reborn times
DESCRIPTION
About the Renaissance By Noor Bokhari and Harith RatnaharanTRANSCRIPT
Reborn Times
John Downland
gets rejected!
Spanish Armada:
The Inside Story
PLAGUE HITS EUROPE
In what possibly might be the greatest glory of the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth of England defeated the Spanish Armada with superior English ships and war tactics. Since then, King Philip has been sending other fleets against England, but none are as threatening as the great Armada in 1588.
By believing in them, they believed in her.
Before the battle, Spain was the most powerful country in the world, and was being ruled by Philip II. They had wealth that was unsurpassed by any country. England on the other hand is a small country with little wealth. If Queen Elizabeth ever felt nervous about challenging Spain, the greatest power in the world, she never showed it, and still had complete devotion and loyalty to her people. By believing in them, they believed in her.
In the beginning, Spain and England had gotten along rather well, but over the years since Queen Elizabeth’s attainment of power, their relations deteriorated. There were many reasons for this. For one, England is a Protestant country while Spain is a Roman Catholic country. Also, the Spanish didn’t try to hide their hatred for the English Queen, who they believed that she was not meant to be on the throne. The Queen herself encouraged the acts of English pirates, who plundered Philips ships and stole his treasures.
It was perhaps an omen however, that from the start, the Spanish
faced many problems. A few years back, in the early 1585, Philip prepared a
great fleet that he planned to invade England with. The purpose of this invasion was to dispose of Queen Elizabeth and to put the Queen of Scotland, which was also a Catholic country. It was perhaps an omen however, that from the start, the Spanish faced many problems. An English captain, Francis Drake and his men sailed to the coast of Spain and destroyed many of the Spanish ships in the city of Cadiz.
The Span ish Armada December 30, 1600 Volume VI, Issue III
Queen Elizabeth had heard rumors about Spain intentions to invade England for some time; however, she was not concerned about these mutterings and easily dismissed them. The Councilors were not so dismissive and eventually it became clear to Queen Elizabeth that the Spanish were really going to send an army against England. Immediately after hearing this news, the Queen put all her efforts in raising funds to ensure that when the Spanish fleet came, England would be prepared.
The plans of Spain were well thought out but they were no match for England. The Spanish fleet, consisting of over 100 ships, sailed up from Spain, along the English Channel and met with the forces of the Netherlands. Together, they sailed to England, believing that the English were about to be conquered and the Queen was about to be
captured. But the English were waiting. Men watched the seas day and night, waiting for the first sighting of the Spanish Armada. Finally, when the ships appeared, messages were sent through the country, and by the next morning, the entire London, and the Queen knew that the time had come. As soon as the ships pulled up to English shores, fighting began.
In the end, the Spanish suffered a humiliating defeat. They had the wind and the rain against them, and they were not able to compete with England’s ships and war tactics. In the end, they fled in terror. The battle was over, the English had won.
The Queen and her people were overjoyed. They were now the most powerful country in the world. It is believed that the storm that had destroyed the Spanish ships and helped the English to win was not any ordinary storm, but the work of a Protestant God.
Dear Giovanni, I am going to go see The Merchant of Venice Play by William Shakespeare. Unfortunately, all of my nice clothes are dirty, and I do not have time to go to the river to wash them. Also, I am tired of having to stand up during plays and even though I've been saving money for a while, I still do not have enough to buy a seat. All of my friends have seats except me. I feel like I will be all alone during the play, and it will not be as fun to watch. What should I do? - Undecided Dear Undecided, William Shakespeare is one of the greatest play writers of all time and I highly recommend that you go to see The Merchant of Venice because it is a great play and I am sure that you will love it even if you are standing away from your friends. Also, clothes are not an important matter. This is a once in a life time opportunity, so I suggest you go for it. Dear Giovanni, I am a school teacher and I need to copy a very long worksheet for my class. Usually, I just handwrite all of my worksheets or use the printing press, but both processes are too long and tiring for me. I am getting tired of having to go through all of this work just to make a few worksheets. What should I do? - Broken Hand Dear Broken Hand, I recommend you look into the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It is a machine that automatically copies whatever you need, so you will only need to write every worksheet once! Dear Giovanni, Lately I have been attracting the attention of some noblemen in town. I am just a common woman, who works all day at home, tending to my house duties. I tried to tell these men to leave me alone but they kept coming back. People are starting to gossip about it, and I do not know what to do. Should I make a big deal out of it and tell the noblemen to leave me alone, or should I try to ignore them in hopes that they will go away? - Flustered Woman Dear Flustered Woman, All you need to do is stay away from these men and try not to make a big deal out of it. Since they have a higher ranking than you, in the end you will probably end up getting hurt more than they will.
