tpp portfolio

EDEN VALLEY: VALLEY OF WATERStuart Walker

Theory, Proposition & PlaceContent:

Location

Introduction to Strategy

Strategy in Location

Strategy in Detail

Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Absorption

Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Laminar

Absorption Strage Explained

Location of Absorption

Introduction to Built Elements

Built Element 1

Built Element 2

Built Element 3

Built Element 4

Habitat Study

Landscape Management

Data & Issues

Personal Proposition on Group Work

Maquette Representation of Proposition

Development of Strategy

Design Development 1

Design Development 2

Location

The centre of the Eden Valley is 100 miles north of central Manchester. The valley borders two national parks (Lake District and Yorkshire Dales) and one area of outstanding national beauty (The Pennines). Contained within the valley are two areas of significant population, Carlisle (70,000 people) and Penrith (15,000 people). The 21,000km2 valley has 12 tributaries to its main river, the river Eden, which flows from Kirkby Stephen north to Carlisle and into the Irish Sea.

River Eden Catchment Area

NRIVER EDEN

A

AA

Generic Axonometric

MILLSTO

NE GRIT

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

ABSORPTIO

N

LAMINAR & FILTRATIO

N

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

CARBONIFERO

US LIMESTO

NE

ORDO

VICIAN

LAKE DISTRICTPENNINES

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTO

NE

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

R. EDEN

A

AA

+600m

+600m

0m

300m

300m 100m100m

The Eden valley has unique geology that formed from its ancient past, for instance, the Penrith sandstone can only be found in this area and has been used in many of the buildings in the valley.A glacier some 18,000 years ago shaped the topography of the valley, creating steep valley sides and relatively flat bottom. Its this topography combine with the geology of the area, that creates its character but also the valleys issues.

Stone Properties

BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE

Formed by compressing sand

Water filtersthrough slowly

Natural filter Erodes easily


Used mainly in building and carving

Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline

makeup

Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and

reservoirs

Uses include cement ingredient, glassproduction and building material

CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE

MILLSTONE GRITFormed by a low fresh water, creating layers

of sediment

Influenceslandform

Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer

Used for buidling, mill grindstone and rock climbing

Formed by a shallowsea, creating layers

of sediment

Contains particlesof oil

Repels water;Aqutard

Water sits ontop of it creatinglakes and rivers

Used to create clay bricks

MUDSTONE








makeup


reservoirs




of sediment

Influenceslandform




of sediment





MUDSTONE








makeup


reservoirs




of sediment

Influenceslandform




of sediment





MUDSTONE








makeup


reservoirs




of sediment

Influenceslandform




of sediment





MUDSTONE

ABSORPTION

FLOW

FILTRATION

Mercia Mudstone

Bee & Penrith Sandstone

Carboniferous Limestone

Millstone Grit

Ordovician

LAMINEAR

ABSORPTION

FLOW

FILTRATION

Mercia Mudstone

Bee & Penrith Sandstone

Carboniferous Limestone

Millstone Grit

Ordovician

LAMINEAR

Appro

x heig

ht of b

ank above sea level 90m

3.79m

1.75m

0.20m

0.00m

HIGHEST RECORDED Recorded on the 12/01/2009115.4mm of rainfall

Flood Likely 2.75m

AVERAGE

LOW

2004

Month

Rai

nfal

l mm

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2004

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

20092000-2012 Overlay

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rainfall Graphs & Section of River

The valley is one of the wettest area in Britain with 800mm of rainfall annually, the wettest area being the Lake District, the valleys neighbour. Much of this rain falls mainly on its North East boundary in the Pennines, 600mm average annual rainfall. With this rain, an associated issue occurs, flooding in the lower reaches of the valley. The cause of this flooding is partly due to heavy down pours (115mm reportedly fell in just 24 hours in 2009), but also the geology and topography, these govern and control the water. Depending on the properties of the various stones and the gradient changes how the water is moving. An additional factor however, is human activity can change how the water flows over the landscape. Human activity has increased the flow rate of the water from where is falls (north east Pennines) to where it causes flooding (lower valley, Penrith to Carlisle).

