riccardia indica, Marchantia polymorpha, Notothylas indica,

Funaria spp., Polytrichum densifolium, Pogonatum spp. and Desmatodon latifolius recorded

from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project.

7.8.8 RET STATUS OF PLANT SPECIES

As per the Red Data book of plants and Following IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no

species fall under the threat category. However some regional medicinal plants species

recorded in the project area which is important from conservation point of view.


7-65

Cassia auriculata Cryptostagia grandiflora


7-66

Euphorbia hirta Martynia annua

Plate : Floristic Diversity of plants in project site


7-67

Prosopis juliflora community in the study area

Open scrub forest in the command area /canal crossing site


7-68

Field survey during study period

7.9 FAUNAL STUDY

The fauna of the study area consists mostly of species with zoo-geographic affinities of

palaearctic, Indo-Malayan and indigenous variably. However, to gain an insight in the

following respects for species of carnivore, ungulates, non-human primates, mammals,

birds/butterflies, reptiles and other fauna, the survey was conducted in the study area up to

10km radius from the project appurtenances in catchment-submergence zone, dam site,

power house site and d/s power house site upto 10 km river reach length ( Table 1).

Ground surveys was carried out by trekking the impact zone for identification of faunal

species inhabiting the area along the riverbanks, adjoining forest, nullahs, riparian zone,

hillock slopes and agricultural fields. Apart from direct sightings and primary data generated

through transects and trails, we have also collected secondary data from literatures

published, forest department and other sources like citing of animals by the locals in the

study area. The sighting of wild animals and other faunal groups were carried out during

study period though being undulating terrain with vast agriculture land and few scattered

deccan platue hillocks, the possible accounts are taxed in this section. The general

methodology followed is described below as:

• For sampling butterflies the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ methodology was used by

recording all the species that were encountered while trekking along the foot trails between

these two sites, daily. Photographs of specimens of species were taken in the field for

identification purpose. Sampling was done for 1 hour in a stretch on each transect (n=4).

• For sampling birds ‘point sampling’ along the fixed transects (foot trails) was carried

out to record all the species of birds observed with the help of binoculars; field guides and

photography for 1 hour on each transect(n=4).

• For sampling mammals, ‘direct count on open width (20 m) transect’ was used on

the same transects (n=4) for 1 hour in each transect. Besides, information on recent

sightings / records of mammals by the villagers and locals was also collected form these

areas.

• ‘Reptiles’ mainly lizards were sampled by ‘direct count on open width transects’ (n =

4) for 1 hour in each transect.

7.10 FAUNA IN STUDY AREA

In the absence of substantial forest cover in the project vicinity and command area, the

faunal variety is not much. However, along different water bodies, villages and agriculture

field areas some faunal life forms have been observed.


7-69

The influence of life near water bodies is viewed from the Bonal tank located in Bonal village

of Shorapur Taluka, Yadgir district about 75-80 km near Krishna river confluence of Bhima,

which has been declared state Bird Sanctuary (Bonal Bird Sanctuary). The Bonal Tank is an

important ecological ‘niche’ attracting large number of migratory birds like open bill stork

(Anastomus oscitans), lesser adjutant (Leptotilos javanicus), Brahminy Duck (Tadorna

feruginneal), Common pochard (Anthiya farina), Tufted pochard (Anthiya fuligula),

Pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydro phasianus chirugees), Bronze winged jacana (Meeto pidius

indicus), Bar headed goose (Anser indicus), and the Indian river tern (Sterna aurantia) etc.

Mammals

SL. No.

Zoological Name Local Name IUCN status Schedule as per Wildlife Protection Act

Order Chiroptera

Cynopterus sphinx Fruit Bat

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

V

Order Canrnivora

Felis chaus Common Jungle

Cat

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

II

Herpestes edwadsi Common

Mongoose

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

IV

Canis aureus Jackal Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

II

Canis lupus pallipes Wolf

Vulpes bengalensis Common Fox

Order Rodentia

Funambulus pennantii Common Squirrel Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

IV

Rattus rattus Common House

Rat

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

V

Mus muscatus mice

Hystrix Indica Common Indian

Porcupine

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

IV

Lepus nigricollis Common Indian

Hare

Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

IV

Order Ungulata


7-70

SL. No.

