values - what holds meaning to you?

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Group: The Connectomes Anže Erjavec Alex Khosrov Grégorian Karolina Havličkova Jeanna Nikolov-Ramírez Gaviria Mei:CogSci Comenius University Bratislava Supervisor: Martin Takač Values Cog. Semantics & Cog. Theories of Representation: Dec 10 th , 2015 What holds meaning to you ? https://www.visioncritical.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/illustration_3_business-men-in-a-maze-ideas.jpg

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Group: The Connectomes •  Anže Erjavec •  Alex Khosrov Grégorian •  Karolina Havličkova •  Jeanna Nikolov-Ramírez Gaviria

Mei:CogSci Comenius University Bratislava Supervisor: Martin Takač

Values

Cog. Semantics & Cog. Theories of Representation:

Dec 10th, 2015

What holds meaning to you ?

https://www.visioncritical.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/illustration_3_business-men-in-a-maze-ideas.jpg

OUTLINE

•  Theoretical Introduction (20 min)

•  Practical Part: Values Auction (40 min)

•  Discussion (30 min)

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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/434738170249691015/

CONNECTION TO REPRESENTATION & MEANING •  What we value is

what holds meaning to us

•  How we prioritize values reflects our beliefs and principles; builds the framework of our character

•  Values as neural representations and constitutions of our character

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http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/CSCTR/

Abstract concept that motivates behaviour (Smith & Schwartz, 1997)

WHAT ARE VALUES?

How well can you predict specific behavior by knowing something about a person's values?

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•  A personal or cultural value is an individual's assumptions of ethical value that can form basis for action.

PERSONAL AND CULTURAL

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•  A value system is a set of consistent values and measures.

•  A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based.

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CONNECTION TO CHARACTER Character: self-aware knowledge that helps the individual to set goals, values, and ethical principles (Cloninger, 2004).

Research from at least three different fields, •  Cultural (Shweder et al., 1997), •  Personality (Cloninger, 2004), and •  Social psychology (Abele and Wojciszke, 2007)

suggest that character can be organized along three broad principles:

1.  Agency, which is related to the autonomy and the fulfillment and enhancement of the self;

2.  Communion, which is related to engagement in the protection and relations to others such as families, companies or nations;

3.  Spirituality, which is related to the human ability to transcend the self and find and interconnection with all life and appreciation of the whole world around us (Haidt, 2006; Cloninger, 2013).

Garcia, D. (2015). Editorial: Character, responsibility, and well-being: influences on mental health and constructive behavior patterns. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1079.

https://powerofh.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/franz-falckenhaus/ 6/

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Brain connectivity pattern similarity - the 'positive-negative' axis:

•  “Positive” variables - education, better physical endurance and above-average performance on memory tests.

•  “Negative” traits - smoking, aggressive behaviour or a family history of alcohol abuse.

CONNECTIONS INSIDE BRAINS

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VALUES THEORY AND RESEARCH Anthropology: Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck (1961) - basic existential questions

Sociology: Parsons & Shils (1951) - ease the conflict between individual and collective interests

Values as a window through which one can view conflicts and variations within and between societies

Schwartz: Values reflect three basic requirements of human existence:

•  needs of individuals as biological organisms,

•  requisites of coordinated social interaction, and

•  survival and welfare needs of groups.

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ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY •  Developed an instrument to measure values

•  Compare individual commitment to a set of values

•  Used by numerous researchers to explore many facets of values:

•  the relationship between values and behavior •  the role of values in justifying attitudes •  the extent to which people remain committed to particular

values over time

http://cdn.damninteresting.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/rokeach-1979.jpg

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TERMINAL VALUES •  True Friendship •  Mature Love •  Self-Respect •  Happiness •  Inner Harmony •  Equality •  Freedom •  Pleasure •  Social Recognition •  Wisdom •  Salvation •  Family Security •  National Security •  A Sense of Accomplishment •  A World of Beauty •  A World at Peace •  A Comfortable Life •  An Exciting Life

•  Cheerfulness •  Ambition •  Love •  Cleanliness •  Self-Control •  Capability •  Courage •  Politeness •  Honesty •  Imagination •  Independence •  Intellect •  Broad-Mindedness •  Logic •  Obedience •  Helpfulness •  Responsibility •  Forgiveness

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES

Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: The Free Press. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Johnston, Charles S. (1995). The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying structure and multidimensional scaling. Journal of Psychology, 129(5), 583-597. 10/2

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THE SCHWARTZ SCALE OF VALUES

•  Major evolution of the Rokeach Values Survey

•  Values arrayed along two general dimensions

http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/32/5/519.full.pdf+html

Figure  1.  Structural  rela/ons  among  ten  mo/va/onal  types  of  values,  Schwartz  (1997)   11/2

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WORLD VALUE SURVEY

The World Values Survey (WVS) is a global research project that •  explores people’s values

and beliefs, •  how they change over time

and •  what social and political

impact they have. It is carried out by a worldwide network of social scientists who, since 1981, have conducted representative national surveys in almost 100 countries.

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WORLD VALUE SURVEY 2 •  Global network of social scientists studying changing values and

their impact on social and political life

•  Largest investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed

•  Nationally representative surveys using a common questionnaire

•  Economic and technological changes are transforming the basic values and motivations

•  Conducted in six waves so far (1981-2014)

•  Demonstrated: people’s beliefs play a key role in economic development, the emergence and flourishing of democratic institutions, the rise of gender equality, and the extent to which societies have effective government!

