the transcendental meditation program: a non ... transcendental meditation program: a...

14
The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety www.tmwomenprofessionals.org/Nurses Research shows the TM ® technique is highly effective in reducing anxiety An anxiety epidemic is sweeping the U.S., reports the July 17 issue of Business Insider. “America is turning into a country of hand-wringers,” writes author Maura Kelley. “Nearly one in five of us—40 million American adults—suffer from anxiety disorders, the most common class of psychiatric ailment we have.” While pharmaceuticals are often used to manage this modern malaise, there is growing interest in more natural, long-lasting solutions without side-effects. Published, peer-reviewed studies have found that the TM program reduces activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn reduces stress hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol. * Reference: Eppley, K., Abrams, A., Shear, J. (1989). Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45 (6): 957–974. “Research has shown that the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique is on average twice as effective in reducing anxiety and changing and reducing the physiological correlates of stress, which are at the basis of the body’s healing response and at the basis of prevention of disease and promotion of health,” says research scientist Robert Schneider, M.D.

Upload: dinhkhue

Post on 17-Apr-2018

225 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety

www.tmwomenprofessionals.org/Nurses

Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective in reducing anxiety

An anxiety epidemic is sweeping the U.S., reports the July 17 issue of Business Insider. “America is turning into a country of hand-wringers,” writes author Maura Kelley. “Nearly one in five of us—40 million American adults—suffer from anxiety disorders, the most common class of psychiatric ailment we have.”

While pharmaceuticals are often used to manage this modern malaise, there is growing interest in more natural, long-lasting solutions without side-effects. Published, peer-reviewed studies have found that the TM program reduces activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn reduces stress hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol.

* Reference: Eppley, K., Abrams, A., Shear, J. (1989). Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45 (6): 957–974.

“Research has shown that the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique is on average twice as effective in reducing anxiety and changing and reducing the physiological correlates of stress, which are at the basis of the body’s healing response and at the basis of prevention of disease and promotion of health,” says research scientist Robert Schneider, M.D.

Page 2: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial

representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Requisite Memory Trap

“features of the current situation, brought together into the central repository (short term memory), rapidly fading away due to limited caching that exceeds approximately seven plus or minus two chunks” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 33)

REQUISITE MEMORY TRAP

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 3: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Workload, anxiety, fatigue, and other stressors (WAFOS)

“a taxing of SA due to environmental conditions within which a decision maker must operate when one’s well-being is at stake.” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 35)

WAFOS (Workload, anxiety, fatigue, and other stressors)

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 4: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial

representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Data Overload “information intake that quickly outpaces the ability of the decision maker’s sensory and cognitive system; when there is more data than can be processed by the human brain, leading to the person’s SA becoming outdated or containing gaps” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 36)

DATA OVERLOAD

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 5: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Misplaced Salience

“many pieces of information vying for one’s attention exceeding the decision maker’s capacity to seek out information relevant to his/her goals” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 37)

MISPLACED SALIENCE

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 6: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial

representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Complexity creep

“the inability of the decision maker to form sufficient internal representations of the features making up a system and how it works due to feature escalation” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 39)

COMPLEXITY CREEP

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 7: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Errant mental models

“a false or errant internal representation or ‘map’ making it difficult for a decision maker to detect cues and explain away conflicting cues to fit the mental model they have selected” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 40)

ERRANT MENTAL MODELS

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 8: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial

representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Out-of-the-loop syndrome

“a gap in understanding on how [the situation] is performing and the state of the elements [the situation] is supposed to be controlling” (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 41). Often associated with automation, but not limited to automation.

OUT-OF-THE-LOOP SYNDROME

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 9: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Attentional Tunneling

Fixating on a set of information to the exclusion of others (Endsley et al, 2003, p. 32)

ATTENTIONAL TUNNELING

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 10: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Developing Capacity for Greater Resilience to Stress in Healthcare Professionals – Dr. Martha Batorski

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Symptoms of Impaired Situation Awareness in the Workplace

Objective: Understand the symptoms of impaired Situation Awareness that debilitate executive judgment and decision making in dynamic settings under stress by applying to your daily experience. These symptoms, taken together or individually can contribute to greater errors in judgment, as well as arriving at decisions without taking into account all available information or premature closure.

Instruction: As individual breakout teams, identify an example of the above listed symptoms(s) of impaired Situation Awareness as experienced on the job in your work as a healthcare professional. Provide an example and a value to the degree this symptom is experienced in your line of work on a daily basis. If the symptom is not relevant, enter the term “NA”. Symptom Definition Pictorial

representation Work-related example Frequency

1= one to two times/week 2 = 3 to 4 times /week 3 = greater than 5 times /week (NA = not applicable)

Regression A cognitive overload to the brain’s processing ability results in the individual “forgetting” past training and automatic response not only does not “kick in”, but the individual responds as if they had never received training.

REGRESSION

Endsley, M. (2003). SA demons. In M. Endsley, B. Bolte, & D. Jones (Eds.), Designing for situation awareness: An approach to user-centered design (pp.31-42). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Page 11: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective
Page 12: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Currently, there are over 340 peer reviewed research studies on the Transcendental Meditation Program.

