Reform Reform Movements:Movements:

1820-18601820-1860

Sentence/Phrase/WordSentence/Phrase/WordTranscendentalism: An American Transcendentalism: An American

PhilosophyPhilosophy

SentenceSentence which captures the which captures the essence of the materialessence of the material

PhrasePhrase which provokes a response which provokes a response WordWord which stands out which stands out

ExplainExplain to group why you chose to group why you chose these particular items.these particular items.

Sources of the Reform Sources of the Reform MovementMovement

The 2nd Great Awakening coupled The 2nd Great Awakening coupled with with

Transcendentalism gave rise to a Transcendentalism gave rise to a social reform movement in USsocial reform movement in US

Transcendentalism Transcendentalism

A philosophy which emphasized the A philosophy which emphasized the sacredness and authority of the individual sacredness and authority of the individual and their experience. Self-reliance and and their experience. Self-reliance and self-determination capture their spirit self-determination capture their spirit

Had a perfectionist strain Had a perfectionist strain Dignity and equality of human beings.Dignity and equality of human beings. How do the beliefs of the How do the beliefs of the

Transcendentalists support the Transcendentalists support the abolitionist and women’s rights abolitionist and women’s rights movements? Respond.movements? Respond.

The Second Great The Second Great AwakeningAwakening1790-18401790-1840

Lasted some 50 years and covered entire USLasted some 50 years and covered entire US See a marked rise in church population, See a marked rise in church population,

especially among Baptist and Methodists.especially among Baptist and Methodists. A religious revival and emphasis which A religious revival and emphasis which

sweeps Americasweeps America Religious Revival that began in the late 18Religious Revival that began in the late 18thth

century and continued into middle of 19century and continued into middle of 19thth centurycentury

Especially strong in Northeast and MidwestEspecially strong in Northeast and Midwest, , but swept across all the nation.but swept across all the nation.

Impact: Mission and Aid Impact: Mission and Aid Societies Societies

American Bible American Bible Society (1816), Society (1816), American Board of American Board of Commissioners for Commissioners for Foreign Missions Foreign Missions (1810), American (1810), American Sunday School Union Sunday School Union (1817), American (1817), American Tract Society (1826), Tract Society (1826), and the American and the American Home Missionary Home Missionary Society (1826).Society (1826).

The Second Great The Second Great Awakening Awakening resulted in the resulted in the establishment of establishment of numerous societies numerous societies to aid in spreading to aid in spreading the gospel…the gospel…

Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher

Influential Preacher Influential Preacher and Educatorand Educator

President of Lane President of Lane Seminary of CincinnatiSeminary of Cincinnati

Father of Harriet Father of Harriet Beecher StoweBeecher Stowe

"This country is "This country is inhabited by saints, inhabited by saints, sinners, and sinners, and Beechers." Beechers."

Charles FinneyCharles Finney

Fervent AbolitionistFervent Abolitionist Taught at and later Taught at and later

President of Oberlin President of Oberlin CollegeCollege

Most important of Most important of 22ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening evangelistsevangelists

Encouraged Encouraged Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

Key EmphasisKey Emphasis

ConversionConversion: personal religious or : personal religious or salvation experiencesalvation experience

Personal PietyPersonal Piety: a changed life: a changed life Social ReformSocial Reform: abolition, women’s : abolition, women’s

suffrage, temperance, treatment of suffrage, temperance, treatment of mentally ill and prison reform.mentally ill and prison reform.

Camp Meeting: RevivalsCamp Meeting: Revivals

Lasted several Lasted several daysdays

Social EventsSocial Events People gathered People gathered

from miles aroundfrom miles around

Camp MeetingCamp Meeting

Religious ExuberanceReligious Exuberance

Camp MeetingCamp Meeting

Circuit RiderCircuit Rider

PBS: ProhibitionPBS: ProhibitionReact to the quote below.React to the quote below. By 1830, the average American over 15 By 1830, the average American over 15

years old consumed nearly seven gallons years old consumed nearly seven gallons of pure alcohol a year – three times as of pure alcohol a year – three times as much as we drink today – and alcohol much as we drink today – and alcohol abuse (primarily by men) was wreaking abuse (primarily by men) was wreaking havoc on the lives of many, particularly havoc on the lives of many, particularly in an age when women had few legal in an age when women had few legal rights and were utterly dependent on rights and were utterly dependent on their husbands for sustenance and their husbands for sustenance and support.support.

