reasons for studying child development - early care and ... · reasons for studying child...
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Reasons for StudyingChild Development
▸ Recognize the importance of primary carerelationships
▸ Provides quality curriculum through routinecare environment
▸ Recognize that each child is unique
▸ Have realistic expectations of young children
▸ Provide developmentally appropriate playand learning activities
▸ Provides safe environments
▸ Monitors progress to detect delays
▸ Supports relationships with families
Child Development: Birth to Three Instructor Manual
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DevelopmentalAge Divisions
Young Infant – birth to 8 months
Mobile Infant – 8 months to 18 months old
Toddler – 18 to 36months
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Hand That Rocks the Cradle
The handthat rocks the cradle
is thehand that rules
the world.
Written by American PoetWilliam Ross Wallace
(1819-1881)
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Basic Routines Can Include:
▸ Arrivals and departures
▸ Meal time and eating
▸ Diapering, toileting and dressing
▸ Play activities (indoor and outdoor)
▸ Napping and sleeping
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Erikson’s Developmental Stages
Developmental Stage
Goal forDevelopment
Infants. . . . . . . . . . . . . Trust verses Mistrust
Toddler. . . . . . . . . . . . Autonomy verses Shameand Doubt
Preschoolers. . . . . . . Initiative verses Guilt
School Age Child. . . . Industry verses Inferiority
Adolescent. . . . . . . . . Identity verses RoleConfusion
Young Adult. . . . . . . . Intimacy verses Isolation
Adulthood. . . . . . . . . . Generativity versesStagnation
Maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . Integrity verses Despair
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Attachment Phases
Attachment – The strong emotional tie feltbetween child and caregiver
Age Characteristics Behavior
4 Months
Can track mothervisually.
Reacts more to the motheror other familiar caregiverwith smiles andvocalization than to others.
9 Months
May experienceseparation orstranger anxiety.
Cries when left or if astranger approaches andwants to hold the baby.
2-3Years
Continues to showthe attachmentbehaviors ofseparation anxiety.
Has a better awareness ofthe world around him/herand notices and anticipateswhat is about to happenwhen a parent leaves butstill may become upset.
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Importance of Infant/Toddler Caregiving
▸ New research has revealed that caregiving, the routine of caring, is the key to brain development.
▸ Caregivers are much more than babysitters.
▸ Caregivers partner with parents because first adults affect brain development at a most critical time.
▸ Care given now promotes all development.
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Principles of Development
1. All domains important
2. Follows sequence
3. Varying rates
4. Growth and experience important
5. Early experience has effect
6. Simple to complex
7. Relationships important
8. Influenced by social and cultural
9. Learn in variety of ways
10. Play is important
11. Challenges and practice advancelearning
12. Experiences shape learning
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Scribbling is Important
Scribbling Is Important
I learn to babble before I talk, I learn to crawl before I walk,
I learn to scribble before I draw, I learn to draw before I write.
by Laverne NelsonUniversity of Arkansas
Child Development: Birth to Three Instructor Manual
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Nature and Nurture
NATURE (heredity) — The passingof genetic characteristics from parentto child.
NURTURE (environment) — Theexternal conditions that surroundchildren and affect the way theydevelop.
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Primary Teeth Eruption Chart~The Infant~
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Newborn to Adulthood:Changes in Proportions
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Motor Skill Development Principle
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Gains muscle strength inarms and legs
Gains control of thehead
Raises torso with arms
Attains sitting position
Applying Principle ofDevelopment to Sitting
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Piaget’s Substages of theSensorimotor Period
Stage CharacteristicsSubstage 1Birth to 1 month
▸ Exercises inbornreflexes.
▸ Does not comprehendself as a separateperson.
Substage 21 to 4 months
▸ Develops eye-handcoordination.
▸ Combines reflexes.
Substage 34 to 8 months
▸ Acts intentionally tocreate results.
▸ Has improved eye-hand coordination.
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Attachment Phases:Young Infant
Preattachment –Birth to six weeks
A caring adult learns the unique rhythms ofthe infant. Understanding, consistent caregiven by a primary caregiver helps thisbond and trust to develop. When the infantcries, the adult quickly and lovingly attendsto the need.
Attachment in the Making –Six weeks to six-eight months
A relationship is growing strong with afamiliar caregiver, but the infant doesn’tprotest when left. The caregiver continuesto provide loving, consistent responses tothe infant’s needs.
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Daily Schedule for Infants
Time Activity7:15 Greeting/Health checks/Self-selected
activities
8:00 Breakfast/Self-selected activities in room
8:30 Indoor play activities/Diaper checks
9:45 Outdoor free play/Walk/Activities/Diaperchecks/Naps
11:00 Lunch
11:30 Diaper checks/Naps/Free play outside orporch/Activities
2:00 Transition to snack/Handwashing
2:15 Snack
2:30 Indoor free play/Diaper checks/Naps
3:00 Outdoor play/Diaper checks
4:15 Indoor play/Diaper checks
4:30 Parent pick-up
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Primary Teeth Eruption Chart~The Mobile Infant~
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These words were used repetitively to capitalizeon this stage of development in a diaperadvertisement. The message was that babieshave more things to worry about than thecondition of their diapers and highlights theirunsteady first attempts at walking.
