reform movements
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Reform Movements. Questions to Consider. What do reform movements have in common? Where do the reformers get their motivation? What organization will institute the changes? Do the reforms need further reform?. Reform Movements. Reform. Diverse movements focusing on a - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Reform Movements
Questions to Consider
1. What do reform movements have in common?
2. Where do the reformers get their motivation?
3. What organization will institute the changes?
4. Do the reforms need further reform?
Reform Movements
Reform
• anti-slavery• education• labor• temperance • women’s rights
• civil rights• gay rights• war • public health • government
Diverse movements focusing on a broad range of issues, including
Reform Movements
Major Eras of ReformSecond Great Awakening—Perfectionism
Progressive Era—Rectifying Gilded Age Excesses
The New Deal—Relief, Recovery and Reform
The Great Society—Civil Rights, War on Poverty
1800 1900 1930 1960
Second Great Awakening1800s-1840s
Began with religious preaching, evolved to social reform.• Anti-slavery reform• Education reform• Temperance movement• Women’s rights
Second
Great
Awakening
Anti-Slavery
Important people in the reform of slavery:Reformers: William Lloyd GarrisonHarriet Beecher StoweGrimké Sisters Lucretia MottDavid WalkerJohn Brown
Second
Great
Awakening
Anti-Slavery
Important organizations in the reform of slavery:Quakers (1775)New York Manumission Society (1785) American Colonization Society (1816)New England (1831) and American (1833) Anti-Slavery Societies
Second
Great
Awakening
Anti-Slavery
Important events in the reform of slavery:Northern states abolish slavery (1777-1804)Ban on slave importation (Jan. 1, 1808)Publication of Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (1829)Publication of The Liberator (1831)Britain outlaws slavery (1833)
Second
Great
Awakening
Anti-Slavery
Important events in the reform of slavery:World anti-slavery convention (1841)Fugitive Slave Law passed (1850)Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)Republican Party forms (1854)Fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to Va.
from Boston (1854)Dred Scott decision (1857)House divided speech (1858)
Second
Great
Awakening
Anti-SlaveryImportant rebellions in the history of slavery:New York City (1712 and rumors in 1741)Stono Rebellion (1739)Haiti (1791)Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion (1800)Denmark Vesey’s Uprising (1822)Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831)John Brown/Harper’s Ferry (1859)
Second
Great
Awakening
Education 1830s Horace Mann, Father of U.S. Public
Education
Free Common Schools—tax supported schools spread by 1840s
Horace Mann:
“Education…is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”
Second
Great
Awakening
Education
Industrialization and urbanization= need for more literacy and basic skills
Immigration—more need for citizenship training
McGuffey Readers—1837 and later. Moral education.
Second
Great
Awakening
Education
Education reform aimed at groups:
WomenTroy Female Seminary (1821) Mt. Holyoke Seminary (1837), later college
Women’s colleges—Barnard, Wellesley, Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, Smith, Bryn Mawr.
Second
Great
Awakening
Education
Education reform aimed at groups:
Blind and Deaf Students—1840sSamuel Gridley HoweThomas Gallaudet
Gallaudet University (1850s)
Second
Great
Awakening
EducationAfter Civil War—more compulsory education lawsKindergarten addedLiteracy rate to 90% by 1900.Prog
ressive Era
Second
Great
Awakening
EducationHigher Education
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Wealthy philanthropists
Women’s Colleges
By 1900, over 100 coeducation colleges founded
Changes in curriculum, degrees, social life
Progressi
ve Era
Second
Great
Awakening
Temperance
Dr. Benjamin Rush--An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Mind and Body (1794)Beecher Family---LymanCatherine HarrietHenry Ward
Second
Great
Awakening
Temperance
1826—American Temperance Society1840—Membership in temperance groups tops one million
1851—Maine Law1854—Ten Nights in a Barroom and
nmn What I Saw There
Second
Great
Awakening
Women’s Rights
Female Abolitionists Women’s Rights Advocates
Temperance Promoters Women’s Rights Advocates
Lucretia Mott—Abolitionist
Denied seating—World Anti-Slavery Convention
Mott meets Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Second
Great
Awakening
Women’s Rights
Women’s Rights Convention—Seneca Falls, NYConvention ratified Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the Declaration of IndependenceIncluded woman suffrage as a rightFrederick Douglass attendedState Constitutions began to add some rightsElizabeth Cady Stanton meets Susan B. Anthony (formerly temperance promoter)
Second
Great
Awakening
Other Reforms
Dorothea Dix—Asylum Reform, prison reformSylvester Graham—Dietary reformsAmerican Peace Society—opposed warAmelia Bloomer—dress reform for women
Second
Great
Awakening
Progressive Era
Labor/workers’ rightsWorkplace safetyCorporate regulationConsumer protectionMunicipal government reformVoter participation/democratic reformsSocial reform
Progressi
ve Era
Progressive Era Reforms
Diverse group of reformersUnion leadersProtestant church leadersWomenAfrican-Americans Influenced byNewpapers/muckrakersWritersPhotographers
Progressi
ve Era
Progressive Era Reforms
