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Reform Movements

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Reform Movements. Questions to Consider. What do reform movements have in common? Where do the reformers get their motivation? What organization will institute the changes? Do the reforms need further reform?. Reform Movements. Reform. Diverse movements focusing on a - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Reform Movements

Reform Movements

Page 2: Reform Movements

Questions to Consider

1. What do reform movements have in common?

2. Where do the reformers get their motivation?

3. What organization will institute the changes?

4. Do the reforms need further reform?

Reform Movements

Page 3: Reform Movements

Reform

• anti-slavery• education• labor• temperance • women’s rights

• civil rights• gay rights• war • public health • government

Diverse movements focusing on a broad range of issues, including

Reform Movements

Page 4: Reform Movements

Major Eras of ReformSecond Great Awakening—Perfectionism

Progressive Era—Rectifying Gilded Age Excesses

The New Deal—Relief, Recovery and Reform

The Great Society—Civil Rights, War on Poverty

1800 1900 1930 1960

Page 5: Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening1800s-1840s

Began with religious preaching, evolved to social reform.• Anti-slavery reform• Education reform• Temperance movement• Women’s rights

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 6: Reform Movements

Anti-Slavery

Important people in the reform of slavery:Reformers: William Lloyd GarrisonHarriet Beecher StoweGrimké Sisters Lucretia MottDavid WalkerJohn Brown

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 7: Reform Movements

Anti-Slavery

Important organizations in the reform of slavery:Quakers (1775)New York Manumission Society (1785) American Colonization Society (1816)New England (1831) and American (1833) Anti-Slavery Societies

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 8: Reform Movements

Anti-Slavery

Important events in the reform of slavery:Northern states abolish slavery (1777-1804)Ban on slave importation (Jan. 1, 1808)Publication of Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (1829)Publication of The Liberator (1831)Britain outlaws slavery (1833)

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 9: Reform Movements

Anti-Slavery

Important events in the reform of slavery:World anti-slavery convention (1841)Fugitive Slave Law passed (1850)Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)Republican Party forms (1854)Fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to Va.

from Boston (1854)Dred Scott decision (1857)House divided speech (1858)

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 10: Reform Movements

Anti-SlaveryImportant rebellions in the history of slavery:New York City (1712 and rumors in 1741)Stono Rebellion (1739)Haiti (1791)Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion (1800)Denmark Vesey’s Uprising (1822)Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831)John Brown/Harper’s Ferry (1859)

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 11: Reform Movements

Education 1830s Horace Mann, Father of U.S. Public

Education

Free Common Schools—tax supported schools spread by 1840s

Horace Mann:

“Education…is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 12: Reform Movements

Education

Industrialization and urbanization= need for more literacy and basic skills

Immigration—more need for citizenship training

McGuffey Readers—1837 and later. Moral education.

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 13: Reform Movements

Education

Education reform aimed at groups:

WomenTroy Female Seminary (1821) Mt. Holyoke Seminary (1837), later college

Women’s colleges—Barnard, Wellesley, Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, Smith, Bryn Mawr.

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 14: Reform Movements

Education

Education reform aimed at groups:

Blind and Deaf Students—1840sSamuel Gridley HoweThomas Gallaudet

Gallaudet University (1850s)

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 15: Reform Movements

EducationAfter Civil War—more compulsory education lawsKindergarten addedLiteracy rate to 90% by 1900.Prog

ressive Era

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 16: Reform Movements

EducationHigher Education

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Wealthy philanthropists

Women’s Colleges

By 1900, over 100 coeducation colleges founded

Changes in curriculum, degrees, social life

Progressi

ve Era

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 17: Reform Movements

Temperance

Dr. Benjamin Rush--An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Mind and Body (1794)Beecher Family---LymanCatherine HarrietHenry Ward

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 18: Reform Movements

Temperance

1826—American Temperance Society1840—Membership in temperance groups tops one million

1851—Maine Law1854—Ten Nights in a Barroom and

nmn What I Saw There

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 19: Reform Movements

Women’s Rights

Female Abolitionists Women’s Rights Advocates

Temperance Promoters Women’s Rights Advocates

Lucretia Mott—Abolitionist

Denied seating—World Anti-Slavery Convention

Mott meets Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 20: Reform Movements

Women’s Rights

Women’s Rights Convention—Seneca Falls, NYConvention ratified Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the Declaration of IndependenceIncluded woman suffrage as a rightFrederick Douglass attendedState Constitutions began to add some rightsElizabeth Cady Stanton meets Susan B. Anthony (formerly temperance promoter)

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 21: Reform Movements

Other Reforms

Dorothea Dix—Asylum Reform, prison reformSylvester Graham—Dietary reformsAmerican Peace Society—opposed warAmelia Bloomer—dress reform for women

Second

Great

Awakening

Page 22: Reform Movements

Progressive Era

Labor/workers’ rightsWorkplace safetyCorporate regulationConsumer protectionMunicipal government reformVoter participation/democratic reformsSocial reform

Progressi

ve Era

Page 23: Reform Movements

Progressive Era Reforms

Diverse group of reformersUnion leadersProtestant church leadersWomenAfrican-Americans Influenced byNewpapers/muckrakersWritersPhotographers

Progressi

ve Era

Page 24: Reform Movements

Progressive Era Reforms

Important influences:Walter Rauschenbach—Social GospelJacob Riis: How the Other Half LivesIda Tarbell: The Shame of the CitiesUpton Sinclair: The JungleFrederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific ManagementThomas Nast—Political cartoons