Zoological Name Local Name IUCN status Schedule as per Wildlife Protection Act

Sus scrofa Indian Wild Boar Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

III

Axis axis Spotted Deer Least

Concern

SCHEDULE

III

Presbtlis entellus Common Langur

List of Domestic Fauna Observed in the Study Area

S. No. Zoological Name Common Name

1. Bos indicus Cow

2. Bubalus indicus Buffalo

3. Cains familieris Dog

4. Capra hircus Goat

5. Equus cabilus Horse

6. Equus hermionus Ass

7. Felis domesticus Cat

8. Ovius polic Sheep

9. Sus cristatus Pig

10. Presdystis entellus Common langoor

11. Macaca sp Monkey

AVIFAUNA

Family SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME S F WPA- S

Podicipedidae

Tachybaptus ruficoliis Little Grebe R P

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormarant WM P

Ardeidae

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron WM P S- IV

Ardeola grayii Pond Heron R P S- IV

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret WM P S- IV

Egreta intermedia Median or Small WM P S- IV


7-71

Egret

Threskiomithidae

Threskiornis aethiopica White Ibis R P

Pseudibis papillosa Black ibis

Accipitridae

Aviceds jerdoni

Brown Lizard

Hawk R C

Cuculus varians Common hawk

Milvus migrans

C ommon Pariah

Kite R C

Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite R C

Accipiter badius Shikra R C

Circaetus gallicus Short-Toed Eagle R C

Auila vindhiana Tawny Eagle R C

Phasianidae

Francolinus

pondicerianusb Grey Partridge R O

Gallus sonnneratii Grey Junglefowl R F, I S- IV

Pavo cristatus Common peafowl R O S- IV

Rallidae

Amaurornis akool Brown Crake R

I,

G

Amaurornis phoenicurus Water Hen R

I,

G

Porphyrio porphyrio P urple Moorhen R O

Fulica atra Coot R O

Charadriidae

Vanellus indicus

Red-wattled

lapwing R I

Vanellus malabaricus

Yellow-wattled

lapwing R I

Columbidae

Columba livia Blue Rock Pigeon R

G,

F

Streptopelia decaocto Ring Dove R

G,

F

Streptopelia Red Turtle Dove R G,


7-72

tranquebarica F

Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove R

G,

F

Psittacidae

Psittacula krameri

Rose Ringed

Parakeet R F

Cuculidae

Clamator jacobinums

Pied Crested

Cuckoo SM F, I

Eudynamys scolopaea Koel R F, I

Strigidae

Athene brama Spotted owlet R C

Apodidae

Apus affinis House swift R C

Cerylidae

Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher R P

Alcedinidae

Alcedo atthis

Blue-Eared

/common

kingfisher WM P

Dacelonidae

Halcyon smyrnensis

White-Breasted

kingfisher R P

Meropidae

Merops superciliosus

Bluecheeked

Bee-Eater R I

Merops orientalis

Small Green Bee-

Eater R I

Coraciidae

Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller R I

Upupidae

Upupa epops Hoopoe R I S-IV

Bucerotidae

Tockus birostris

Common Grey

Hornbill R I

Capitonidae

Megalaima zeylanica Large Green R F


7-73

Barbet

Picidae

Dinopium benghalense

Lesser

Goldenbacked

woodpecker R F

Alaudidae

Calandrella raytal Sand Lark R I

Hirundinidae

Hirundo rustica Swallow R I

Corvidae

Dicrurus paradiseus Black Drongo R C S-IV

Corvus splendens House Crow R O S-V

Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle crow R O S-V

Sturnidae

Sturnus pagodarum Brahminy Myna R O

Acridotheres tristis Indian Myna R O S-IV

Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotus cafer

Red-vented

Bulbul R F

S-IV

Muscicapidae

Alcippe poioicephala Quaker Babbler R I

Turdoides malcolmi

Large Grey

Babbler R I

Turdoides striatus Jungle Babbler R I

Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin R I

Sylviidae

Orthotomus sutorius

Common

Tailorbird R I

Prinia socialis

Ashy wren

warbler SM I

Paridae

Parus major Grey Tit R I S-IV

Parus nuchalis

Whitewinged

Black Tit R I

S-IV

Passeridae

Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail WM I

Motacilla Large Pied WM I


7-74

maderaspatensis Wagtail

Nectariniidae

Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird R

F,

G,

I

Ploceidae

Passer domesticus House Sparrow R

G,

I

Ploceus philippinus

Baya Weaver

Bird R G

Lonchura punctulata Spotted Munia R G

Lonchura malabarica

Whitethroated

Muina R G

R - Residents, species found in the study area throughout the year; WM – Winter Migrants,

species found in the study area only during the winter and SM - Summer Migrants, species

visiting the area during the summer seasons,;; I- insectivorus, O- omnivorus, P-

piscivorous, C- carnivorus, F-frugivorus, and G-grainivorus;; WPA-S Wildlife Protection

Act - Schedules


7-75

Reptiles LIST OF REPTILES OF THE STUDY AREA

Butterflies:

Eight species of butterflies were sited in the area (Table ). Among them cabbage fly was

found occurring commonly. The fauna listed consists of mostly ‘common’ and generalist

species as none of the animal species is threatened globally as per the IUCN Red list 2012.

Butterflies spotted in the area

S. No. Butterflies Common Name 1. Precis lemonias Lemon pansy

2. Genopterys sp Common brimstone

3. Danaus sp common tiger

5. Pieris canidia Cabbage white

6. Eurema sp Lemmon grass yellow

7. Pachliopta hector Crimsone rose

8. Zizeeria sp Dark grass blue

SL. No.

Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Schedule as per WPA

Naja tripudians Cobra

Laudakia minor Lesser Agama Least Concern

Hemidactylus brookii Gray Brook’s House Gecko

Hemidactylus flaviviridis

Ruppell

Yellow green House

Gecko

Hemidactylus leschenaultia Bark Gecko

Brachysaura minor Lesser Agama Data Deficient

Mabuya dissimillis Striped Grass Skink Data Deficient

Calotes sp Garden Lizard

Varanus sp Monitor lizard

Chameleo calcaatus chameleon

Bangarus ceruleus Krait

Python

Ptyas muscosus Rat Snake

Viper

Echis carinata Tortoise


7-76

7.11 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms with themselves and the

abiotic and biotic factors of the surrounding environments. Therefore, any change in the

natural environment can alter the habitat fragmentation, which leads to change/loss of

biodiversity as the species specific interaction and their food chain link gets widely impacted

in response to the stress generated from the change in physical, chemical and biological

environment due to erection of barriers (diversion structures, weirs, barrages, dams etc.) or

blockage of the flowing water of river/stream.

Thus, in order to predict the likely impacts of proposed project of large barrage /dam of

about 8 m height on the Bhima river, hydro-biological characteristics like physical, chemical,

biological, fishes and fisheries characteristics of this river water, the present study is

undertaken. Water resources projects have beneficial as well as adverse impacts on fish

production. The secondary data on the aquatic lifeforms- fisheries in the rivers was collected

through review of literature as well. Sampling was made at various sites in the project area

and river stretches both upstream and downstream of the project site to ascertain the

distribution pattern of aquatic life forms imparting aquatic ecological health. The possible

impact on aquatic life due to conversion of lentic to lotic conditions has also been identified

from the proposed project.

7.11.1 Bhima river and schemes under recommendation /considerations

River Bhima flows along the common border of Maharashtra State and Karnataka State

from its 495th Km to 570th Km (i.e, for length of 75 Kms). It was proposed to construct in

all 8 KT weirs across the Bhima river in this reach of 75 Kms. In the ministerial level meeting

held on 30-10-1995 in Maharashtra, it was decided (a) to take up 4 (four) Barrages situated

@ Auja, Chinechpur, Khanapur and Hilli by the Maharashtra State and (b) the remaining

four Barrages situated in Bandar Kavate, Lawangi, Barur and Algi by Karnataka State

Government.

In the alternative proposal of construction of series of Barrages, totally 11 Barrages sites

were identified and detailed investigation was carried out in Karnatka. All these 11 Barrages

were named by the nearby villages, where they were located viz; 1.Afzalpur Barrage, 2.

Ghattergi Barrage-cum-Bridge 3. Saganur Barrage-cum-Bridge, 4. Kattisangavi Barrage, 5.

Honnal Barrage-cum-Bridge, 6. Sonthi Barrage-cum-Bridge, 7. Tangadgi – Bannatti

Barrage-cum-Bridge, 8. Nalwadgi – Tumkur Barrage-cum-Bridge, 9. Yadgir Barrage, 10.

Machanur – Bhimalli Barrage-cum-Bridge, and 11. Joladadgi – Gudur Barrage-cum-Barrage


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7.11.2 Proposed Project Description

The project site is approachable from Shahpur Taluka of Yadgir district through

Bhimnarayangudi urban area. The project area- Barrage, Reservoir and Canal intake sites

comes under the Gulbarga districts whereas most of the command area following canal

network falls under Yadgir districts. (Figure 1). Thus, the scheme involves construction of

gated Barrage across River Bhima (160, 49' 50" N & longitude of 760, 55' 45" E) including a

bridge and downstream Power House [13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units)] near Sonthi Village in

Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters. The length of earthen dam towards

the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180 m. The top of the Barrage is fixed to

RL 380.250m. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is provided over the barrage for

communication facilities to the famous pilgrimage centre of Sri Chandralama Devi Temple

and also between tow talukas headquarters Chittapur and Shahpur.

Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme (Sonthi LIS head works-160,53' 07"N; 760, 59' 07"E) comprises

of an intake channel (365.500 m, CBL of intake channel) of 3 km length to draw water from

the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village. Further, canal system is mainly contour lift

canals, which will consist mainly of 1) Sonthi feeder canal, 2) Sonthi main canal, 3) Sonthi

branch canal 4) Distributory No.1 canal and 5) Yargol minor canal. The Sonthi Main canal is

a contour canal and distributaries minors are ridge canals.

The reservoir area will have total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC (including

Evaporation losses) and is earmarked for irrigation purpose. The Canal network will provide

irrigation to 16800 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas

of Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir District. In addition, the proposed scheme will also help to

generate incidental power 13.5 MW through surface power house in downstream area. The

land use in the proposed project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of monsoon

rain with low cropping intensity and low productivity.