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INGLEHART-WELZEL CULTURAL MAP Two major dimensions of cross cultural variation in the world:

•  Traditional Values vs Secular-rational Values

•  Survival Values vs Self-expression Values

Traditional values: importance of religion, parent-child ties, deference to authority and traditional family values

Secular-rational: less emphasis on religion, traditional family values and authority

Survival: emphasis on economic and physical security

Self-expression: high priority to environmental protection, growing tolerance of foreigners, homosexuals and gender equality etc.

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CULTURAL MAP WAVE 6: 2010-2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABWYOcru7js

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http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/CSCTR/

COMPANYCORE VALUES http://www.visualcapitalist.com/core-values-of-americas-top-7-tech-firms/

•  Ethics •  Innovation •  Excellence •  Simplicity •  Self-Improvement •  Freedom •  Fairness/Generosity •  Openness •  Respect •  Etc.

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REFERENCES •  Kluckhohn, Florence R., and Fred L. Strodtbeck (1961) Variations in Value Orientations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

•  Parsons, Talcott, and Edward A. Shils (1951) "Values, Motives, and Systems of Action." In T. Parsons and E. A. Shils, eds., Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

•  Rokeach, Milton (1973) The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.

•  Smith, Peter B., and Shalom Schwartz (1997) "Values," In: W. Berry, M. H. Segall, and C. Kagitcibasi, eds., Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 3. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

•  Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992) "Universals in the Content and Structure ofValues: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries." Advances in Experimental Social' Psychology 25:1-65.

•  Kirschenbaum, H. (1992). A comprehensive model for values education and moral education. Phi Delta Kappan, 771-776.

•  http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp

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PRACTICAL PART

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WHAT FUNCTION DO VALUES HOLD? •  Values are those inner standards from which you receive the

motivation to act as you do and by which you judge behavior (both yours and others).

•  Values signify what is important and worthwhile. They serve as the basis for moral codes and ethical reflection.

•  Individuals have their own values based on many aspects including family, religion, peers, culture, race, social background, gender, etc.

•  Values guide individuals, professions, communities, and institutions.

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HOW TO IDENTIFY VALUES?

1.  A value must be chosen freely.

2.  A value is always chosen from among alternatives.

3.  A value results from a choice made after thoughtful consideration of choices

4.  When you value something, it has a positive quality for you. If your decision not to cheat is something you feel good about, then it is based on a value. You like yourself for your honesty and integrity. You prize them and cherish these qualities in yourself.

5. You are willing to publicly stand by your values.

6. When you have a value, it shows up in every aspect of your life.

7. Values show up again and again in your actions. Not cheating on one thing does not mean you hold a value. Only when you make the same kind of choices over and over again in similar circumstances is value at play. Because of your honesty and integrity, you don’t cheat on anything. From small quizzes to big tests, from board games to big contests, your value is in effect in every circumstance.

Based on: https://www.nwabr.org/sites/default/files/ValuesActivities.pdf 20/2

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‘WHAT’S IMPORTANT TO ME?’ •  Creativity, •  confidence, •  health, •  higher education, •  financial success, •  lots of friends, •  cooperative spirit, •  leadership skills, •  political power, •  close family ties, •  influencing others, •  self-confidence and •  physical attractiveness?

http://www.ufunk.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/happiness-kit-john-holcroft-3.jpg

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EXERCISE1: ‘WHAT’S IMPORTANT TO ME?’

•  Go back through the list and pick the four to five values that are the most important to you

•  Write the numbers in the blanks at the bottom.

•  Then refer to the ‘Values Characteristics’ handout

•  Find the numbers you have chosen on the left side of the page and write the corresponding words on the lines at the bottom of the page

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http://bibliopoemes.blogspot.com.es/2012/09/poesia-per-estimar-els-arbres-article.html

EXERCISE 2: VALUES AUCTION

•  Create groups of 2 people

•  Your group has 5000 EUR – no additional loans or credit!

•  Bid on the values you would like to have the most.100 EUR increments

•  Try to secure your top values.

•  There are 4 surprise doors. If you would like to bid on one of the doors at the end, you need to have 1000 EUR left.

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LET THE BIDDING BEGIN…

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VALUES 1. To be a famous rock star 2. To never be terminally ill 3. To be very intelligent 4. To be a famous athlete 5. To be beautiful 6. To be the top cognitive scientist 7. To have a great body 8. To be a famous model 9. To be a school teacher 10. To get a PHD 11. To have a beautiful complexion 12. To be a social worker and help children 13. To be a powerful leader 14. To be a spiritual icon 15. To be a good parent and have a large family

16. To live a long happy life 17. To own an expensive sports car 18. To marry a good looking person 19. To own my own successful business 20. To help the homeless find a place to live 21. To win a million dollars in the lottery 22. To travel around the world 23. To help the elderly in the nursing home 24. To have a secure job with good benefits 25. To be an officer in the military 26. To stay at home and raise happy children 27. To be a famous movie star 28. To have lots of real close friends 29. To be a successful artist, musician or dancer 30. To be wise

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SURPRISE DOORS

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DISCUSSION

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DISCUSSION

1.  Values: Difference to Goals and Expectations?

2.  Do you think the four or five values you have selected are the qualities that motivate you to act as you do?

3.  Was it difficult to prioritize values? Which were most in conflict?

4.  Have you shared your values in the group? Did you have any the same? How might these similarities and differences play out in decisions we make as a group?

5.  What urged you to bid the way you did?

6.  What might the “money” represent in real life? How and what do we spend to gain and develop our values?

7.  Where do our values come from? Who or what influences the values we have, get, keep, or discard?

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THANK YOU! https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/c5/e6/9d/c5e69d233194c15162dd7ae6f152e2b6.jpg