Important influences:Walter Rauschenbach—Social GospelJacob Riis: How the Other Half LivesIda Tarbell: The Shame of the CitiesUpton Sinclair: The JungleFrederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific ManagementThomas Nast—Political cartoons
Progressi
ve Era
Labor/Workers’ rights
Child Labor
Industrialization created need for child laborBy 1900 a million workers under 151904 National Child Labor Committee formedLaws slow to pass
Progressi
ve Era
Workplace SafetyProblems:Factories generally unsafeImmigrant language barriersChildren at riskSignificant problems in mining, steelTriangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)
Reforms: Worker’s compensation begins (1908) Control of hours worked
Progressi
ve Era
Consumer ProtectionUpton Sinclair—The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Progressi
ve Era
Municipal Government ReformReaction to corruption in local governmentRobert LaFollette—WisconsinCity managers, fight big business interestsLeads to voting reformsProg
ressive Era
Voter Participation/Democratic Reforms
Problem: Political “bosses” controlled elections
Reform: Secret ballots Direct primary electionsDirect election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment)
Ballot initiatives Ballot referendums Recall elections
Progressi
ve Era
Social ReformSocial Justice MovementProblem: Poverty and hopelessness among urban groupsReform:Juvenile justice systemSafety regulations for tenementsDivorce laws
Jane Addams continues Settlement Houses
Progressi
ve Era
Woman SuffrageProblem: Decades after Seneca Falls, women still cannot vote
Process for reform:Carrie Chapman Catt—National American Woman Suffrage Association (1900) seeks state-by-state voting rightsAlice Paul—More militant movement, seeks support for constitutional changeReform:Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
Progressi
ve Era
Temperance
Problem: Alcohol consumption still a problem
New concern: WWI brings more reasons not to drink
Reform:18th Amendment (1919)Volstead Act (1919)
Progressi
ve Era
Temperance
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (Frances Willard, second President)
Anti-Saloon League
Carrie Nation—hatchet wielding prohibitionist
Progressi
ve Era
The New Deal
FDIC (1933)Securities and Exchange Commission reforms
Wagner Act (1935) Social Security Act (1935) Fair Labor Standards Act(1938)
New Deal
FDIC
Problem: Failed banks after crash, people refuse to deposit in them
Reform:Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationGuaranteed individual deposits to $5000
New Deal
Security and Exchange Commission
Problem:Stock speculation may have caused stock market crash in 1929.
Reform:Creation of the SEC to regulate stocks and the stock market
New Deal
Wagner Act (1935)
Problems:Bad economy caused problematic relationship between management and laborMost union legal cases had gone in favor of businessesReform:National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)Gave unions several rights, oversaw disputes
New Deal
Social Security Act (1935)
Problem:Elderly, disabled, and wives/children of deceased workers were in extreme poverty
Reform:Social Security ActDistributes monthly payments through tax collection of current workers
New Deal
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Problem: Earlier laws regulating treatment of workers had been declared unconstitutional
Reform--Fair Labor Standards Act:Set a minimum wageSet a 40 hour work weekRestricted labor for workers under 16
New Deal
The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969
• Civil Rights• Voting Rights• War on Poverty
MedicareMedicaid
• Elementary & Secondary School Act• HUD, DOT• Immigration reform
Great
Society
The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969
Problems:Racial prejudicePoverty—in cities, among ill, by raceUnequal access to educationNeed for targeted housing, roadsUnfair immigration practices
Great
Society
Civil Rights
• Civil Rights Act (1964)• Segregation is illegal in all public facilities• Gives federal government more power to
enforce school desegregation in states• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
created to end discrimination in hiring
Great
Society
Voting Rights
24th Amendment (1964):Abolished poll taxes
Voting Rights Act (1965):Ended literacy testsSent federal employees to register voters in areas showing discrimination
Great
Society
War on Poverty
• LBJ influenced by Michael Harrington’s book The Other America (1962)
• Solutions:• Office of Economic Opportunity• Job Corps• Head Start• Community Action Program
Great
Society
Elementary and Secondary School Act
Problem:Unequal access to edu.cation
Reform:This act gave federal money to schools in poor areas
Great
Society
Housing and Urban Development
Problems:Increasing homelessnessNeed for home ownership
Reform:HUD created housing for the poorgave loans to new owners
Great
Society
Department of Transportation
• Problem:• Need for transportation solutions in a more
connected country
• Reform:• Creation of the DOT to oversee
all transportation agencies
Great
Society
Immigration Reform
• Problem:• Quotas based on country of origin had been in
effect since 1924• Reform:• Immigrant Act (1965)• Abolished nationality quotas• Gave preference to family connections,
education, skills, and refugee status
Great
Society
Questions to Consider
What do reform movements have in common?
Where do the reformers get their motivation?
What organization will institute the changes?
Do the reforms need further reform?
Reform Movements