Giovann i Answers
December 30, 1600 Volume VI, Issue III
Go visit the Globe Theater today! Shakespeare plays eve-
ryday! Only 4 pence per play!
Buy now at the nearest central marketplace.
It can print more than 3,600 copies a day!
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Da Vinci the OG
Henry Alessandro: Welcome Mr. Da Vinci thank you for joining me today.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Thank you for having me.
Henry Alessandro: I have a few questions about some of the inventions and the paintings you have
done, specifically The Mona Lisa. What inspired you to create The Mona Lisa?
Leonardo Da Vinci: Nothing really inspired me to paint The Mona Lisa it was just a task to paint
Lisa Del Giocondo, the wife of the Florentine merchant Francesco di Bartolomeo Del Giocondo.
Henry Alessandro: How long did it take to create The Mona Lisa?
Leonardo Da Vinci: It took me about three years to paint The Mona Lisa, from 1503 to 1506.
Henry Alessandro: Do you think your painting will inspire other painters and their creations?
Leonardo Da Vinci: I think I have inspired a lot of artists during the renaissance because The Mona
Lisa has encouraged other artists to make freer studies for their paintings.
Henry Alessandro: Why do you think people called you a “renaissance man”?
Leonardo Da Vinci: I think I have been given the title of a “renaissance man” is because of the way I
think and how I did not see a divide between science and art.
Henry Alessandro: One of your other famous paintings that you recently painted, The Last Supper,
did you have any specific purpose for painting this picture?
Leonardo Da Vinci: I painted the The Last Supper because Lorenzo de’ Medici commissioned me to
create a silver lyre and bring it to Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan as a gesture of peace.
Henry Alessandro: When did you paint The Last Supper?
Leonardo Da Vinci: I painted this in 1482 to 1499.
Henry Alessandro: So what kind of skills have you learned as you were growing up?
Leonardo Da Vinci: When I was 14 I began apprenticing with the artist Verrocchio and over a period of six years I learned technical skills,
leather arts, drawing and sculpting and by the age of 20 I had qualified as a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke.
Henry Alessandro: I noticed that you have a notebook that you
carry around with you all the time. What are some of the types of
things have you written in it?
Leonardo Da Vinci: I have written about 13,000 pages of notes
and drawings, including blueprints for the flying machines, plant
studies, war machinery, anatomy and architecture.
Henry Alessandro: Thank you so much for answering my ques-
tions.
Leonardo Da Vinci: I’m happy to help.
Here is an interview with Leonardo Da Vinci, who talks about his
paintings The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and his reasons and
inspirations for painting them.
Comic Section!
John Dowland, the famous
composer of lute songs, was
rejected by Queen Elizabeth
I! He had applied for the posi-
tion as a lutenist for the
Queen, as the previous lutenist had died recenty. Unfortunately
for him, he was a Catholic and was rejected by the Protestant
court. Dowland is a distinct lutenist but apparently not enough for
the Queen. While in England, after being rejected, Dowland pub-
lished his first album, The First Booke of Songes. The dejected
musician went back to England afterwards, and spent his days play-
ing mournfully in Churches and during funerals. However, he did
not mourn forever and realized that he wanted better things. He
travelled to Denmark, where King Christian, a great admirer of
Dowlands lute playing, appointed him to be a lutenist for the Danish
court with an annual salary of 500 dalers, an impressive amount! So,
Dowland got over one rejection and moved right on to an equally
good position, doing what he loved.
THIS JUST IN!
Dowland Gets Rejected!
To the editor:
I am concerned about women and how they do not have nearly as
much rights as they should have. Let me give you a little bit of background
information. In Italy, most women from the upper classes had only two op-
tions in life: to be married and do housework for the rest of their lives, or
to become nuns. Most women decide to get married. These people need a
dowry. The expense of a dowry led some families to marry off only one
daughter, while the rest were sent to a convent as nuns. Still, nuns need
dowries for their convents to run smoothly and be able to house and feed
them.
Once married, a woman is expected to take care of the home, have
children and be honorable to two families - her own and her husband's.
She is also responsible for the education of their young children.
Women of the upper classes are not expected, or even allowed, to
work outside the home. Women in the growing middle class sometimes
work in shops. There were more lower class women in the streets than
upper classes, and they meet at markets to gossip and share news. Church
services were the only place women of all classes could appear in public.
Poorer women lead a hard life, working in the fields or in cities as servants.
Many turned to prostitution to make ends meet, or joined convents to
work as servants for the nuns.
I believe that women deserve to be treated with more respect and
have more recognition in the community. In the previous issue you did an
article of all the incredible paintings ever painted. I noticed that only the
paintings by men were mentioned. There are hundreds of female paintings
that are as good, and some even better, than male painters. Women should
have more rights than this and be recognized for their contributions.