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7.11.3 Selection of Study Site

The river Bhima in project vicinity flows from north to south direction in the Canal intake area

of submergence zone and west to east direction at barrage site and downward areas.

Finally, it joins river Krishna d/s area in Yadgir district. Further, three streams joins the

Bhima river in submergence zone are Sirwal Nalla, Rosa /Hossur nalla and Bilal nalla

whereas one stream- Tangedgi /Ibrahimpur nalla joins in project influence area-d/s of

barrage site. All these streams are right bank tributaries. These streams are seasonal

stream and receives maximum water during monsoon seasons, however, due to existing

irrigation schemes towards right bank of bhima river, the flow from canal tails available till

winter. Bhima river also shows discontinuos flow during non-monsoon period in the summer

months however, some perennial pools in deep low gradient zone are the life lines for

existing ecology and biodiversity. Months of 'nil' flow: Feb-2001, Mar-2000,2001, Apr-

2000,2001 &2002, May-2001 &2002, June-2002 & July- 2001 & 02.

Further, most of the village in the area are having village water tanks locally known as kere.

Among kere, some are well knows due to natural topography and are also included in the

field survey such as Ibrahimpur kere towards southern direction from barrage and

Wadnahalli kere in command area towards east direction. The vicinity map has shown in

Figure 1.1. and photographs are shown in Plate 1.2.


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Therefore, the complete area is divided in to three zones of having an holistic view of river

ecology i.e. Catchmnt- Submergence zone, Barrage site including Canal Intake site u/s

area, and powerhouse site downstream site as influence zone upto 10km radius approach

based on project appurtenances. The details of sampling sites are given in Table and

Plates. Samples are to be made during Pre monsoon (summer), monsoon and post-

monsoon /winter seasons during the study period (2013). The details of the study area to

assess the aquatic ecology are given in Table 7.1.2, Figure 7.1.2. and Plates 7.1.2.

Table 7.1.2: Description of study sites selected on river Bhima and its tributaries in the project impact zone

STUDY SITES

LOCATION SITE DESCRIPTION Habitat Structure

A. BARAGE AXIS SITE

1.

1) Left

Bank

Approx 1000 m river length

covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m

barrage axis+ 500m d/s) from

u/s Chandralama temple to d/s

Budha Temple-ASI

Pools followed by run and

glide with fewever rapids–

Thick riparian vegetation on

Left bank whereas right

bank with sparse vegetation

mainly scrubs. Among flora,

Prosopis zulifera

predominate and banks with

sandy slopes however river

flows on rocky bottom

except pools with some

sand deposits

2) Right

Bank

Approx 1000 m river length

covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m

barrage axis+ 500m d/s) from

u/s area following water intake

canal and to d/s Power House

site till confluence of tail race

channel with river Bhima.

B. SUBMERGENCE /CATCHMENT AREA--(up to 10km from barrage axis)

2. Bhima river u/s 1.5 to 6.0 km from barrage axis

Left Bank

Sonnthi village

Riparian Vegetation- along

river banks mainly prosopis

dominate along with grass

species, Undulating plains

along banks with agriculture

fields as the spreads till river

bank. Both banks are sandy.

Gentle slope along right

bank however, left bank is

comparatively steep. River

flows on rocky substratum

however, construction of

barrage already changed

river habitat in to reservoir.

The water spread u/s upto

8-9 km along river length.

Right Bank

Hurasagundagi

to Sirwal

villages


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3.

*Sirwal Nalla The nalla flows nearby Sirwal

village and joins Bhima river

on its Right Bank. It’s a

Seasonal stream with thick

riparian cover. Prosopis

dominates followed by moist

grasses and other scrubs/

shrubs.

Substratum rocky with sand

deposits along banks. Run

and small rapids observed

due to obstruction of check

dams or natural rock cuts

with low slopes /gradient.

4

4.

*Rosa Nalla The nalla flows along Hossur

and Rosa villages and joins

river Bhima on its right bank at

Rosa. It’s a Seasonal stream

with thick riparian cover.

Prosopis dominates followed

by moist grasses and other

shrubs.






with low slopes /gradient

followed by pools.

C Catchment Area- About 9-10 km u/s towards NE

5.

*Biral Nalla Located between Biral khurd

and Biral Buzurg villages 3-4

km upwards from right bank

Bhima confluences. It’s a

Seasonal stream with thick

riparian cover. Prosopis

dominates followed by moist

grasses and other shrubs.







followed by pools

*However, the availability of water varies from 9-10 months due to flow from the

tail water of the existing irrigation canals located in the area along right bank of

Bhima river

D CANAL INTAKE POINT (Submergence Zone)

6

Left Bank Kollur

Village &

Right Bank

Hotanmadi

village

Riparian Vegetation- along

river banks, including and

agriculture fields as the

spreads till river bank. Canal

Intake Side where Sonthi Lift

Canal Network to be

developed crosses through

River flows comparatively

confined channel where

banks are sandy with

scattered riparian

vegetation mostly scrubs.

River with large pool habitat

or reservoir water.


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Left Bank Paddy agriculture

field of Kolur village. RB dry

semi-arid type.

E. INFLUENCE ZONE -(Bhima river & adjoining area upto 10 km d/s from barrage)

Area along Left bank is also Part of Command Area

7

Left bank Halandgere to Banhatti villages.

Thick Riparian Vegetation

mainly Prosopis and grasses

along sandy bank.

River flows on gentle slopes

through rocky substratum

with fewever island

formation. Frequent pools

with run and rapid habitat

are observed. Right bank

with gentle slope and rocky

however at bank height

sand present with

agriculture field.

Right Bank D/s power house to Tangedgi

village with seim arid climate

conditions. Scrubs along bhima

river bank. Riparian cover with

scrubs and above bank

agriculture field spreads which is

dry semiarid type.

8

Tangedgi nalla The nalla flows along Ibrahipur

and Tangedgi village and joins

river Bhima on its right bank at

Tangedgi village. It’s a Seasonal

stream with scrub riparian cover.

Prosopis dominates followed by

grasses and other shrubs.







followed by pools

9

Ibrahimpur

Kere / Water

tank / pond/

lake

Its approx 7 km Southern

direction from Barrage & bhima

river right bank. Watershed

consists of scrubs with

moderate to gentle slopes.

Further surrounded by small

hillocks or rocky area three

sides and down slopes

agriculture fields with semiarid

type climate zone. Small check

dam has been developed for

storage of rain water for long

duration.

Lake water with grasses

along banks and submerge

area during monsoon.

Macrophytes also present

with some exposed rocks in

lake. Supports the local

area during monsoon and

non-monsoon periods.


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F. COMMAND AREA & PROPOSED CANAL NETWORK

The area located on left bank of Bhima river and spreads toward east and northern directions

10

Wadnahalli

Kere /water

tank / lake

The pond / lake is located in

between the side slopes of

rocky hillocks and form beautiful

watershed area. Small check

dam has been constructed

which help to store the rain

water during non-monsoon

season. The site is located near

to Wadnhalli village.

Left bank of proposed canal

cross marginally through Yadgir

RF and Right bank is village

land of Wadnahalli following

agriculture land. Kere is located

along right bank.