Progressi

ve Era

Page 25: Reform Movements

Labor/Workers’ rights

Child Labor

Industrialization created need for child laborBy 1900 a million workers under 151904 National Child Labor Committee formedLaws slow to pass

Progressi

ve Era

Page 26: Reform Movements

Workplace SafetyProblems:Factories generally unsafeImmigrant language barriersChildren at riskSignificant problems in mining, steelTriangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

Reforms: Worker’s compensation begins (1908) Control of hours worked

Progressi

ve Era

Page 27: Reform Movements

Consumer ProtectionUpton Sinclair—The Jungle

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Progressi

ve Era

Page 28: Reform Movements

Municipal Government ReformReaction to corruption in local governmentRobert LaFollette—WisconsinCity managers, fight big business interestsLeads to voting reformsProg

ressive Era

Page 29: Reform Movements

Voter Participation/Democratic Reforms

Problem: Political “bosses” controlled elections

Reform: Secret ballots Direct primary electionsDirect election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment)

Ballot initiatives Ballot referendums Recall elections

Progressi

ve Era

Page 30: Reform Movements

Social ReformSocial Justice MovementProblem: Poverty and hopelessness among urban groupsReform:Juvenile justice systemSafety regulations for tenementsDivorce laws

Jane Addams continues Settlement Houses

Progressi

ve Era

Page 31: Reform Movements

Woman SuffrageProblem: Decades after Seneca Falls, women still cannot vote

Process for reform:Carrie Chapman Catt—National American Woman Suffrage Association (1900) seeks state-by-state voting rightsAlice Paul—More militant movement, seeks support for constitutional changeReform:Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Progressi

ve Era

Page 32: Reform Movements

Temperance

Problem: Alcohol consumption still a problem

New concern: WWI brings more reasons not to drink

Reform:18th Amendment (1919)Volstead Act (1919)

Progressi

ve Era

Page 33: Reform Movements

Temperance

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (Frances Willard, second President)

Anti-Saloon League

Carrie Nation—hatchet wielding prohibitionist

Progressi

ve Era

Page 34: Reform Movements

The New Deal

FDIC (1933)Securities and Exchange Commission reforms

Wagner Act (1935) Social Security Act (1935) Fair Labor Standards Act(1938)

New Deal

Page 35: Reform Movements

FDIC

Problem: Failed banks after crash, people refuse to deposit in them

Reform:Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationGuaranteed individual deposits to $5000

New Deal

Page 36: Reform Movements

Security and Exchange Commission

Problem:Stock speculation may have caused stock market crash in 1929.

Reform:Creation of the SEC to regulate stocks and the stock market

New Deal

Page 37: Reform Movements

Wagner Act (1935)

Problems:Bad economy caused problematic relationship between management and laborMost union legal cases had gone in favor of businessesReform:National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)Gave unions several rights, oversaw disputes

New Deal

Page 38: Reform Movements

Social Security Act (1935)

Problem:Elderly, disabled, and wives/children of deceased workers were in extreme poverty

Reform:Social Security ActDistributes monthly payments through tax collection of current workers

New Deal

Page 39: Reform Movements

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Problem: Earlier laws regulating treatment of workers had been declared unconstitutional

Reform--Fair Labor Standards Act:Set a minimum wageSet a 40 hour work weekRestricted labor for workers under 16

New Deal

Page 40: Reform Movements

The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969

• Civil Rights• Voting Rights• War on Poverty

MedicareMedicaid

• Elementary & Secondary School Act• HUD, DOT• Immigration reform

Great

Society

Page 41: Reform Movements

The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969

Problems:Racial prejudicePoverty—in cities, among ill, by raceUnequal access to educationNeed for targeted housing, roadsUnfair immigration practices

Great

Society

Page 42: Reform Movements

Civil Rights

• Civil Rights Act (1964)• Segregation is illegal in all public facilities• Gives federal government more power to

enforce school desegregation in states• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

created to end discrimination in hiring

Great

Society

Page 43: Reform Movements

Voting Rights

24th Amendment (1964):Abolished poll taxes

Voting Rights Act (1965):Ended literacy testsSent federal employees to register voters in areas showing discrimination

Great

Society

Page 44: Reform Movements

War on Poverty

• LBJ influenced by Michael Harrington’s book The Other America (1962)

• Solutions:• Office of Economic Opportunity• Job Corps• Head Start• Community Action Program

Great

Society

Page 45: Reform Movements

Elementary and Secondary School Act

Problem:Unequal access to edu.cation

Reform:This act gave federal money to schools in poor areas

Great

Society

Page 46: Reform Movements

Housing and Urban Development

Problems:Increasing homelessnessNeed for home ownership

Reform:HUD created housing for the poorgave loans to new owners

Great

Society

Page 47: Reform Movements

Department of Transportation

• Problem:• Need for transportation solutions in a more

connected country

• Reform:• Creation of the DOT to oversee

all transportation agencies

Great

Society

Page 48: Reform Movements

Immigration Reform

• Problem:• Quotas based on country of origin had been in

effect since 1924• Reform:• Immigrant Act (1965)• Abolished nationality quotas• Gave preference to family connections,

education, skills, and refugee status

Great

Society

Page 49: Reform Movements

Questions to Consider

What do reform movements have in common?

Where do the reformers get their motivation?

What organization will institute the changes?

Do the reforms need further reform?

Reform Movements