status of soil, climate and digital mapping information in...
TRANSCRIPT
Status of soil, climate and digital mapping
information in Kosovo*
1st Interim Meeting of the Regional Expert Advisory Working Group on Development,
Mapping and Analyses of Areas with Natural Constraints
30 June – 1 July 2016 Andrevlje, Serbia
* Kosovo* “This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of
independence.”
Mr.sc. Idriz SHALA [email protected]
GIS - Expert
Mr.sci. Afrim [email protected]
Soil - Expert
Dr. Syl [email protected]
Meteorological - Expert
B3.1. INTRODUCTION
• Area 10,908 km2
• Agriculture area 41.8%• Population 1.8 mill. (2014)• Density 167 inhabitants/ km².
• Precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,300 mm• The average annual temperature is 9.5 °C • The warmest month is July with 19.2 °C• The coldest is January with −1.3 °C
B3.2. Status of soil data
Soil Quality• 56% is poor quality• 29% is average quality• 15% is good quality
First Soil Research
• The first research with some more detailed characteristics of soils was made during the years 50's, after whichwere prepared the several soil maps of regions of Kosovo* in scale 1: 50,000.
• Based on these maps and some additional research is prepared Pedologic Atlas of Kosovo IDWR 1974, edited byThe Institute "Jaroslav Cerni" from Belgrade, which included 101 systematic units.
Besides soil types the atlas comprises 3 basic data for these soil types, such as:• Data for soil texture• The data for soil depth• Data for drainage
Laboratories for Soil Analysis• Laboratory in Biotechnical Institute in Peja - MAFRD• Laboratory “Agrovet” in Fushe Kosova
Other maps in digital format:• Map of Elevation• Map of Soil Erosion Risk• Map of Environmental Soil Sensitivity• Map of Integrated Land Suitability• Map of Agriculture Land Suitability Classification• Land Use intensity Plan• Map of Flood Risk, etc.All these maps are prepared using as a basic resource the above mentioned soil map.
Data in digital Format• In 2014 - agricultural census – Kosovo* Agency of
Statistics• Report - digital statistical data for land
Maps in digital Format
Soil MapThis atlas is digitized after the war keeping original namingand original borders of the atlas.
Characteristics of methodology for delineation of ANC - soil
Drainage classification
Based on this atlas drainage classified into 4 groups:
d_1 poor
d_2 average
d_3 good
d_4 very good
Soil depth (If equal or less than 30 cm)
Based on this atlas regarding to depth, soil is classified into 4 groups:
D_1 Very shallow (<25 cm)
D_2 Shallow (25-50 cm)
D_3 Average deep (50-80 cm)
D_4 Deep (>80cm)
Soil Texture Soil is divided in 5 classess
• S gravel,• P sand• Pi sandy-loam• i loam• G clay
For determination of the soil texture, now same like in the past the most used method in pedological practice was international pipette B method (ISO 11277:2009). http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54151
Except this method in Kosovo soil laboratories also in use is Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils “ASTM D 422” http://www.astm.org/Standards/D422
Surface stoniness • No data (hasn't been realised any research)
Soil Organic Matter• In Kosovo* soil laboratory in use are 2 methods:
a. Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (ISO 10694:1995)More details regarding the methodology can be found at link: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18782
a. Determination of organic carbon by sulfochromic oxidation (ISO 14235:1998),
More details regarding the methodology can be found at link:http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=23140
SalinityMethodology for determining the soil salinity is based on measurement of specific electrical conductivity
(ISO 11265: 1994). More details regarding the methodology can be found at link: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=19243
SodicityIn Kosovo are using two methods for determining the soil sodicity:a. Determination of effective Cation Exchange Capacity and base saturation level using barium chloride
solution / CEC/ - (ISO 11260:1994;). More details regarding the methodology can be found at link: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=19238
b. Determination of exchangeable acidity in barium chloride extracts /SAR/ (ISO 14254:2001).More details regarding the methodology can be found at link: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22919
Acidity Mesuring the pH in H2O and 1 M KCl in electrometrically suspension in 1: 2.5 (ISO 10390:2005). More details regarding the methodology can be found at link: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40879
Recent soil surveysAfter the war were financed various projects connected to soil, by various international organizations and the government of Kosovo, especially in terms of • consolidation of land, • research for heavy metals in certain areas, • research for the establishment the new surfaces with vineyards and orchards, etc.