This is a list of research 2007-present

References

Batorski, M. (2012). Developing situation awareness capacity to improve executive

judgment and decision making under stress. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accessing Order No. 3503800)

Barnes, V. A., Kapuku, G. K., & Treiber, F. A. (2012). Impact of Transcendental

Meditation on left ventricular mass in adolescents. Evidence Based Complementary and American Medicine, Article ID: 923153. doi 1155/2012/923153.

Barnes, V. A., & Orme-Johnson, D. W. (2012). Prevention and treatment of

cardiovascular disease in adolescents and adults through the Transcendental Meditation Program: A research review and update. Current Hypertension Reviews, 8(3), 227-242.

Brook, R. D., Appel, L. J., Rubenfire, M., et al. (2013). Beyond medications and diet:

Alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association, 61(6), 1360-83. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f.

Elder, C., Nidich, S., et al. (2014). Effect of Transcendental Meditation on employee

stress, depression and burnout: A randomized controlled study. The Permanente Journal, 18(1), 19-23.

Elder, C., Nidich, S., et al. (2011).Reduced psychological distress in racial and ethnic

minority students practicing the Transcendental Meditation Program. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 38(2), 109-116.

Herron, R. E. (2011). Changes in physician costs among high-cost Transcendental

Meditation practitioners compared with high-cost non-practitioners over 5 years. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(1),56-60.

Mason, L. I., Orme-Johnson, D. W. (2010). Transcendental consciousness wakes up in

dreaming and deep sleep. International Journal of Dream Research, 3(1), 28.

Page 13: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Orme-Johnson, D. W., Barnes, V. A. (2013). Effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine, 19(0), 1-12.

Nidich, S. I., Fields, J. Z., Rainforth, M. V., et al. (2009). A randomized controlled trial

of the effects of Transcendental Meditation on quality of life in older breast cancer patients. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 8(3), 228-234.

Nidich, S., Mjasiri, S., Nidich, R., et al. (2011). Academic achievement and

Transcendental Meditation: A study with at-risk urban middle school students. Education,131(3), 556-564.

Nidich, S., Rainforth, M., Haaga, D., et al. (2009). A randomized controlled trial on

effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults. American Journal of Hypertension, 22(12), 1326-1331.

Orme-Johnson, D. W. (2008). Commentary on the AHRQ report on research on

meditation practices in health. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(10), 1215-1221.

Orme-Johnson, D. W., Barnes, V. A., & Schneider, R. H. (2011).Transcendental

Meditation for the prevention of coronary heart disease. In R. Allan, J. Fisher (Eds), Heart & mind: The practice of cardiac psychology (2nd edition). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Dillbeck, M. C. (2014). Methodological concerns for meta-

analyses of meditation: Comment on Sedlmeier, et al. (2012). Psychological Bulletin, 140, 610-616.

Rainforth, M. V., Schneider, R. H., Nidich, S. I., et al. (2007). Stress reduction programs

in patients with elevated blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports, 9(6), 520-528.

Rees, B., Travis, F., Shapiro, D., & Chant, R. (2013). Reduction in posttraumatic stress

symptoms in Congolese refugees practicing Transcendental Meditation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 295-8. doi: 10.1002/jts.21790.

Rosenthal, J. Z., Grosswald, S., Ross R., & Rosenthal, N. (2011).Effects of

Transcendental Meditation in veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Military Medicine,176(6), 626–630.

Schneider, R. H. (2013). Response to AHA scientific statement on alternative methods

and BP: Evidence for upgrading the ratings for Transcendental Meditation. Hypertension, 62(6):e42.

Page 14: The Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non ... Transcendental Meditation Program: A Non-Pharmaceutical Approach to Treating Anxiety Research shows the TM® technique is highly effective

Schneider, R. H., Grim, C. E., Rainforth, M. A., et al. (2012). Stress reduction in the

secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation and health education in Blacks. Circulation: Cardiovascular Qualitative Outcomes, 5(6), 750-8.

Travis, F. T., Haaga, D., Hagelin, J. S., et al. (2009). Effects of Transcendental

Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 7(2), 170-176.

Travis, F., & Shear, J. (2010). Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-

transcending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(4), 1110-1118.

Travis, F. T. (2009). Relationship between meditation practice and transcendent states

of consciousness. Biofeedback , 32(3), 33–36. Travis F. (2009). Brain functioning as the ground for spiritual experiences and ethical

behavior. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 78(5):26-32. Travis, F. (2011). Comparison of coherence, amplitude, and eLORETA patterns during

Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi practice. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81(3), 198-202.

Travis, F. (2014). Transcendental experiences during meditation practice. Annals of the

New York Academy of Sciences, 1307, 1-8. doi/10.1111/nyas.12316/full Travis, F. T., & Brown, S. (2011). My brain made me do it: Brain maturation and levels

of self-development. In A.H. Pfaffenberger, P.W. Marko, & T. Greening (Eds), The postconventional personality: Perspectives on higher development. (pp. 23-38) New York: SUNY Press.

Travis, F. T., Haaga, D. H., Hagelin J. S, et al. (2010). A self-referential default brain

state: Patterns of coherence, power, and eLORETA sources during eyes-closed rest and the Transcendental Meditation practice. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 21-30.

Van Wijk, E. P., Ludtke, R., & Van Wijk, R. (2008). Differential effects of relaxation

techniques on ultraweak photon emission. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(3), 241-250.