1. Temperance Movement1. Temperance Movement the Crusade the Crusade

Against Against Drunkenness and Drunkenness and use of alcoholuse of alcohol

Women said Women said husband spent husband spent money the family money the family needed on alcohol needed on alcohol and often were and often were physically abusivephysically abusive

Carrie Nation a key Carrie Nation a key leaderleader

2. Educational Reform2. Educational Reform Led by Led by Horace Horace

MannMann of of MassachusettsMassachusetts

Mann is known as the Mann is known as the “Father of American “Father of American Education.”Education.”

Supported Common Supported Common School Movement School Movement which used tax which used tax dollars to support dollars to support and provide and provide education to the education to the massesmasses

In South, African In South, African Americans barred Americans barred from educationfrom education

In South by 1860 only In South by 1860 only a third of white a third of white children of school age children of school age enrolled in schoolenrolled in school

In North 72% enrolledIn North 72% enrolled

QuestionQuestion

Mann believed that public Mann believed that public schooling was central to good schooling was central to good citizenship, democratic citizenship, democratic participation and societal well-participation and societal well-being.being.

Defend Mann’s statement above Defend Mann’s statement above in a strong paragraphin a strong paragraph

3. Treatment of the 3. Treatment of the Mentally Ill:Mentally Ill:

Dorothea Dix key Dorothea Dix key leaderleader

Built penitentiaries and Built penitentiaries and mental asylumsmental asylums

New treatment for New treatment for mentally ill and an mentally ill and an attempt to reform attempt to reform criminalcriminal

Was she successful?Was she successful? In 1843 there were 13 In 1843 there were 13

mental hospitals in the mental hospitals in the country; by 1880 there country; by 1880 there were 123, and Dorothea were 123, and Dorothea Dix played a direct role in Dix played a direct role in founding 32 of them.founding 32 of them.

On March 28, 1841, Dix On March 28, 1841, Dix went to the jail to teach went to the jail to teach the class and was shocked the class and was shocked by what she found. by what she found.

A number of the inmates A number of the inmates had committed only one had committed only one "crime": they were "crime": they were mentally ill. mentally ill.

Dix was appalled to find Dix was appalled to find hardened criminalshardened criminals, , feeble-minded "idiots," feeble-minded "idiots," and the insane and the insane incarcerated togetherincarcerated together in a in a bare, foul-smelling, bare, foul-smelling, unheated jail room.unheated jail room.

“…“…on Behalf of Insane on Behalf of Insane Persons.”Persons.”

React to Dorothea’s React to Dorothea’s appeal to the appeal to the Massachusetts Massachusetts legislature.legislature.

What upsets you or What upsets you or horrifies you in horrifies you in what you read? Be what you read? Be specific.specific.

Should the insane Should the insane and criminal be and criminal be separated? Why?separated? Why?

Ways to Keep Ways to Keep Troublemaker QuietTroublemaker Quiet

The The cribcrib was a box with a cover and crossbars in which a patient had to was a box with a cover and crossbars in which a patient had to lie. Often called a lie. Often called a UticaUtica crib for the asylum where it originated, this crib for the asylum where it originated, this device was discontinued around 1887.device was discontinued around 1887.

2. A 2. A straitjacketstraitjacket is a shirt-like garment with extra-long sleeves that can is a shirt-like garment with extra-long sleeves that can be tied at the back of the wearer, whose arms are criss-crossed in front. be tied at the back of the wearer, whose arms are criss-crossed in front. Many times the ends of the sleeves were sewn shut. Wearing a Many times the ends of the sleeves were sewn shut. Wearing a straitjacket for any length of time can cut off circulation to some extent.straitjacket for any length of time can cut off circulation to some extent.

3. 3. Leg locksLeg locks and and chainschains secured patients to walls and chairs. secured patients to walls and chairs. 4. Dr. Rush developed a 4. Dr. Rush developed a tranquilizing chairtranquilizing chair that restrained an agitated that restrained an agitated

patient in order to slow down the flow of blood.patient in order to slow down the flow of blood. 5. 5. Leather muffsLeather muffs restrained hands by enclosing them in a tight one- restrained hands by enclosing them in a tight one-

piece leather cover. The patient’s hands might be placed in front or in piece leather cover. The patient’s hands might be placed in front or in back.back.