Approximate River Heights of River Eden near Penrith

2009

Month

Rai

nfal

l mm

2000-2012 Overlay

Month

Rai

nfal

l mm

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2004

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

20092000-2012 Overlay

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2004

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

20092000-2012 Overlay

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2000-2012Rainfall for Eden Valley 2000-2012

Month

Rai

nfal

l mm

Rainfall Graph from 2000-2012

Peaks in the rainfall graph often correlate with flood events in the valley, specifically Carlisle. The rain does not fall predominantly in Carlisle and cause flooding, the majority of the rain falls in the hills of the Pennines and quickly collects in the Eden river. This process of runoff is increased by human activities in the hills. During the Second World War this land was drained and its natural blanket bog habitat destroyed for grazing land for sheep. This land could retain water much better with its natural ecology; the land drains currently there merely decrease the time water takes to get to the Eden. By draining the land, the peat content in the soils decreases and this is what gives the soils their quality to retain water.The water flow rate also increases due to the steep sides to the valley and agricultural practices in the lower valley, which have little vegetation that could slow the water.

0

75

150

225

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2000-2012

*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith

1. Intensive farming

2. Erosion

3. Flooding

4. Water Abstraction

5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6

Generic Problems throughout the Valley

Erosion of Land

Grazing removes vegetation from banks and increases erosion rate by 60%

Erosion occurs particularly after heavy rainfall, but also due to agricultural processes. Sediment build up in water can damage aquatic habitats.

Heavily grazed areas increases water runoff by 9 times more than lightly grazed areas

River in the Eden catchment have had 15% of their length effected by

erosion from livestock


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6

Obstacles (dams, weirs etc.)Ostacles are used to control flooding effects, but can interfere with the breeding patterns of aquatic life which use the rivers as passageways.

There are 8 major barriors in the Eden catchment and several smaller ones, preventing spawning fish

Eden River Trust installed 5 fishpasses, allowing access to 60,000m2 of previously inaccessible spawning grounds

Issues within the valley are related directly or indirectly to water, sometimes water is the cause of the issues, however it is often humans interventions that causes many of the problems associated with water. The topography and geology govern where these issues occur and how often in the valley.


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6

Water AbstractionThis can upset the natural water cycle, by removing water out of a system it effects other areas of that system. Effects such as loss of aquatic habitat or rivers drying out.

Water Available

No Water Available

Over Licensed

Over Abstracted

Not Assessed

Abstraction Map of Eden Valley Catchment Area

90% of water abstracted is taken from the valley...

20 MILLION LITRES

ABSTRACTED DAILY

...10% of water abstracted is used in the valley.


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6 TimeSea levels rise by 3mm annually.

UKs average temp. set to increase by 0.9-2.00C in the next decade.

Climate ChangeA large scale global issue, but the effects can be noticed at a much smaller scale, such as weather extremes. The ice caps are melting due to rising temperatures, this raises the sea level, which changes the way lower parts of the valley work in a few years, such as the Carlisle area.

Drought

From long, hot summers, can significantly reduce water levels. However abstraction of water contributes to this.Significant drought periods in the region are 1995, 2003 and 2009. Although not often, the effects are severe.

River Derwent at Seathwaite, Lake District 2003

1995 the region only recieved 50% of its average annual rainfall


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6

JUNE 2010HAWESWATER IS 60% FULL WHEN EXPECTED TO BE CLOSER TO 80%.DIFFERENCE OF

15,320ML


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6

Intensive Farming ActivitiesThere are a lot of associated problems with intensive farming, and it can lead to monocultures and a loss of biodiversity.In the Eden valley, issues arise from over grazing largely.

69%GRAZING

LIVESTOCK

23%DAIRY

8% CROP

76% of land in the Eden valley is Grade 2 or 3 agricultural land

0%

100%

Generic Problems throughout the Valley


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6300mm

150mm

75mmAverage level a rainfall per day 80mm

225mm

0mm

150-200mm fell in just 72 hrs in 2009

230mm UKs average rainfall for the entire winter

EFFECTING 27,000HOMES

400 MILLION INDAMAGE

2005 CARLISLE FLOOD

FloodingThere is a high flood rate in the valley, especially in Carlisle, this is due to high rainfall. The wettness of the region can be linked to its topography.