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Mobility, Curiosity andCause and Effect
Mobility – The ability to move allows the infantto reach and examine objects.
Curiosity – Curiosity, or interest, gives theinfant a reason to go exploring.
Cause and effect – Cause (action) creates aneffect (event or happening).
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Piaget’s Substages of theSensorimotor Period
Stage Characteristics
Substage 48 to 12 months
Begins to solve simpleproblems (moving anobstacle to reach a toy).
Can find objects thatare partially hidden.
Imitates others.
Substage 512 to 18 months
Can find hidden objects. Experiments and
explores (shakingseveral toys to hear thesounds they make).
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Attachment Phases
Attachment – The strong emotional tie feltbetween child and caregiver
Phase AgePreattachment Young infants
Birth to 6 weeks
Attachment inthe making
Young infants6 weeks to 6-8 months
Clear CutAttachment
Mobile infants6-8 months to18 months – 2 years
ReciprocalRelationshipFormation
Toddlers18 months – 2 yearsand beyond
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Stages of Play
Solitary play – Plays alone.
Parallel play – Plays beside another child butnot with them.
Associative play – Plays with other childrenby playing with the same material.
Cooperative play – Plays with other childrenby assigning roles and having a common goal.
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Primary Teeth Eruption Chart~The Toddler~
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Toilet Learning
Is A Process
Readiness and growth are an interplayof all areas of development:
▸ Physical
▸ Cognitive
▸ Language
▸ Social and Emotional
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Piaget’s Substages of theSensorimotor Period
Stage CharacteristicsSubstage 6
18 to 24 months▸ Begins to think
imaginatively.
▸ Can think usingsymbols (eating pretendfood with a pretendspoon).
▸ Begins to anticipateconsequences ofactions and solveproblems (moving a toythat she doesn’t want toshare with anapproaching child).
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Piaget’s Preoperational Period
Stage CharacteristicsPreoperational
2 to 6 years▸ Learns through symbols
such as words andnumbers.
▸ Relies less on motorskills and uses morethinking to directbehavior.
▸ Relates to world usinghis perspective.
▸ Starts to thinkimaginatively.
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Used with permission from John McPherson
The Terrible Twos
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Erikson's Developmental Stages
Developmental Stage
Goal forDevelopment
Infants. . . . . . . . . Trust verses MistrustIf the infants physical and emotional needs are met, thebaby is able to trust. This trust helps create bonds andattachments where infants can trust adults to care forthem. Infants that are neglected may learn to mistrustthat adults will care for them and keep them safe.
Toddler. . . . . . . . Autonomy verses Shame and Doubt
When a toddler says “I can,” “Me do it,” and “No,” he isestablishing himself as a separate person who needs tolearn how to master his environment and feel good abouthimself. When a toddler is shamed and punished for themishaps at this normal developmental age, especially inpotty training, he learns to doubt and perhaps feel badabout themselves and their abilities.
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Stages of Play
▸ Solitary play – Plays alone.
▸ Parallel play – Plays beside another childbut not with him or her.
▸ Associative play – Plays with other childrenby playing with the same material.
▸ Cooperative play – Plays with other childrenby assigning roles and having a commongoal.
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Arkansas Child Development and Early Learning Standards:Birth through 60 Months
Child Development: Birth to Three Instructor Manual
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Abecedarian Research Project
A study based on:
< 111 infants who received earlyintervention in high quality child caresettings were compared to a controlgroup who did not receive high qualitycare.
< 101 took part in a 30-year follow-up.
Study results of children who received earlyintervention:
< More were working: 75 percentcompared to 53 percent of the controlgroup
< Four times as likely to have collegedegrees
< More delayed having children < Less received public assistance (Campbell
et al., 2012)
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Examples of Risk Factors
▸ Low birth weight babies
▸ Premature babies
▸ Abused babies
▸ Babies with fetal alcohol syndrome
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Terminology
Appropriate terminology – The child ismentioned first.
▸ Children with special needs
▸ Children with disabilities
▸ Children with developmental delays
▸ Children with autism
Inappropriate terminology – The disability ismentioned first.
▸ Handicapped children
▸ Exceptional children
▸ Special education children
▸ Special needs children
▸ Disabled children
▸ Delayed children
▸ Autistic children
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Baby’s First Connections
Bulk orders may be placed by calling800-482-8437.
This brochure is also available in Spanish.
Child Development: Birth to Three Instructor Manual