6. A 6. A restraining sheetrestraining sheet was a fabric sheet with fasteners along the sides. was a fabric sheet with fasteners along the sides. Each fastener was secured to a portion of the bed frame, with the prone Each fastener was secured to a portion of the bed frame, with the prone patient confined to the space between the mattress and the sheet.patient confined to the space between the mattress and the sheet.

4. Native Americans: 4. Native Americans: ReservationsReservations

Relocate and get tribes out of way of Relocate and get tribes out of way of white civilizationwhite civilization

Intent also to protect Indians from Intent also to protect Indians from whites.whites.

Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion Occurred in Virginia Occurred in Virginia

August, 1831August, 1831 Nat Turner and Nat Turner and

associates killed some associates killed some 55-65 whites.55-65 whites.

Rebellion suppressed Rebellion suppressed within 48 hourswithin 48 hours

Some 200 blacks killed Some 200 blacks killed by mobs and militiasby mobs and militias

56 slaves executed by 56 slaves executed by state.state.

AftermathAftermathWidespread fear Widespread fear throughout Souththroughout SouthLaws banning slave Laws banning slave education and assemblyeducation and assemblyCan’t hold religious Can’t hold religious meeting without white meeting without white minister present.minister present.Stimulus for growth of Stimulus for growth of Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist MovementFurther solidifies Further solidifies slavery/antislavery slavery/antislavery positionspositions

Historian Stephen B. Historian Stephen B. OatesOates

Nat Turner had ordered his followers to "kill all Nat Turner had ordered his followers to "kill all the white people," including women and the white people," including women and children. The rebels killed approximately 60 children. The rebels killed approximately 60 white men, women, and children. Most were white men, women, and children. Most were hacked to death with axes, stabbed, or hacked to death with axes, stabbed, or bludgeoned. The most numerous casualties bludgeoned. The most numerous casualties were children. In one instance, Turner and his were children. In one instance, Turner and his insurgents stopped at the house of Levi Waller insurgents stopped at the house of Levi Waller where they killed him, his wife, and children. where they killed him, his wife, and children. Ten of the children were decapitated and their Ten of the children were decapitated and their headless bodies piled in the front yard.headless bodies piled in the front yard.

5. The Abolitionists5. The Abolitionists Definition:Definition: An An

Abolitionist is a Abolitionist is a person who wishes person who wishes to abolish or get rid to abolish or get rid of slavery.of slavery.

Note: the Cotton Note: the Cotton Boom in the Boom in the South made South made planters planters increasingly increasingly committed to committed to slaveryslavery

William Lloyd William Lloyd GarrisonGarrison, publisher of , publisher of the the LiberatorLiberator. .

1. 1. He rejects He rejects gradualism, slowly gradualism, slowly eliminating slavery over eliminating slavery over time. time.

2. Talked about the 2. Talked about the damage slavery did to damage slavery did to blacks blacks

3. Wanted immediate 3. Wanted immediate emancipation, emancipation, citizenship and full citizenship and full rights for blacksrights for blacks

Garrison and BeecherGarrison and Beecher

Read the 2 articles Read the 2 articles and complete the and complete the required task.required task.

Immediate Immediate Emancipation Emancipation versus Gradual versus Gradual Emancipation.Emancipation.

Exit TaskExit Task

In two strong In two strong paragraphs chose a paragraphs chose a

side, gradual or side, gradual or immediate immediate

emancipation; emancipation; defend and support defend and support

your position.your position.

5a. Black Abolitionists and 5a. Black Abolitionists and OppositionOpposition

This appealed to free This appealed to free blacks in North which blacks in North which number 250,00 by 1850number 250,00 by 1850

Greatest was Greatest was Frederick Frederick Douglas,Douglas, a former a former slave and publisher of slave and publisher of the the North StarNorth Star

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth, ex-, ex-slave whose religious slave whose religious vision led her to preach vision led her to preach the “truth”—abolition the “truth”—abolition and women’s rights!and women’s rights!