But unfortunately all the analysis results are not available, since a part of them are carried out with funding by private companies.
Based on pH the soil can be:
< 4,5 – strongly acid
4,5 – 5,5 – acid
5,5 – 6,5 – slightly acid
6,5 – 7,2 – neutral
> 7,2 – alkaline
B3.5 Data gaps, problems, and solutions
B3.5.1. Soil data
Gaps
• The data that existing soil atlas has are old. Analyses of soil were made during the 50s and 60s. The atlas as it is, it was finalised in 1974. for this time acted the pedogenetic processes, so we cannot speak about the same data which are found in this atlas. This has verified through different samples which was taken and analysed, and the results of which were compared with those of the atlas.
• Systematic of soil does not fit with any of existing known soil classification in the world (example FAO).
• The number of the referred profiles for surface was 5 to 1000 ha, which is small and the situation in the field did not match with the situation presented in the atlas.
• Another authentic soil systematic was not done. Besides a grouping of those lands in groups according to FAO Systematic soil, without doing any analysis of: morphological characteristics, mechanical composition, physic-chemical characteristics and water characteristics of these soils.
• Even despite all the mentioned shortcomings, unfortunately we do not have the report with results of analyses of soil profiles mentioned in this atlas.
Solution
To provide by Serbian institutions the results of analyzes of soil profiles analyzed in this atlas
B3.6. Provision of recommendations for improved data management in the context of the Areas with the Natural Constraint
B.6.1. Soil Data
MAFRD should urgently raise the project for preparation a soil map based on FAO WRB methodology.
• With preparation of this map, MAFRD will have also results of water-physical, chemical and mechanical analysisof soil, which can be used for preparation of drafting new policies and strategies for land management, landconsolidation, and land use in general.
• New soil map will be also the main sauce for definition of Area with Natural Constrain
B3.7. Analyses of the national capacities for data management and
provision of recommendations for improved institutional setup in regards
to the Area with National Constrain
B3.7.1. Soil Data
• The Ministry of Agriculture should strengthen the division of lands as in human terms (an increase of staff of employees - experts of land), also in terms of strengthening the capacities of existing staff.
• In terms of defining the ANC, the ministry and local authorities should provide their staff with more knowledge, especially regarding the methodology for determining the ANC and the role and mode of application of ANC policies and programs of grants and subsidies.
B3.8. National policy assessments and policy recommendations relevant to the characterization and mapping of ANC
B3.8.1. Soil Data
The issue of ANC should be promoted, in order the MAFRD to started with the preparation of policies and strategies for determining of the territories with the ANC, and to draft plans for the inclusion of these territories in the policies of subsidies and grants
The network of meteorological stations
• The first meteorological station in Kosovo* was set in 1925near to the Albanian border in the village of Vermicë.
• Until the Second World War was set 28 stations
• Until 1989 was set 126 stations
• From 1989 till 2000, in a nationwide level there was a totalstoppage of works in hydro-meteorological activities atnational level.
• After 2000 have been new stations installed in the sameplace where the previous stations stood
Two types of climate that impact in Kosovo*
• Mediterranean which comes during the flow of river “ Drini i Bardhë”, and
• Continental and European continental
B3.3. Status of climate data
The air temperature
• Measurements are ongoing from 1945.
• Extreme temperatures up to +39.0 0C and -34.2 0C.