2. Erosion

3. Flooding


5. Drought

6. Climate Change

7. Pollution

8. Obstacles

9. Invasive Species

1

2

3 7

8

9

4

5

6Nitrate levels in water in 59 monitored sites across the Eden Valley

HIGHEST RECORDED - 32mg/l

25 SITES HIGH LEVELS - 6mg/l12 SITES EXCEEDED NOT SAFE TO DRINK LEVEL - 30mg/l

NATURAL LEVEL - 0.6mg/lNa

NaNa

NaNa

NaNa

NaNa

NaNaNa

NaNa

NaNaNaNa Na

NaNaNa

NaNaNaNaNa

NaNa

NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNaNa NaNa NaNa NaNa

Na NaNa Na

Na NaNa Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na

NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNa Na NaNa Na Na

Na Na NaNa Na Na

NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNa Na

Na Na

NaNaNa NaNaNaNa Na

NaNaNa NaNaNaNaNaNaNaNaNa Na

NaNa NaNaNaNa

NaNa

61

% of n

itrogren

20%

of pho

sphorus

75%

of

sedim

ent% of each pollutant agriculture is responsible for...

EDEN VALLEY RIVERS

PollutionThere are many sources of pollution within the valley, the most significant is from agriculture and will be the focus of the project as it contributes the most to the issue.

Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH

IGH

LAN

DS

Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone

STEE

P H

ILLS

IDE

FARM

LAN

D

LOW

LAN

D

CARL

ISLE

LOW

LAN

D

IRIS

H S

EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water

Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming

Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences

FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences

Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences

Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change

KNa NaNa PbKKK Na

NaNaPb PbPbPb P P

P

K

Na NaNa Na

PbPb

PbPb

P

K K

KK

NaNaNa

PbPbPb

Pb

P

AA

A


IGH

LAN

DS


STEE

P H

ILLS

IDE

FARM

LAN

D

LOW

LAN

D

CARL

ISLE

LOW

LAN

D

IRIS

H S







KNa NaNa PbKKK Na

NaNaPb PbPbPb P P

P

K

Na NaNa Na

PbPb

PbPb

P

K K

KK

NaNaNa

PbPbPb

Pb

P

The Waters Journey to Sea

AA

A

As previously mentioned the issues in the valley are related to water, yet governed by the topography and geology in where they occur. In the Pennines the there is a problem of fast runoff, in the lower valley farmland there is a problem of pollution and erosion of land. In Carlisle there is the problem of flooding and obstacles in rivers causing fish not being able to reach spawning grounds.

Precedent: Detroit, USA. Showing relationship between water and land use. A key image in the development of this project.

Outcomes from Current Solutions

National Issues

Issues

Water: Issues within the valley are linked to water, either directly or indirectly

Current Solutions to Issues

FLO

OD

ING

FARM

ING DROUGHT

HOUSING MARKET

LACK OF ECONOMIC DIVERSITY

FRAGIL

E EC

ONO

MY

FLOOD DEFEN

CES

ABSTRACTION NO BUILDING

ON TH

E FLO

OD

PLA

NE

INCR

EASE

TOURI

ST INDUSTRY

LOSS

OF

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY

HIGH H

OUSE PRICES

POLLUTION

ERO

SION

DEPENDENCE ON ONE INDU

STRYC

LIM

ATE

CHAN

GE

ECO

NO

MIC CLIM

ATERISE

IN S

EA L

EVEL

S

FRE

QUENT SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS

ECONOMIC DOWNTURNWATER

Onion Diagram of Issues

Issues within the valley relate to water, many have been mentioned already. However, what has not is the economy. The local economy in the valley, has too main sources; agriculture (specifically dairy and beef) and tourism. Both have felt the effects of water or weather. Tourism is obviously down while the weather is bad and agriculture suffers if little sunshine is to be had. Water however, can offer solutions, such as a way to diversify the economies sources of income.