OppositionOpposition Almost all white Almost all white

southerners southerners In North they are In North they are

viewed as a radical, viewed as a radical, dangerous minoritydangerous minority

In 1830s see violence In 1830s see violence against abolitionists: against abolitionists: Garrison in Boston Garrison in Boston was seized by a mob was seized by a mob which threatened which threatened hanginghanging

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin Written by Written by Harriet Harriet

Beecher Stowe,Beecher Stowe, published 1852published 1852

Brought message to a Brought message to a large new audiencelarge new audience

She was reviled in She was reviled in South and a Hero in South and a Hero in the North.the North.

Southerners called the Southerners called the book lies and slanderbook lies and slander

Had a profound Had a profound political impact.political impact.

Impact of the BookImpact of the Book

22ndnd Best selling book of 19 Best selling book of 19thth Century, Century, Bible 1Bible 1stst

Most powerful of all abolitionists Most powerful of all abolitionists propaganda literaturepropaganda literature

The impact attributed to the book is The impact attributed to the book is great, reinforced by a story that when great, reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, "So "So this is the little lady who started this this is the little lady who started this great war."great war."

Eliza’s EscapeEliza’s Escape

Pass the promptPass the prompt

“Sliding down the snow cloaked bank, I stepped onto the ice covered river as the chucks bobbed to the rhythm of the current. Clutching my baby and with a quick glance over my shoulder I took another step….

6. The Women’s Movement6. The Women’s Movement

Women were active voices in the abolitionist and Women were active voices in the abolitionist and other reform movements. They organized, raised other reform movements. They organized, raised money and much more money and much more but they realized they but they realized they too needed more secure economic and too needed more secure economic and political rights, so in the 1840’s they begin political rights, so in the 1840’s they begin to advocate for their own rights!to advocate for their own rights!

Women often key leaders in Abolitionist Women often key leaders in Abolitionist MovementMovement

In 1863, Angelina had written: In 1863, Angelina had written: "I want to be identified with the negro; until he "I want to be identified with the negro; until he

gets his rights, we shall never have ours."gets his rights, we shall never have ours."

William Blackstone famously put it in hisWilliam Blackstone famously put it in his Commentaries on English LawCommentaries on English Law (1765–1769): (1765–1769):

By marriage, the husband and wife are one By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in the law: that is, the very being or person in the law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every protection, and cover, she performs every thing. thing. How does Blackstone’s assertion How does Blackstone’s assertion illustrate the need for women to assert illustrate the need for women to assert and claim their rights?and claim their rights?

Selected key LeadersSelected key Leaders Sarah and Angelina Sarah and Angelina

Grimke of South Grimke of South CarolinaCarolina (They were (They were often criticized for often criticized for speaking out)speaking out)

““They are both moral and They are both moral and accountable beings, and accountable beings, and whatever is right for man whatever is right for man to do, is right for women to do, is right for women to do….it is a woman’s to do….it is a woman’s right to have a voice in all right to have a voice in all the laws and regulations the laws and regulations by which she is to be by which she is to be governed, whether in governed, whether in Church or State” Church or State” RespondRespond

Key LeadersKey Leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton

and Lucretia Mott and Lucretia Mott organize the first organize the first women’s right women’s right convention, convention, Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention in 1848. in 1848. 300+ attend. See 300+ attend. See “Declaration of “Declaration of Sentiments”Sentiments” (Compare) (Compare)

Most important issue was Most important issue was suffrage (the vote)suffrage (the vote)

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Women would not gain Women would not gain

the right to vote in the right to vote in National Elections until National Elections until passage of the passage of the 19th 19th Amendment in 1920Amendment in 1920

QuestionQuestion

Why do you think the women Why do you think the women modeled their Declaration of modeled their Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence? What are they Independence? What are they saying by this action?saying by this action?

What change in wording is most What change in wording is most striking>striking>

1 paragraph response1 paragraph response

Pick TwoPick Two

Look at the list of accusations from the Look at the list of accusations from the Declaration of Sentiments.Declaration of Sentiments.

Pick the 2 which most bother you or Pick the 2 which most bother you or are most egregious and are most egregious and explain whyexplain why..

If you rewrote the Declaration of If you rewrote the Declaration of Sentiments today what would include Sentiments today what would include that is currently missing? Explainthat is currently missing? Explain

Do women have equality with men Do women have equality with men today, the 21today, the 21stst Century? Explain. Century? Explain.