RECYCLING AGRO-WASTES IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY : A

GREENER ALTERNATIVE

DEEPAK KUMAR ROUTDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGVEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY

OUTLINES

INTRODUCTION. Application of agro-waste for sustainable

construction material design. Potential uses of agricultural solid wastes in the

construction industry. Physico-mechanical properties of sustainable

construction materials. Methods of production and environmental impact

of several materials. Conclusion.

Why use agro-wastes as building materials ?

Large demand placed on building material industry : Causing chronic shortage of building materials .

Production of conventional building materials consume lot of thermal and electrical energy : causes heavy pollution .

Disposal of solid wastes generated from agricultural production activities is a major serious problem in developing countries.

Viable solution to the problem of land filling.

Introduction

The INDIAN scenario….

Introduction

Status of solid waste generation in India ( million tonnes / year )

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY : An idea for life !!!

Sustainable infrastructure and GBRS ( Green Building rating systems )

Environmental conscious designs : Leading to a pollution free environment and hence promoting the standard of life.

Recognization by sustainability rating systems ( USGBC , LEED etc. )

Optimized Energy Performance credits.

Introduction

PARTICLE BOARDS

Patent number : 01:

Investigator : Xiao-Yang Zhou & Hua-Guan Li .

Materials used : Cotton stalk with zero addition on chemicals.

Results : 1) Strong Correlation of thermal conductivity with board density.

2) Internal bond strength was good at relatively low density .

Suitability : Ceiling and wall application to save energy.

Patent number : 02 :

Investigator : German Quintana.

Materials used : Pre-treated banana bunch using non-synthetic binders.

PARTICLE BOARDS ( continued…. )

Patent number : 03 :Investigator :Pranee Lurtsutthiwong & Krisna Mukul.Materials used : Corn peel.

Patent number : 04 :Investigator : Joseph Khedari.Materials used : Durian peel and Coconut coir mixture.

Patent Number : 05 :Investigator : A Sampathrajan , KR SwaminathanMaterials used : Maize Husk , Paddy straw , Maize Cob ,

Coconut coir and Groundnut shell.

PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )

Several researchers had developed various agro-waste based particle boards and the following properties were investigated.

PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )

PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )

- Particle board made of coconut coir

-Particle board made of maize husk and corn cob.

MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS

Patent Number : 01 :

Investigator : D Rajput , SP Raut.

Materials used -cotton waste from 1% to 5 % by weight

-recycle paper mill waste from 89% to 85% by weight

-fixed content of Portland cement ( 10% by weight ).

Results indicated that the bricks are thermally stable and meet the standards ( 1S 3495 (Part 1-3) : 1992 )

MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS

Patent Number : 02 :

Investigator : Abdul Hai Alami

Materials used : Unburnt olive husks added to clay bricks.

Results : Specimen scored lower thermal conductivity than conventional clay bricks.

Patent Number : 03 :

Investigator : Kung-Yuh Chiang.

Materials used : Rice husks and Water treatment sludge.

Results : Low Density and Higher strength bricks.

MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS

Patent number : 04 :

Investigator : C Lertsatitthanakorn

Materials used : Rice husk ash based sand-cement blocks.

Results : Reduces Solar heat transfer by 46 Watts.

Patent number : 05 :

Investigator : Ismail Demir.

Materials used : Tobacco residues and sawdust.

Results : Insulation capacity of bricks increases with increase in porosity . Hence Tobacco , Sawdust residue and grass can be used in an environmental friendly way as organic pore forming agents in clay bricks.

MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS

Patent number : 06 : ( Low Cost & Light Weight Building Composites )

Investigator : Halil Murat Algin , Paki Turgut.

Materials used : Cotton wastes , Lime stone powder wastes , Sawdust.

Results : The obtained compressive strength , flexural strength , ultrasonic pulse velocity , unit weight and water absorption values satisfy the international standards.

MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS

- Bricks made of Rice-Husk ash and Cotton wastes

- Straw building blocks

CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER MATERIAL

Patent Number : 01 :

Investigator : Noor-ul Amin.

Materials Used : Bagasse ash as cement replacement in concrete.

Results : They clearly invoke bagasse ash as an effective mineral admixture and with original ratio of 20% cement , they reduce the chloride diffusion by more than 50%.

Patent Number : 02 :

Investigator : Chai Jaturapitakkul.

Materials used : Palm oil fuel ash.

Results: Compressive strength was increased alongwith the Sulphate resistance of concrete.

CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER MATERIAL

Patent Number : 03 :

Investigators : V Ramasamy , S Biswas , W Xu , SA Menon.

Materials used : Rice Husk Ash ( RHA )

Results : After burning at optimum combustion temperature (600˚C) , it can partially replace cement as mineral admixture for construction purpose. RHA enhances the strength and reduces the water absorption of concrete.

Patent Number : 04 :

Investigators : DA Adesanya , AA Raheem

Materials used : Corn Cob Ash ( CCA )

Results : CCA Blended cement was prepared by replacing ordinary portland cement clinker with CCA. The developed cement satisfies both the NIS 439 : 2000 and ASTM C 150 requirements.

CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER MATERIAL

The various physio-mechanical properties are tabulated as follows :

Cement replacement , water to binder ratio ( w/b ) and compressive strength of various agro-wastes for ordinary concrete :

Agro-Waste

Cement Replacement ( % )

W/B Ratio( % )

Compressive strength , 28 days ( MPa )

Bagasse Ash

30 0.53 32.00

Palm Oil Fuel Ash

30 0.71 30.10

Rice Husk Ash

30 0.504 49.74

CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER MATERIAL

All-round advantages :Agro-waste blended cement concrete in comparison

to ordinary cement concrete:

o Greater compressive strengths.o Reduction in maximum temperature rise of

concrete.o Increased resistance to chloride penetration.o Reduction in cost considerations.o Added advantage of earning CER (Certified

Emission Reduction) credits.

CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER MATERIAL

- Experimental structure constructed with Baggase ash pozzolana in Tiruchirapalli , Tamil Nadu

REINFORCEMENT

Research Topic number : 01 :

By : K Ghavami.

Broad area : Load behaviour of Bamboo reinforced lightweight concrete beams.

Results : Tensile strength of bamboo is relatively high and is an attractive alternative to steel in tensile loading applications . It is due to the fact that the ratio of specific weight to the tensile strength of bamboo is six times that of steel.

REINFORCEMENT

Research Topic number : 02 :

By : MM Rahman , MN Rashid

Broad area : Performance evaluation of Bamboo reinforced concrete beam.

Results : Using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete can increase the load carrying capacity of beams having the same dimensions.

- For Singly Bamboo Reinforced concrete beam , the load carrying capacity is increased by 2 times as compared to steel reinforced ones.

- For Doubly Bamboo Reinforced concrete beam , the load carrying capacity is increased by 2.5 times as compared to steel reinforced ones

REINFORCEMENT

Research Topic number : 03 :

By : HMA Mahzuz , Mushtaq Ahmed.

Broad area : Strength properties of composite members made of Bamboo.

Results :Samples constructed as aid of Bamboo can offer respectable amount of strength that can be used for low-cost housing.

Research Topic number : 04 :

By : Mark Adom , Russel Afrifa.

Broad area : Comparative study of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete beams with Shear Links made of different materials.

Results : Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams were to be reinforced with steel stirrups to improve its load carrying behaviour.

REINFORCEMENT

Experimental use of Bamboo as reinforcement in FUTURE CITIES LABORATORY , Zurich.

AGGREGATES

OIL PALM SHELL :- Oil palm industry is one of the most

important agro-industries in countries like Malaysia , Indonesia , Thailand and Nigeria.

World Palm Oil Production( 1996 – 2000 )

AGGREGATES

Problems involved in Palm Fruit Processing Industry : - Produces large amount of solid waste in range of million tons. - Solid wastes include oil palm bunches, palm fibre and fruit shells.

Properties Of Oil Palm Shell ( OPS ) :COLOUR : Dark Grey to Black.SHAPE : Angular to Polygonal.WEIGHT : 60% Lighter than conventional coarse aggregates.LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE :80 % Lower than conventional

coarse aggregates: Has good resistance to wear.IMPACT AND CRUSHING VALUES : Much Lower than

conventional aggregates : Has good absorbance to shock.

AGGREGATES

a) Old shellsb) Fresh shellsc) Crushed and ready-to-

use shells.

AGGREGATES

COCONUT SHELL :- Cultivation predominant in tropical regimes of Asia

and East Africa.

AGGREGATES

AGGREGATES

Problems involved in Coconut Processing Industry :- Annually 15-20 million tonnes of husks are produced , which

consists of 30% husk and 70% pith.- Coconut shells are available in large quantities in tropical regions

of the world.

Properties Of Coconut Shell :COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : Higher than OPS concrete.-REST ALL PROPERTIES ARE ALMOST COMPARABLE TO THAT OF OIL

PALM SHELL CONCRETE.

ADDED ADVANTAGES:-Higher Compressive strength is retained even at later ages ( 365

days ) .-Ultimate Bond Strength of this concrete is much higher compared

to the conventional aggregated concrete.

AGGREGATES

- Cross section of a concrete made of coconut shells as coarse aggregate

CLOSING REMARKS

Accumulation of unmanaged Agro-wastes adds up to the increased environmental concern.

Agro wastes have shown the potential to develop energy efficient and cost effective , sustainable building materials with enhanced Thermo-mechanical behavior.

The application of agro-wastes and its by-product as a raw material is of practical significance for developing material components as substitutes for traditional construction materials and are environmental friendly.

REFERENCES S. P. Raut , R V Ralegaonkar , Development of sustainable construction material using industrial and agricultural solid waste: a review of waste-create bricks. Constr Build Mater 2011;25:4037–42.

S Yoshizawa , M Tanaka , TMS Minerals, Metals and Materials Publishers; 2004. p. 1541–52 (II).

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Report on management of municipal solid wastes. Delhi (India): 2000.

Suresh Chandra Pattanaik. A study of present status of waste materials in the state of Orissa for utilization in making a green building. All India Seminar on Eco Friendly Materials and Techniques for Green Building Technology, Institution of Engineers (India), Berhampur Local Centre, Orissa, 13–15 , September 2010.

Indian Standard: IS 456:2000. Plain and reinforced concrete – code of practice. New Delhi: BIS; 2000 [fourth revision].

Indian Standard: IS 1077:1992. Common burnt clay building bricks specifications. New Delhi: BIS; 1992 [fifth revision].