Semi arid type climate. The

lake surrounded by rocky

hillocks with open scrub

forest type (part of Yadgir

RF open scrubs) where

slopes are extended till the

Wadnahalli Kere (water

tank-lake). Bottom with

sand and silt deposits from

sedimentation flow of

surrounding areas which

also supports the grass

growth and other shrubs.

Figure 7.1.2 : Showing Rivers & streams in the Project vicinity (upto 10 km radius)

7.11.4 Methodology for Aquatic Ecology

The river /stream morphology is determined to ascertain the type of habitats, substratum

and covers (aquatic vegetation, substratum, large woody debris, Particulate as clay, silt,

sand, gravel, pebble, cobble, boulder, bedrock etc.), bank conditions, flow pattern, and type

of valleys following flood prone area and riparian covers etc has been assessed based on

the criteria described by Rosgen (1996) and habitat inventory described by Armontrout

(1998), Myers and Swanson (1992) and Rosgen (1996). Stream order classification was

based on Horton’s (1954) approach as modified by Strahler (1954, 1957). In this system all

ultimate headwaters are called first order streams. Stream formed by union of two such

streams are designated second order and whenever two streams of a particular order join

they form next order and so on. Habitat structures were observed in the river stretches from

down stream to upstream at a fixed point including longitudinal survey of submergence, dam

site and influence zones of toe dam projects with onsite visual estimation.

Plankton samples were collected using a tericot ring net of a 20 µm net to make. For

enumeration of phytoplankton population, 100 l composite water samples were collected


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from the river surface up to 60 cm depth and were filtered through a 20 µm net to make 1 l

of bulk sample. The bulk samples so collected were preserved in 2% formalin solution and

were brought to the laboratory for analysis. Ten replicate water samples each of 15 ml were

made out of the preserved 1 l bulk sample and were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes.

After centrifuging, the volume of aliquot concentrate was measured. 0.1 ml of aliquot

concentrate was used for enumeration of phytoplankton population in each replicate. A

plankton chamber of 0.1 ml capacity was used for counting of plankton under a light

microscope. Periphyton-Epilithic phytobenthos were obtained by scrapping the surface of

rocks and boulders (4 x 4 cm2) with the help of a hard brush and preserved in 3% formalin

solution for further analyses.

For the quantification of zooplankton and phytoplankton 100 liters of water for each

community was filtered at each site by using plankton net made up of fine silk cloth (mesh

size 25 µm). The filtrate collected for the study of phytoplankton was preserved in Lugol’s

solution, while a part of the unpreserved samples for the study of zooplankton was brought

to the laboratory.

Benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from the pebbles, cobbles and gravels form the

surface collected up to 15 cm sediment depth at different elevations with the help of sieve of

a mesh size of 100 µm.

All collected specimens –organisms of planktons, periphytons, benthoses etc were

preserved in 3 % formalin solution or 70 % alcohol and were identified by using keys

formulated by different workers such as Pennak (1953), Edmondson (1959), Ward and

Whipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Trivedy and Goel (1984), Sarod and

Kamat (1984), Hustedt and Jensen (1985), Battish (1992), Edington and Holdren (1995) and

APHA (1992, 1998). The density of the plankton and benthic samples was estimated by

using drop count method (Bhatt et al., 2005) and standards methods of APHA (1992, 1998).

Fishes occurrence were determined by visual method and by collecting samples using

different fishing gears like cast net, scoop net, hand net, hook-line, pot and open local

devices methods. Fishes were identified up to the species level with the help of keys of

Jayaram (1981), Menon (1987) and Talwar and Jhingran (1997). IUCN Red Data List (2008)

was compared to assess threatened, endangered and vulnerable species in the study area.

Conservation Assessment Management Plan of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization

Project Workshop (CAMP-BCPP, 1997) was followed to understand the threats and

conservation status of Indian fish species.

The total number of planktons present in a litre of water sample was calculated using the

following formula:

N = (n x v x 100)/ V


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Where, N= Number of plankton per litre

n = average number of plankton cells in 0.1 ml of aliquot concentrate

v = volume of plankton concentrate (aliquot)

V= volume of water from bulk sample centrifuged

The species diversity index was calculated using Shannon’s species diversity index (H)

formula taking the density values of each species into consideration.

Shannon index of general diversity (H): - ΣPi log Pi

Where ni = density value for each species

N = total density value

Pi = density probability for each species = ni /N

Fish Fauna

List of Fishes Present in the Area

Sl. No. Order

Family Fish species Local Name

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae

Berilius bendelisis Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822

Catla catla (Hamilton,1822) Catla

Cirrhinus cirrhosa (Hamilton,1822)

Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822

Mrigal

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes,1844)

Grass carp

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Garra gotyla (Gray, 1830)

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes,1844)

Silvar carp

Labeo bata (Hamilton,1822)

Labeo calbasu (Hamilton,1822)

Labeo fimbriatus (Hamilton,1822)

Labeo rohita (Hamilton,1822) Rohu

Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839)

Puntius kolus (Hamilton,1822)

Puntius sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)

Puntius ticto (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)

Puntius chilinoides (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)

Puntius lithopidos (Day, 1874)

Osteobrama cotio cotio Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822

Salmostoma bacaila Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822


7-85

Rasboridae

Rasbora neilgherriensis Day, 1867

Cichlidae

Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Siluriformes

Bagridae

Rita buchnani Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822

Spearota aor (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)

Spearota seengala (Sykes,1839)

Mystus seenghala Sykes, 1839

Mystus bleekeri Day, 1877

Bagarius bagarius Udd

Siluridae

Ompok bimaculatus (Bloach,1794) Pabda-gojal

Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822)

Schilbeidae

Silonia silondia (Hamilton,1822)

Claridae

Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus,1758)

Clarias garipinus (Burchell, 1822)

Wallago attu (Bloach & Schneider,1801)

Heteropneustidae

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1794) Perciformes

Channidae

Channa marulius (Hamilton,1822)

Channa punctatus (Bloch,1793)

Channa striatus (Bloch,1793) Osteoglossifo

rmes

Notopteridae

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas,1769) Synbranchifor

mes

Mastacembelidae

Mastacembalus armatus (Lacepede,1800)

Bam-eel

Beloniformes

Belonidae

Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton,1822)


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8-1

CHAPTER-8 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS-SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Before the start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the

baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a

result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been

adopted for conducting the EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift irrigation Scheme Major

Multipurpose Project. The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:

• Physico-chemical aspects • Ecological aspects • Socio-Economic aspects

The baseline setting for Socio-Economic aspects have been covered in this Chapter.

8.2 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE

The areas coming under this project is surrounded with a fairly god network of village roads

coming under Zilla Public works department. No extra provision is made towards providing

ayacut roads. The command area is connected with good communication facilities with road

network and railway lines and good marketing facilities for farm product are also available.

The banking and other co-operative financial institutions are also working in the taluka

coming under command area.

8.3 AMENITIES AND FACILITIES

In the proposal only one village is considered for providing the rehabilitation facilities ie.,

Hurasagundagi village. Hence Land losers/project affected persons in the villages will be

benefitted as per NRRP, 2007 norms.

