Jobs & the Design of Work

Hackman & Oldhams Job Characteristics ModelCore DimensionsPsychological StatesOutcomes Skill VarietyTask IdentityTask Signif.AutonomyFeedbackMeaningfulness of WorkResponsibilityfor outcomesKnowledge ofResultsHigh intrinsicmotivationHigh job per-ormanceHigh job satis-factionLow absenteeism & turnover

Moderating Variables for the Job Characteristics ModelGrowth need strengthjob is a vehicle for personal growth, sense of achievement, avenue for feeling successKnowledge and skillsSatisfaction with extrinsic aspects of work

Motivating Potential ScoreMPS=Skill Variety +Task Identity+Task Significance3XAutonomyXFeedback

Implementing Concepts for the Job Characteristics ModelCombine tasks: Effects skill variety, task identity, & task significanceGroup tasks into natural work units: Effects task significance and task identityGive workers contact with customers: Effects skill variety, autonomy, feedbackVertically load jobs: Effects autonomyOpen feedback channels: Effects feedback

Designing Jobs for TeamsTeam has to be an identifiable group, doing a specified piece of work, and be self-managingKey behaviors: Ask for ideas, give suggestions,. listen to others, share information, help othersManagers role: Make alterations needed for effective group performance, consult

Goals That MotivateSpecific GoalsDifficult GoalsGoal AcceptanceGoal Feedback

Why Goals MotivateMobilize energy in relation to goalFocus attention towards goals attainmentEncourages setting of action plans or strategies for goal attainmentEncourages persistence until goal is attained

Enhancing Goal AcceptanceParticipationRewardsSupportiveness

Incentives for IndividualsFor ExecutivesCompensation tied to achieving strategic goalsFor Lower Level EmployeesTied to performance: bonuses, commissions, piecework

Incentives for GroupsTeam incentivesProfit sharingGain sharingStock options

Redesign options

Job Enlargement - a method of job design that increases the number of activities in a job to overcome the boredom of overspecialized workJob Rotation - a variation of job enlargement in which workers are exposed to a variety of specialized jobs over timeCross-Training - a variation of job enlargement in which workers are trained in different specialized tasks or activities

Job Enrichment - designing or redesigning jobs by incorporating motivational factors into them

Emphasis is on recognition, responsibility, and advancement opportunity

Emerging Issues in Design of WorkTelecommuting - employees work at home or in other locations geographically separate from their companys main locationAlternative work patternsJob Sharing - an alternative work pattern in which there is more than one person occupying a single jobFlextime - an alternative work pattern that enables employees to set their own daily work schedules

Example of flexitime

Emerging Issues in Design of WorkTechnology at workVirtual Office - a mobile platform of computer, telecommunication, and information technology and servicesTechnostress - the stress cause by new and advancing technologies in the workplaceTask Revision - the modification of incorrectly specified roles or jobsSkill development

The Distinguishing Feature of Job Design in the Future

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