Sincerely,
Georgia Rose
Classified Section
There are paintings for sale and
they are for a good price. We have
the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and
more. Prices are negotiable but
starts off at 50 Florin and up.
Have you ever looked at the sky and asked yourself
what else is there? Well now there is a telescope and
it was created by Galileo Galilei. The telescope will
allow you to look deeper into the sky and more
clearly. The amazing telescope ‘s price is 100 florin
but it is negotiable.
Are you running
low on funds and
need employ-
ment? Well look
no further be-
cause Queen Eliz-
abeth needs more servants . The
pay will be 1 pound but the work
conditions will not be the best .
Telescope for Sale
Careers Paintings For Sale
The Black Death
Already, more than 25% of Europe's
population has died because of the bubonic
plague. This plague causes swellings on its
victim’s body. These swellings can grow to
the size of an egg or small apple. The swell-
ings are a certain sign of death. The life ex-
pectancy of someone who has this plague is
a week or less. Doctors are bewildered, not
knowing the cause of this horrible plague.
No medicine has overcome this disease, and
doctors are thinking that the bubonic plague
might not have a treatment. This plague is so
deadly that it can be transferred to other
people just by being near them, or touching
anything they have touched.
So far people have had mixed reac-
tions to the disease that is terrorizing Eu-
rope. Some people believe
that living moderately and
avoiding the epidemic will
protect them. They have
formed small groups and live
separate from everyone else,
shutting themselves up in
houses and eating and drink-
ing the finest food and wine,
and just passing the time
in pleasurable activities.
Other people do the op-
posite. These people go out and do whatever
they want, thinking their lives are already at
end so they might as well make the best of it.
Many other people are in just living moderate-
ly. They satisfied their appetites moderately,
and they did not shut themselves up, but in-
stead they go out and behave normally, carry-
ing flowers or other scented herbs with them
in order to overpower the stench of dead
bodies.
In these suffering times, all divine laws
have disappeared, as ministers and executors
of laws are all dead or sickly. Some people
however, dedicate their last days to God, pray-
ing that they would go to a better place after
death. Most people believed that they had
done something bad to bring God’s wrath on-
to them, and tried to do whatever they could
to please God.
AGOSTINO RAMELLI: A
BIOGRAPHY
Agostino Ramelli was born in Como, Italy in 1531. He grew up
during wars for independence times and political turmoils. He was also
known as “The Great Engineer”.
Agostino Ramelli’s book The Various
and Ingenious Machines of Agostino Ramelli
has descriptions of 195 inventions in both
French and Italian. Some of his illustrated
inventions are for raising water, milling grain, and war time machines. Some
people think that his inventions are creative on paper, but not very realistic or
effective. Unfortunately, Ramelli did not include any descriptions on how to build the machines, nor did he
attempt to build them himself. One of Ramellis imaginings is the book wheel. This machine is a circle which
rotates from one book to the next, and does not require people to lift the huge volumes of books. What
makes it unusual is that it’s a vertical type, rather than the Chinese horizontal ones. When asked about his
machine, Ramelli replied with:
“This is a beautiful and ingenious machine, very useful and convenient for anyone who takes pleas-
ure in study, especially those who are indisposed and tormented by gout. For with this machine a man
can see and turn through a large number of books without moving from one spot. Moreover, it has an-
other fine convenience in that it occupies very little space in the place where it is set, as anyone of intelli-
gence can clearly see from the drawing.”
Another one of Ramelli’s creations is the water wheel. This creation made it easier for people to get
water. Before, everyone had to draw their water out of wells which was a long and tedious task that took
hours to get enough water just for one bath. The water wheel is made up of piston pump pipes, rotary
pumps, well buckets, and many other unusual devices. This machine works by spinning a circle which spins
buckets that go through the water, and pull out water then dump the water into a bigger bucket, making it
easier to get more water at a time. A few water wheels are powered by only the water itself, but most others
are powered by people turning a wheel, or using a hand crank. Out of the 195 machines pictured in Ramelli’s
book, 110 of them are water-raising machines.
Although it is easier to get water nowadays, the water wheel is still a huge innovation. There are plac-
es that do not have access to clean water. Even now, in the time of rebirth and learning, cities are crowded,
dirty, and often dangerous. The greatest problem is public hygiene. There is no clean water.
Wells are dug at convenient places through the city, but this water was still dirty. This is
possibly what could have caused the Black Death. Dirty water can pass millions of diseases.
With Agostino Ramelli’s water wheel, we could possibly solve this problem.
Renaissance Crossword
CITATIONS
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PAGE 4
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