• The project proponents are required to provide all the infrastructure facilities to its

work force such as health care, free fuel and water supply in order to reduce

dependency on local infrastructure and confrontation with the society. Also good

sanitation facility to avoid water borne diseases. Proper facilities for domestic water

supply and sanitation services will be made available to the construction workers at

the site.

• Occupational risks/hazards will be minimized at the project site through implementing

safety measures and providing safety gadgets like helmets, safety (gas) mask/safety

dress, shoes etc. for the labour force depending upon their nature of activity in the

site.


8-2

• Safety training will be provided to all construction workers on operation of equipments.

Security will also be extended during non-working hours to ensure there is no

uncontrolled access to the machinery and equipment.

• KBJNL will have an interaction with PHCs (Public Health Centers) in the command

area, such that the communicable diseases and other water borne diseases will be

avoided through their guidance and support.

• The health checkups ( diagnostic) will be done for all regular employees involved in the

construction activities of the project at scheduled intervals (Le quarterly) and to maintain

corresponding health records.

• First Aid Room with adequate First Aid Kits as approved from Doctors along with

medical facilities like Spirometry, Pulse - Oxymetry, lung test etc., will be provided.


9-1

CHAPTER-9 PREDCTION OF IMPACTS

9.1 GENERAL Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts as a

result of the construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift irrigation Scheme have

been identified. The Impact Assessment for quite a few disciplines are subjective in nature

and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and

otherwise, qualitative assessment has been undertaken. The present Chapter outlines the

anticipated impacts due to construction and operation of the propose Kundalia Major

Multipurpose Project.

The impacts on following aspects of environment have been covered as a part of this Report:

• Land Environment • Water quality • Terrestrial Ecology • Aquatic Ecology • Noise Environment • Air quality • Socio-economic Environment • Public health

10.2 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT a) Construction Phase The construction of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project is expected to be completed in

about six (6) years. Majority of the environmental impacts during construction phase are

temporary in nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and for small duration

beyond the construction period. However, if these issues are not properly addressed,

impacts can continue even after the construction phase for a longer duration.

The major impacts anticipated on Land Environment during construction phase are as

follows:

• Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population. • Operation of construction equipment. • Soil erosion. • Impacts due to construction of roads.

Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population

The peak labour and technical staff congregation would be of the order of 2,000 and 500

respectively. Thus, for assessment of impacts, a total of 6200 labour and technical staff have

been assumed to be involved in project construction and related activities. The other

assumptions made for assessing the emigrating population in the area are as follows:

• 80% of the workers and technical staff are married. • In 80% of the family of workers both the husband and wife will work. • In 100% of the family of technical staff, only husband will work. • 2% of total migrating population has been assumed as service providers.


9-2

• 50% of service providers will have families. • Family size has been assumed as 5.

Separate accommodation and related facilities for workers, service providers and technical

staff are to be provided as a part of the project. The congregation of labour force is likely to

create problems of sewage disposal, solid waste management and felling of trees for

meeting fuel requirements, etc. These aspects have been adequately covered in various

Sections of this Chapter.

Operation of construction equipment During construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These

include batching plant, earth movers, etc. The siting of these construction equipment would

require significant amount of space. In addition, land will be required for storage of various

construction material as well. However, land for this purpose will be temporarily acquired, i.e.

for the duration of project construction phase i.e. 6 years.

Efforts must be made for proper siting of these facilities. Various criteria for selection of these

sites would be:

• Proximity to the site of use • Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas • Proximity from habitations • Proximity to drinking water source

Efforts must be made to site the contractor’s working space in such a way that the adverse

impacts on environment are minimal, i.e. to locate the construction equipment, so that

impacts on human and faunal population are minimal. The proposed project envisages

construction of a 45 high dam along with canal network in the command area. The details of

canal network are given in Table-10.1.

Table-10.1:Details of canal network to be constructed as a part of the project

No. Name of canals Length (km)

Discharge (Cumecs) FSD (m) ICA (ha)

1. Feeder Canal 1.886 8.00C 1.90 -

2. Sonthi Main canal 38.00 3.05 1.30 6100

3. Distributory No.1 15.00 2.61 1.30 5227

3. Sonthi Branch canal 20.00 2.11 1.30 4213

4. Yargol minor canal 9.50 0.23 0.50 460 The canal network is likely to pass through various villages. The canal network will be so

aligned that only land is acquired and efforts will be made to ensure that no houses are

acquired as a result of acquisition of land for link channel and canal alignment. However,

large amount of construction material, variety of construction equipment, etc. are likely to be


9-3

stored/located close to major construction sites. Such land acquisition is temporary in nature.

Efforts shall be made that such facilities are located on government or panchayat land only,

so that hardships caused as a result of land acquisition, though temporarily on this account

are minimized to the extent possible.

Soil erosion

The runoff from various construction sites, will have a natural tendency to flow towards along

with the natural drainage. The runoff from a construction site has a tendency to flow through

natural drainage. The runoff for these sites will have high turbidity levels, i.e. of the order of

4,000-5,000 mg/l. Thus, the disposal of drainage effluent with such high turbidity levels is

bound to affect the water quality, especially in the lean season. The drains/nallahs close to

various construction sites along the main canal, distributaries and minors are seasonal in

nature, since, the area is rainfed. Normally in such rivers biological productivity is not high.

Hence, increase in turbidity levels due to disposal of runoff from the construction site are not

expected to be significant in nature. However, the runoff from construction sites could lead to

formation of stagnant pools of water in the area adjacent to major construction sites. This

could lead to increased mosquito generation, especially in monsoon and post-monsoon

months.

Solid waste management The labour colonies will generate substantial amount of municipal wastes. Inview of the

condition that normally exists in the labour camps of such projects,the solid wastes is likely to

contain mainly vegetable matters followed by paper cans and glasses. About 6,200 persons

are likely to congregate during the construction phase at various construction sites resulting

in generation of about 1.3 tonnes of solid waste/day. Adequate facilities for collection and

conveyance of municipal wastes generated to the disposal site shall be developed. At each

labour camp, covered tractor trolleys to collect the solid waste from the common collection

point and transfer it to the disposal site needs to be put to service. The composition of

various waste materials is in the municipal refuse is detailed in Table-10.2.

Table-10.2: Composition of waste material in municipal refuse

Ingredient Percentage by weight (%) Paper 4.71 Rubber, Leather and synthetics 0.71 Glass 0.46 Metals 0.49 Total compostable matter 38.95 Inert matter 44.73 Others/ plastic 9.95 Total 100.00


9-4

A detailed plan for disposal of solid waste generated from labour camps is given in Volume-II of

this report, which outlines the Environmental Management Plan.

b) Operation Phase The major impacts anticipated on land environment are as follows:

• Acquisition of land • Change in land use pattern

Acquisition of land

The tentative total land required for various project components is of about 7,822 ha. The

details are given in Table 10.3. About 4736 ha of private land and 2386 of government land

is to be acquired. In addition, about 680 ha of forest land is to be acquired.

Table-10.3:Details of land to be acquired for the project Component Government Private Forest Total

Land acquired for intake channel, pump house, raising main and Delivery chamber for lift

- 38.96 - 38.96

Canal network - 610.80 0.78 611.58 Approached Roads to Sannathi Barrage

- 9.84 - 9.84

Submergence Area 2.43 709.52 - 711.95

Resettlement and Rehabilitation

- 40.48 - 40.48

Total 2.43 1409.60 0.78 1412.81

Based on the ownership status of the land of the land to be acquired, appropriate

compensatory measures shall be formulated. The same has been outlined in Volume-II of

this report, which outlines the Environmental Management Plan.