Introduction of Heterogeneous

ChaosOrder

Homogeneous Adaptability

BiocentricAnthropocentric

THE HETEROGENEOUS RANGE

WATER REGULATION WOODLAND JUMBLELAND DIVISION LEAF MAYHEM

DWELLING PATTERN FLOOD DISARRAYRESOURCE MANAGEMENT RANDOM MUTATION

TRANSPORT STRUCTURE TOPOGRAPHY CREATION

Within the valley, there is tension between the human world (anthropocentric) and the natural world (biocentric), caused by water. These issues however could be resolved by the anthropocentric working in similar way as the biocentric.The biocentric works with an ordered chaos, by having this chaos element, the biocentric can adapt and change with unpredictable events like weather changes or climate. This is in turn creates heterogeneity, a variety of solutions for different situations.The anthropocentric however, has a low capacity to adapt to unexpected change; such as surges of high rainfall causing flooding. This low capacity derives from its ordered nature and is much more homogeneous.The aim is to resolve the issues related to water, through manipulating topography, geology and ecology to form a more heterogeneous landscape.

Group treaty position:Heterogeneous is NOT always positive.

Personal proposition:Water creates issues between the anthropocentric and biocentric, and heterogeneous could resolves these.

Maquette

OrderRegular UniformControlledUnadatpable

ChoasIrregularDissimilar partsAdaptable

Complex ideas about the anthropocentric and biocentric world can be simplified by a chemistry analogy. A substance can react quicker, better and with greater number of other substances if it has a greater surface area. Therefore if we think of the anthropocentric as having a low surface area, so a low capacity to react with other substances, it is uniform and regular. Whereas the chaos element is very irregular, large surface area and therefore a greater capacity to react with other elements. The biocentric has elements of both in its system, an ordering element that helps govern processes and hierarchy, but also this chaos element allows it to adapt better to situations.

Biocentric SystemMixture of order and chaos elements.

OrderCurrent anthropocentric tends towards order.

ChoasThe biocentric ends towards choas.

Maquette

The aim of this scheme is to increase the anthropocentric surface area or increase its capacity to adapt to unpredictable change. This will lead the anthropocentric working in a similar way to the biocentric and reduce the tension between the two. Unpredictable changes within the Eden valley caused by water. Therefore by having a greater number of options or greater heterogeneity a better water system can be created.

Goal of Project for the AnthropocentricGreater capacity to adapt with greater surface area.Ordered choasHigh capacity to adaptCope with unpredictable eventsSimilar to biocentric


IGHLANDS


STEE

P H

ILLS

IDE

FARM

LAND

LOWLAND

CARL

ISLE

LOWLAND

IRIS

H S







KNa NaNa PbKKK Na

NaNaPb PbPbPb P P

P

K

Na NaNa Na

PbPb

PbPb

P

K K

KK

NaNaNa

PbPbPb

Pb

P

Wat

er R

eten

tion

Div

erse

Eco

nom

y

Here. Here.

Here.

Here. Here.

Here.

Throughout.

+-

+-

Throughout.

Throughout.

Throughout.

Biod

iver

sity

CO2

Rete

ntio

n

Ada

ptab

ility

Capa

city

for C

hang

e

Flex

ibili

ty

Dro

ught

Obs

tacl

es

Pollu

tion

Floo

ding

Here.


IGHLANDS


STEE

P H

ILLS

IDE

FARM

LAND

LOWLAND

CARL

ISLE

LOWLAND

IRIS

H S







KNa NaNa PbKKK Na

NaNaPb PbPbPb P P

P

K

Na NaNa Na

PbPb

PbPb

P

K K

KK

NaNaNa

PbPbPb

Pb

P

Wat

er R

eten

tion

Div

erse

Eco

nom

y

Here. Here.

Here.

Here. Here.

Here.

Throughout.

+-

+-

Throughout.

Throughout.

Throughout.

Biod

iver

sity

CO2

Rete

ntio

n

Ada

ptab

ility

Capa

city

for C

hang

e

Flex

ibili

ty

Dro

ught

Obs

tacl

es

Pollu

tion

Floo

ding

Here.

SpecificAimsofProjectDue to the topography and geology, various issues have arisen at different points in the water cycle within the valley. As a result different aims have been set out for different areas along the water system.

tpp portfolio

Documents

valley borders

000km2 valley

steep valley sides

low fresh water

elementsbuilt element

easilybee penrithsandstoneused

layering sediment

irish sea