• Cloudiness - is observed in 15 stations,
• Global radiation - only Pristina station has data of the sunbrightness from 1967 until now.
• Measurements are ongoing 25 stations.
• From every station are processed:
• monthly averages,
• seasonal averages,
• rainfall in the vegetation period, etc.
Average Rainfall in Kosovo*Precipitation
Earth (soil) temperature (GEO Temperature)
• Since 1925 GEO temperature measurements are made in threestations: Prishtine, Peja and Prizren.
• Measurements are made at a depth: 2,5cm , 10cm, 20cm, 50cmand 1m.
Protection against hail
• Started in 1968 and it covers a range operation within 20kilometers.
• In 1974 a new system of protection against hail was installed allover the country, covering range of operation within 300kilometers.
• During the last war the entire system is destroyed and up to now isno longer in operation.
B.3 Data, problems and solutions
Solving problem for data that are missing
Getting the data from hydro meteorological institution of Serbia for hydro meteorological measures in Kosovo*from year 1925 until 1999.
B3.4. Status of Geographical Information System (GIS) data
Digital terrain model dataset for Kosovo*
Data Format: txt file;Resolution: 10 mCoverage: the entire territory of the countryAttribute Data: Y, X, HCoordinate system: Kosovaref01 and UTM WGS 84File type: XYZ fileData: 2004Owner for these data is Kosovo* Cadastral Agency
Data must be paid by the interested users.
The administrative units at all levels (NUTS 0, NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3, LTU 1 and LTU 2).
The law on Kosovo’s* Territorial Organization is in the force on 20 February 2008 the Assembly of Kosovo* adopted the law No. 03/L-041 on administrative Municipal boundaries
The administrative units at all levels (NUTS 0, NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3, LTU 1 and LTU 2).
The law on Kosovo’s* Territorial Organization is in the force on 20 February 2008 the Assembly of Kosovo* adopted the law No. 03/L-041 on administrative Municipal boundaries
The land cover map for the country (preferably in CORINE methodology)
From a total of 44 class in Kosovo* are 28 class
• Land cover map in Kosovo* is available in CORINE methodology (2012)• (ETRS89, LAEA projection).
The land cover map for the country (preferably in CORINE methodology)
Methodology Divided in 4 area (2500 km²)According to the nomenclature 25 ha as standard unitChanges over 5 haThey are wider than 100 meter
From a total of 44 class in Kosovo* are 28 class
Ancillary data were used:Satelite Imagine 2012, Google Earth, Ortophoto2004, 2008 and 2012 , Topographic maps, Working group in the field
Softwer which are used: InterChange 3.1, InterCheck, ArcGIS, MapInfo Owner for these data is Ministry of environment and spatial planning/Kosovo* Environmental protection Agency.
The land use map (or map showing distribution of agricultural land)
In Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Kosovo*
There are realized a GEOBASE with the data for:
• Agricultural Land Suitability map,• Construction Zoning Plan all restrictions• Construction Zoning Plan classed restrictions• Optimised Land use plan• Rural Environmental action plan• There are also the spatial data bases for special area/surfaces like vineyards and forests
The land use map (or map showing distribution of agricultural land)
Structure of land on agricultural holdings, Kosovo*, 2014
In total, the agricultural holdings in Kosovo* use 512 000 hectares of land (owned and rented from the others). On average, they use 3.9 hectares of land.
According to the Agricultural Census 2014 , data there is 129884 agricultural holdings that use agricultural land in Kosovo*.
B3.5 Data gaps, problems, and solutions for GIS data
• Land use map in Kosovo* does not exist at the present time; the problem is the lack of data for Land Use at the country level required by international standards.
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Rural Development from Kosovo* should have closely cooperation with Ministry of Environment to exchange information for land cover 2012 in the right format for the ANC project.
• Data from Soil and Climate should link with GIS and by those data we can support analysis for define area with ANC.
Thank you
for your attention!