Change in land use pattern The GCA and ICA of the project are 82625 ha and 75,000 ha respectively. The details are

given in Table-10.4. The ICA is spread over 187 villages. The list of beneficiary villages from

Right Bank Main Canal, Left Bank Main Canal and Direct from the reservoir is given in

Tables -10.5.to10.7 respectively. Table-10.4: Details of irrigated area in various cropping seasons

Cropping season Irrigated Cropped Area (ha) Kharif 55,000 Rabi 20,000 Total 75,000





9-5


4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-B

11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)

Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and 22)

Naganayakanahalli.

At present, cropping intensity in CCA is 44,000 ha, which will increase to 75,000 ha in project

operation phase. Thus, the land which at present is barren, would be cropped during project

operation phase. This would lead to change in land use pattern of the area, as the cropped

area is expected to increase in the command area. This is a significant positive impact.

The increase in cropped area and construction of field bunds also controls the soil erosion.

This will also be a significant positive impact.

The details of cropped area during pre-project and project operation phases are given in

Tables-10.8 and10.9 respectively.

proposed cropping pattern in the command area of the sonthi lift irrigation project, karnataka

Sl. No. Cropping Season Irrigated

Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Kharif

a) Hybrid Maize 600 50.60 b) Groundnut 3200 20.25 c) Tur 3000 22.24 d) Pluses 2400 18.53 Sub-Total -A 9200 Rabi

a) Local Jowar 1920 55.65 b) Sunflower 1280 20.25 c) Safflower 1600 15.20 d) Pulses 1000 18.53 Sub-Total –B 5800 Bi-Seasonal crops

a) Cotton 1200 8.00 b) Chillies & Vegetables 600 31.00 Sub-Total -C 1800 Tptal(A+B+C) 16,800

10.3 IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY

a) Construction Phase Impacts due to sewage generation from labour camps The major sources of water pollution during project construction phase are the sewage

generated from the labour camps/colonies. The project construction is likely to last for a

period of 6 years. As mentioned earlier about 2,000 workers and 500 technical staff are likely

to migrate during project construction phase. The employment opportunities in the area are


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limited. Thus, during the project construction phase, many of the locals may get employment.

It has been observed during construction phase of many of the projects, the major works are

contracted out, who bring their own skilled labour. However, it is only in the unskilled

category, that locals get employment.

The construction phase also leads to mushrooming of various allied activities to meet the

demands of the immigrant labour population in the project area. The increase in the

population is expected to be of the order of 6200. The labour population is likely to be

congregated at three to four labour colonies.

The exact population in each of the labour colonies cannot be estimated at this stage.

However, the persons residing in each labour camps/labour colonies is expected to be of the

order of 2000 to 2500. The total domestic water requirements of the labour population

(including families) is expected to be of the order of 0.837 mld @ 135 lpcd. It is assumed that

about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as sewage. Thus, the total quantum of

sewage generated is expected to be of the order of 0.64 mld. The total BOD load contributed

by various labour camps/colonies will be about 261 kg/day. The above pollution loading is

likely to be spread over 3 to 4 labour camps. The disposal of sewage without treatment

could lead to adverse impacts on land environment or water environment in which the

effluent from the labour camps/colonies are disposed.

In the present project, it is recommended that the sewage generated from various labour

camps be treated prior to its disposal, so that it does not lead to any water/land pollution

were associated public health issues.

Impacts due to runoff from construction sites Substantial quantities of water would be used in the construction activities. With regards to

water quality, waste water from construction activities would mostly contain suspended

impurities. Adequate care should be taken so that excess suspended solids in the

wastewater are removed before these are disposed into water body or over land.

Similarly, effluents due to washing from truck parking area, workshop, etc. would have high

concentration of oil and grease. The effluent quality is too small to cause any adverse

impact. However, it is still recommended to treat the effluent from these units/areas by oil

and separator unit, to ameliorate even the marginal adverse impacts likely to accrue on this

account.

b) Operation Phase The major impacts considered as a part of the study are

- Impacts on downstream water users - Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity - Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers - Impacts due to effluents from project colony - Impacts on downstream water quality


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Impacts on downstream users The total water requirement for irrigation of command of Kundalia project is 332.097 Mm3. T

The net water available at dam site is (968.83 – 385.414 – 60.00) 523.52 m3. About 77.53

Mm3 of water will be available by regeneration from various sources including irrigation,

domestic and industrial use.

The storage capacity of Kundalia Reservoir is 495.20 Mm3. The committed water use in

newaj sub-basin are 132 Mm3, which includes water requirement for environmental and

ecological balance (30 Mm3) drinking water including reservoir & supply losses (18 Mm3) and

industrial use (84 Mm3). The balance quantity of water available for Committed irrigation

purposes (601.0539-30-18-84) is 469.05 Mm3.Considering irrigation water requirements as

332.097 Mm3, the water available for miscellaneous use and for providing irrigation in

drought year for Kharif crop (469.05- 332.097) shall be 136.96 Mm3.

The net surface water availability at 75% dependable yield is 968.83 Mm3. The upstream

water use is 524.94 Mm3. The details are given in Table-10.11.

It is proposed to release about 22% of net water available at Kundalia dam site for

environmental releases, which works out to about (22% of 601 Mm3) 136.96 Mm3

• Developmental activities such as construction of roads, bridges, railway lines,

buildings etc. resulting in chocking of natural drainage.

.

Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity The main causes of water logging in a command area due to introduction of irrigation could

be as follows:

• Poor natural drainage as consequences of topography or unfavorable sub-soil

geology

• like existence of hard pan at shallow depths.

• Spilling of rivers resulting in submergence of agricultural lands.

• Heavy storm and rainfall coupled with poor natural drainage.

• Hydraulic pressure of water from upper irrigated areas resulting in seepage and

outcrop in low lying areas.

• Heavy losses of water due to seepage from canals, distributaries and

• water courses.

• Excess application of water particularly in the initial years when the command is not

fully developed.

- Poor on-farm water management resulting in poor application efficiencies.

• Inadequate drainage and poor maintenance of existing drainage system and outlets.

• Lack of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters.

The imbalance of air and water in root zone leads to adverse impacts on crop growth and are

listed as under:


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• Depletion of oxygen in the root zone and increase/saturation of carbondioxide due to

water logging. This anaerobic condition has an adverse effect on the growth of useful

micro-organisms and harmful organisms proliferate and create several problems in the

plant growth.

• Physio-chemical and biological activities in the soil and disturbed on account of low

temperature which is the result of water logging conditions. This also creates the

problem of increase in pests and diseases.

• Field operations also become either impossible or difficult in such soils.

For the purpose of cropping pattern optimization and evaluation of alternation project

configuration, various efficiencies taken into consideration are given in Table-10.12.

