REBELLIONS UPPER & LOWER CANADA

1837 & 1838

Upper CanadaWilliam Lyon Mackenzie

The ReformersVs. Family Compact

Upper CanadaWilliam Lyon Mackenzie

The ReformersVs. Family Compact

Lower CanadaLouis Joseph Papineau

The PatriotsVs. Chateau Clique

Lower CanadaLouis Joseph Papineau

The PatriotsVs. Chateau Clique

۞Protesting against the Oligarchies control

۞Desired a Responsible Government

۞Wanted less Church control

۞Assembly had to approve taxes or no collection would occur

Rebellionsof

Rebellionsof

What are they upset about prior to the Rebellions?

A lack of democracy!!!!!They wanted “Responsible Government”

Responsible Government

Historical Origins of Responsible Government

• In reality, Constitutional Act 1791 creates system of Irresponsible government

– Governor appoints Executive Council (i.e., Cabinet)

– Executive Council supported by appointed Legislative Council

– Legislative Council dominated by Family Compact (Upper Canada) & Chateau Clique (Lower Canada)

– Elected Legislative Assembly by-passed – despite its constitutional power to levy taxes and grant supply

Irresponsibile Government

A lack of democracy!“Irresponsible Govt”

Legislative Council

(Appointed)

Legislative Assembly

(Elected)

Executive Council

(Advisory)

Governor General

Governor General AppointsExecutive Council ; carries out Governor’s instructions & advises Governor (who may ignore their advice)

Upper Canada (Ontario)• William Lyon Mackenzie led the

Reformers against the Family Compact• Did not support the Constitution Act of 1791

– Believed in responsible govt. – Demanded 2 constitutional reforms– Elected Legislative Council– Executive council responsible to Assembly

• Reformers were against – Clergy land reserves – Land grants to the oligarchies, – Influence of the Church of England – Power of the Banks

Governance in the Colony

• Colony had elected Assembly representatives from each district– Would make plans for colony but would need

approval of Governor & Councils• Governor appointed Executive &

Legislative Councils from ‘Upper Class’, & weren’t bound to follow wishes of the people

• Real power was in the hand of the Governor & Councils, the people had no REAL influence

The Governors

• British men appointed by English monarch• Unfamiliar with local issues & conditions• Depended on the advice of their councils• Usually United Empire Loyalists• Were wealthy & better educated so better

able to govern ordinary people

Upper Canada - problems

1. The way the colony was governed (appointed rather than elected)

2. Land – unfair way the land was granted (best land given to family compact & Clergy – often left uncleared & undeveloped)

3. Transportation – roads were inadequate. Money was spent on canal building (which benefited the merchants – Family Compact)

Special Privileges for a Few

• Governor appointed all officials– Councils, judges, sheriffs, justice of peace– Coroners, customs officers, postal officials,

immigration officers & Indian Affairs officials• As head of military he appointed 1500 officers• Made land grants & spent crown $ for pensions

to friends• Good jobs to Family Compact & friends

Land IssuesLand Issues

• Best land given to Family Compact/friends• Exec & Leg Councilors controlled 90% of land,

not farmed, would sell for a profit• 1/7 of land went to Anglican Church, not other

religions though (clergy reserves)• New settlers received only poor,

uncleared farmland

Land Concessions

                   

                   

                   

                   

CLERGY Government land reserve

Scattered non-farming land stops progress. They are left treed and undeveloped.

Transportation Issues

• Farmers needed roads to get to/from markets

• Most were impassable• Govt. collected taxes to

build canals, mainly used to benefit merchants & Family Compact/friends

• Farmers felt govt. did not grant land/$ to them for land/tools

• Bankers & merchants grew rich…

• Farmers needed roads to get to/from markets

• Most were impassable• Govt. collected taxes to

build canals, mainly used to benefit merchants & Family Compact/friends

• Farmers felt govt. did not grant land/$ to them for land/tools

• Bankers & merchants grew rich…

What Happened in the Rebellion?

The rebellion failed.

Rebels (more than 1000) were forced to march to Toronto and placed in unheated jails with little food. Many died.– Those who followed orders went free– 2 ringleaders were hanged– Many transported to Bermuda/Australia– Mackenzie flees to the US

Lower Canada - Problems

• Farmers were against building canals and harbours that would benefit merchants

• English Immigrants• The English (Chateau Clique) dominated the

government– The laws could be vetoed by the Legislative Council, the

Executive Council, and the British appointed governor– The members of the Councils we appointed for life, the could

not be voted out at election time – Members appointed by the governor were usually English

speaking– French speaking Habitants concerns never represented

Chateau Clique

• Small group of powerful business people• British background

– Believed they should hold all the power– Wanted the Anglican Church to stay powerful– Wanted more English speaking settlers in the

colony

Parti Patriote

• Wanted French ways to remain• Leader – Louis Joseph Papineau

– Favoured traditional R/C society– Resented English favouritism

• Land issues

• Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Patriots against the governor & the Chateau Clique, & loss of land to growing Anglophone population

• Cultural conflict between French & English Cdns.

• Fr. dominated the Assembly, was controlled by the Br. Councils

• Created the 92 Resolutions• Some wanted USA Republic system

• Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Patriots against the governor & the Chateau Clique, & loss of land to growing Anglophone population

• Cultural conflict between French & English Cdns.

• Fr. dominated the Assembly, was controlled by the Br. Councils

• Created the 92 Resolutions• Some wanted USA Republic system

Lower Canada (Quebec)

What Happened?

The rebellion failed.• Colony was under martial law• Elected assemblies disappeared for 3 years• 12 rebels were hanged• 58 sent in chains to Australia• Papineau & others fled to U.S. under threat of

execution.

Consequences of Rebellion

۞ Rebellion Losses Bill۞ Led to the Durham Report of the 1840’s۞ French Assimilation into English Canada۞ Act of Union unites the ‘two’ Canadas۞ Achievement of Responsible Government۞ Led to Confederation in the 1860’s

Lord Durham’s ReportLord Durham’s ReportDurham's Recommendations • to unite Upper and Lower Canada

to make the French a minority • to assimilate or anglicize the French

majority in Lower Canada • to grant responsible government Consequences of Durham's Recommendations • Upper and Lower Canada were united in 1840 • Responsible government was granted in 1848 leading to

Confederation in 1867• Created the roots of today’s French ‘separatism’

Rebellions Losses Bill 1849• Reformers controlled the Assembly,

their bill;• sought to compensate those in what had been

Lower Canada for damages that resulted from the rebellions.

• was controversial because the Tories objected that many of the claimants were former rebels who were against the Crown.

• was well received by French Canadians, but British elements opposed it so strongly that they attacked Elgin and burned the parliament building down in Montreal.

Confederation 1867Confederation 1867

• The Province of Canada, (Ontario & Quebec) New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.

• A system based on British Parliament• Proposed limited central government

balanced by provincial power.• Rejected the strict application of "rep by

pop.“ the senate represented regions• Called for a two-chamber (bicameral)

parliament, including a (appointed) senate and a (elected) house of commons.