Table-10.12: System Efficiency

Items Surface Irrigation

1. Conveyance efficiency (from canal head to outlet head)

90%

2. Field channel efficiency (from outlet head to field gate

85%

3. Field application efficiency 79% Overall Efficiency 54%

The total water requirement during Kharif and Rabi seasons is 332.097 Mm3 over an irrigated

command of 75,0000 ha. This works out to an average water depth of 443 mm. The area

irrigated under ponded and pressure irrigation is 67,500 and 7,500 ha respectively. The

irrigated water not being utilized in ponded irrigation is (0.46*67,500 ha*0.443m) 137.55

Mm3. The irrigated water not being utilized in pressure irrigation is (0.20*7,500 ha*0.443m)

6.65 Mm3. The total irrigation water being wasted is 144.2 Mm3

To compensate the nutrient removal by crops, additional dose of nutrients, i.e. fertilizers

dosing needs to be given. Washdown of fertilizers and organic matter rich in nutrients from

. For an irrigated command of

75,0000 ha, the average depth of water being wasted works out to an average water depth of

192 mm. The quantum of water not being utilized is quite small and is not expected to cause

any significant problem of waterlogging.

Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers The fertilizer dose is likely to increase once irrigation is introduced in the command area.

Under the best farming practices, only 40-50% of the applied fertilizers is used by the crop

and the balance finds its way into the aquatic environment through drainage runoff. An

unexpected intense shower immediately after the spread of fertilizers may bring even greater

amount of nutrients as a part of the runoff into the receiving water body.


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the surrounding agricultural fields cause eutrophication of water bodies. Overgrowth of

aquatic weeds affects the survival of aquatic organisms through depletion of oxygen, change

in odour and taste of water. Similar impacts have been observed in other projects as well.

With the introduction of irrigation, use of fertilizers is likely to increase, to maintain the

increased levels of production. The drainage system (natural or man-made) is likely to

contain much higher level of nutrients. The climatic conditions in the project area to is

suitable for the proliferation of eutrophication in the project area. Thus, in the project

operation phase, there will be increased probability of eutrophication in the water bodies

receiving agricultural runoff. As a part of Environmental Management Plan Report

appropriate control measures have been recommended.

Impacts due to effluent from project colony During project operation phase, due to absence of any large scale construction activities, the

cause and source of water pollution will be much different. Since, only a small number of

O&M staff will reside in the area in a well designed colony which will have a Sewage

Treatment Plant (STP) and other infrastructure facilities, the problems of water pollution due

to disposal of sewage are not anticipated.

As per the DPR, during project operation phase, three to four permanent divisions for

operation phase, maintenance will be developed during project operation phase. At each

colony, about 100 families are likely to reside. The sewage generation at each colony shall

be of the order of 0.08 mld. The total BOD loading will be about 23 kg/day. The BOD loading

is insignificantly low to cause any adverse impact. It is proposed to provide biological

treatment facilities including secondary treatment units for sewage so generated from these

settlements. The BOD load after treatment will reduce to 2 to 3 kg/day. Thus, with

commissioning of facilities for sewage treatment, even the marginal impacts on water quality

of receiving water body are not anticipated.

10.4 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY a) Construction Phase Flora During project construction phase, labour population is likely to congregate near various

construction sites. It can be assumed that the technical staff likely to congregate will be of

higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as

fuel. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel wood

(if no alternate fuel is provided) for whom firewood/coal depot could be provided.

Overall there will be an increase in population by about 6200 at various construction sites, of

which about 5500 are likely to use fuel wood.

* Average fuel wood consumption : 20 kg pcd * Population size over : 5500 project construction phase


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* Average consumption per day : 1100 quintals/day Or 401500 quintals/year * For a construction period of 6 years : 240900 quintals or 301125 m3.

* One tree produces about 2.5 m3

• Impacts on vegetal cover

of wood, thus, about 1.20 lakh tree will be cut to meet the fuelwood requirements to the labour population, over a construction phase of 6 years.

Hence to minimize impacts, community kitchens have been recommended. These

community kitchens shall use LPG or diesel as fuel. The details are covered in

Environmental Management Plan covered in Volume-II of this Report.

The other major impact on the flora in and around the project area would be due to increased

level of human interferences. The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for

construction of houses and other needs. Thus, if proper measures are not undertaken,

adverse impacts on terrestrial flora is anticipated. Since, labour camps are proposed to be

constructed by the contractor along with necessary facilities, such impacts are not

envisaged.

During construction of various components of the project, e.g., road, colony, dam axis, muck

disposal, etc. trees will have to be cleared. The tree felling or clearing shall be done by the

State Forest Corporation.

Fauna During construction phase, a large number of machinery and construction labour will have to

be mobilized. This activity may create some disturbance to the wildlife population. The

operation of various construction equipment is likely to generate significant noise. The noise

may scare the fauna in the region and force them to migrate to other areas. Likewise, siting

of construction equipment, godowns, stores, labour camps, etc. may generally disturb the

fauna of the area. Since the project command has very little area under dense vegetation

and the land use pattern is mainly agriculture land interspersed with settlements. As a result

of absence of forest or vegetal cover in the command area and high level of human

interferences in the area, wildlife is generally absent in the area.

This is also confirmed by the field observations, and interaction with locals, etc. and it can be

said that no major fauna is observed in the project area. Hence, impacts on terrestrial fauna

are expected to be insignificant.

b) Operation Phase

Various impacts to be covered are listed as below:

• Impacts on wildlife Impacts on vegetal cover Impacts on vegetal cover


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The total forest area to be acquired in the project is 680 ha. As a part of field studies,

ecological survey was conducted at three locations in the submergence area, which is

spread over an area of 7,476 ha. The details of tree density and number of species at

various sampling sites in submergence area are given in Tables-10.13 and 10.14.

It can be seen from Table-10.13, that Acacia catechu, Phoenix acaulis, Butea

monospermum, Acacia nilotica were the dominant tree species. Amongst shrubs, Vitex

nugundo, Butea parviflora, Cassia tora were the dominant species. The dominant

herbaceous species in the submergence area were Cynodon dactylon, Cassia tora,

Paspalum conjugatum, Cymbopogon martini, Xanthium strumarium, Andrographis paniculata

Argemone mexicana. The tree density ranged from 76 to 108 per ha, which is quite low.

Normally in a dense forest, tree density is of the order of 1000-1200 trees/ha. Thus, land to

be acquired in reservoir submergence tree density is low. No Rare, Endangered or

Threatened species are reported in the project area.

Common species such as Acacia catechu, Phoenix acaulis, Butea monospermum, Acacia

nilotica are reported in the submergence area. The loss of these tree species is proposed to

be compensated by including these species as a part of compensatory afforestation

programme.

The introduction of irrigation in the area will increase the agriculture production of the area,

leading to the increased availability of fodder as a result of increased agricultural by products

and residues. The increased level of fodder availability would reduce the pressure on existing

pasture and vegetal cover, which is a significant positive impact.

Impacts on wildlife The area to be brought under irrigation within the command area shall be devoid of forests.

The project area is interspersed with settlements and agricultural land. In such settings large

scale faunal population is not observed. Thus, no significant impact on wildlife is anticipated

due to the project.

The mammal species are reported to be under Least Concern category as per IUCN status.

Amongst avi-fauna, Passeriformes is the largest order and eighteen species belonging to

order were reported in the project area. 9 species belonging to Order Charadriiformes were

reported in the study area. The other orders of avi-fauna reported in the area include

Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes, Cucoliformes, Columbiformes, etc. Most of the

species reported in the area belonged to Schedule-IV of Wildlife Protection Act (1972). . The

commonly observed herpetofauna in the study area includes Ground Geckoo, tree snake,

Warm snake, cobra, Lesser Agama, etc. As per IUCN status, they belong to lest common or

Data Deficient category. Thus, no major impacts on fauna is anticipated.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wader�


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Impacts due to excavation of construction material from river bed During the construction phase a large quantity of construction material like stones, pebbles,

gravel and sand would be needed. Significant amount of material is available in the river bed.

It is proposed to extract construction material from borrow areas in the river bed. The

extraction of construction material may affects the river water quality due to increase in the

turbidity levels. This is mainly because the dredged material gets released during one or all

the operations mentioned below:

• excavation of material from the river bed. • loss of material during transport to the surface. • overflow from the dredger while loading • loss of material from the dredger during transportation.

The cumulative impact of all the above operations is increase in turbidity levels. Good

dredging practices can however, minimize turbidity. It has also been observed that slope

collapse is the major factor responsible for increase in the turbidity levels. If the depth of cut

is too high, there is possibility of slope collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will

further move outside the suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical

situation, the depth of cut be restricted to:

γ H/C < 5.5

where, γ - unit weight of the soil H - depth of soil C - Cohesive strength of soil

The dredging and deposition of dredged material may affect the survival and propagation of

benthic organisms. The macro-benthic life which remains attached to the stones, boulders

etc. gets dislodged and is carried away downstream by turbulent flow. The areas from where

construction material is excavated, benthic fauna gets destroyed. In due course of time,

however, the area gets recolonized, with fresh benthic fauna. The density and diversity of

benthic fauna, will however, be less as compared with the pre-dredging levels.

The spawning areas of these fish species are found amongst pebbles, gravel, sand etc. The

eggs are sticky in nature and remain embedded in the gravel and subsequently hatch. Any

disturbance of stream bottom will result in adverse impacts on fish eggs. Even increase in

fine solids beyond 25 ppm will result in deposition of silt over the eggs, which would result in

asphyxiation of developing embryo and also choking of gills of young newly emerged fry.

Thus, if adequate precautions during dredging operations are not undertaken, then

significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecology are anticipated.

Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony

The proposed project envisages construction of a project colony, which would result in

emergence of domestic waste water which is usually discharged into the river. However, it is


9-13

proposed to commission appropriate units for treatment of domestic sewage before its

disposal in to the river. Thus, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated due to

discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony.

10.5 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT a) Construction Phase Noise due to construction equipment In water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected only during the

project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, increased vehicular movement,

etc. will have some adverse impacts. The noise level due to operation of various construction

equipment is given in Table-10.15.

Table-10.15: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment Equipment Sound Level at 7 m (dB(A))

Unsilenced pile diver 110 Unsilenced scraper/grader 94

Unsilenced compressor 85 Cranes 82

Generator 82 Generate mixers 80

Pumps 69 Vibrators 75

Saws 77

Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction

phase, it has been assumed that all these equipment generate noise from a common point.

The increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipments are given in

Table-10.16.

Table-10.16 : Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipment

Distance (m)

Ambient noise levels

(dB(A))

Increase in noise level due to construction

activities (dB(A))

Noise levels due to

construction activities (dB(A))

Increase in ambient noise

level due to construction

activities (dB(A)) 100 45 86 86 41 200 45 70 70 25 500 45 62 62 17 1000 45 56 56.3 11 1500 45 52 52.8 7 2000 45 50 51.2 6.2 2500 45 50 49.8 4.6 3000 45 46 48.5 3.5

As per Table-10.16, the increase in noise level shall be of the order of 11, 7, 6.2, 4.6 and 3.5

dB(A) at a distance of 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m and 3000 m respectively. Since all


9-14

the equipment have been assumed to operate from a common point this assumption has

lead to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. It is a known fact that there is a

reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. The transmission loss

values for common construction materials are given in Table-10.17.

Table-10.17: Transmission loss values through common construction material Material Thickness (inches) Decrease in noise level

(dB(A)) Light concrete 4 38

6 39 Dense concrete 4 40 Concrete block 4 32

6 36 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40

As per Table-10.17, it can be concluded that the walls of various houses will attenuate at

least 30 dB(A) of noise. In addition there are attenuation due to the following factors.

• Air absorption • Atmospheric inhomogeneties and atmospheric turbulence. • Vegetal foliage.

Thus, no increase in noise levels is anticipated as a result of various activities, during the

project construction phase. There could be marginal impacts on the population residing in

proximity to the canal alignment during construction phase as a result of various activities.

However, based on past experience in similar projects, the impact however, is not expected

to be significant.

b) Operation Phase

In a water resources project, noise pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase.

During project operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.

10.6 IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY

• Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment • Fugitive emissions from various sources.

a) Construction Phase Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion of fuel. Normally,

diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of diesel

combustion is SO2. The SPM emissions are minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The

short-term increase in SO2, even assuming that all the equipment are operating at a

common point, is quite low, i.e. of the order of less than 1µg/m3. Hence, no major impact is

anticipated on this account.


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Fugitive Emissions from various sources During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of construction

material like sand, fine aggregate is stored at various sites, during the project construction

phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of

the stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts are visible

only in and around the storage sites. The impacts on this account are generally, insignificant

in nature. Impacts due to vehicular movement During construction phase, increase in number of vehicles is anticipated for transportation of

construction material. The increase in number of vehicles is expected to be a maximum of

35/hour. The impacts on ambient air quality due to increase in vehicular movement is given

in Table-10.18.

Table-10.18: Increase in pollutants due to vehicular movement

Distance PM (µg/m3 NOx (µg/m) 3) 100 34.73 0.63 150 30.39 0.55 200 27.01 0.49 250 24.31 0.44 300 20.26 0.36 350 16.21 0.29 400 9.72 0.18 450 8.10 0.15 500 7.37 0.13

Thus, it can be concluded from Table-10.17, that no major impacts on ambient air quality is

anticipated due to increase in a vehicular movement during construction phase.

b) Operation Phase In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase.

During operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.

10.7 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

a) Construction Phase

The construction phase will last for about 6years. The peak labour force and technical staff

required is estimated at about 2,500. The total number of persons inhabiting the area

including the service population will be about 6,200. The construction phase of any project is

rather an unsettled stage characterized by uncertainties and often disorders. The basic

problem relates to management of large population, which migrate to the project area or near

major construction sites, in search of jobs. It has been estimated that about 6,200 persons

will inhabit the area during construction phase, which is likely to last for a period of about 6

years.


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The benefits however, are always not a certainty and depend on several factors. Often, they

are directly related to the way construction phase is handled by the project authorities and

their sensitivity to various socio-economic problems that could develop during this phase.

The project will open a large number of jobs to the local population. Job opportunities will

drastically improve in this area.

The availability of infrastructure is generally a problem during the initial construction phase.

Though the construction workers can be subsidized for certain facilities like health,

education, etc. the facilities of desired quality are often not made available in the initial

stages. The adequacy of water supply, sewage treatment, housing, etc. should therefore, be

ensured before and adequate measures would be taken at the very start of the project.

reia report

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