promotion of clean emission charcoal productivity by cost effective

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Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective technologies at field scale: Use of Biochar in Kitchen Garden Jay Anand 6/7/2015 “Project undertaken with the financial support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), www.idrc.ca, and the Government of Canada, provided through Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada (DFATD), www.international.gc.ca

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Page 1: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective technologies at field scale:

Use of Biochar

in Kitchen Garden

Jay Anand 6/7/2015

“Project undertaken with the financial support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), www.idrc.ca, and the Government of Canada, provided through Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada (DFATD), www.international.gc.ca”

Page 2: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Stubble burning to create Artificial smog

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=82409

Page 3: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Adaptation Measures on Biochar Improves farm productivity More moisture & More Nutrients Enhance nutrient use efficiency Keeps Carbon largely intact

Community Reliance

The Science & Policy of Biochar

•our field experience and many researchers ascertained that it is good for the soil pH (raises), supplies nutrients, improves water retention improved productivity •Traps carbon in soil for the long term (100s or 1000s of years) climate change mitigation

Why are we interested in biochar?

Page 4: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Definitions

Charcoal: Pyrolysed wood as a clean-burning energy-dense (bio)fuel

Biochar: Biomass pyrolysed to store carbon, recycle nutrients and enhance structure and function of soil in agriculture.

Both can be produced cleanly, with correct Technology

Page 5: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Definitions

C, H, O

C, H, O

C

air smoke

char

C, H, O

C, H, O

C

Heat

Heat

Source: UK Biochar Research centre

Page 6: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Conversion process has an effect

CharChar

Char

Vapouror oil

Vapouror oil

Gas

Gas

Gas

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Slowpyrolysis

Fastpyrolysis

Gasif-ication

mins-hours seconds < 1 second

Indicative mass

fractions from biomass

conversion

Typical product mix for biomass conversions

UK Biochar Research centre

Page 7: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

fossil carbon

(energy)

CO2

biomass C

fossil C

pyrolysis

soil C biochar C

2

7Gty-1

60Gty-1

?

?

photosynthesis

Drivers: making biochar stabilises C and stores it in soil…

60 Gt / yr

7 Gt / yr

60 Gt / yr

Page 8: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Chris Watts, Rothamsted Research

Carbon in soil is associated with soil structure and function – but as “organic matter”

Page 9: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Biochar and carbon – purpose or benefit?

Carbon storage – with (local) agronomic benefit, or Agricultural product – with carbon storage benefit?

Carbon storage is “one-off” and simple to ascertain but its current / future value is not certain

– could provide an important incentive to develop and test the agronomic value of biochar

Page 10: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Biochar is distinct from other organic matter added to soil – its diverse properties matter

and not all biochar looks or behaves the same

UK Biochar Research centre (UKBRC)

Page 11: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Effects on plant productivity: unpredictable, small on average … and under-estimated?

Change in crop ‘productivity’ with biochar addition to soil100%0%–40% 20%

Jeffery et al., 2011, AGEE

Change in crop ‘productivity’ with biochar addition to soil100%0%–40% 20%

Jeffery et al., 2011, AGEE

Page 12: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Raw Material situation

Vermi-Compost

Biochar

Sources

Crop Residues

wood Residues Exotic

Byproduct Rice husk Char

Centralized De -Centralized

Field Level

1

2

3

Indigenous

Excess at field

Y N

Y N

Y N

Y N

Y N Wood Char

Cassava Y N

Y N Govt.

Institution

Agencies

Y N

Y N

* Costs are need to explore, rice husk at salem

Centralized De -Centralized

Forest depo Y N

Y N Y N

Y N Y N

Paddy Y N

Page 13: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Different people/locations are interested in biochar for different reasons ....

State1/ location

Interest in biochar, modest (√) to strong (√√√) Soil quality/ productivity

C sequestration/ climate change mitigation

Bioenergy production

Waste management

Odisha √ √√ √ √√ Kolli hills

√√ √√ √√ √

• Different stakeholders (government, farmers etc.) are interested in different things • Interest and perspective may change ... In 5 years, 10 years etc.??? 13

Page 14: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Bicochar (Gasification process – Cook stove/retort/ drum & Earth kiln)

Field Application (Acidic Soil)

Biomass growth (Plant/ Vegetable)

Analyze chemical properties of soil - PH (Before & After)

Crop root analysis

Expected Outcomes

Social, Gender, Environment & Economical benefits

Fuel wood – Agri residues

Micro industry waste – Rice husk Char

Fertile Soil Sub Soil

Available Choice

Selection

Biochar

Land Use

Upland Low Land Kitchen garden

Performance

Cottage industry

Page 15: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Developing Typologies

Some factors that might affect biochar suitability (+ = suitable; ++= very suitable; - = unsuitable; -- = very unsuitable; -/+ = mixed or uncertain

suitability).

Location Biochar status (product type)

Cost/tech level

Source of feedstock

1ary 2ndary waste high med/ low

Plentiful/ available (climate)

Scarce/ competing

uses /scattered

Rural, community level

- + ++ -- -/+ + +

Rural "niche"1 -/+ ++ ++ + ++ ++ +

15

Page 16: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Hypothesis to study synergistic response in growth of crop/vegetable

when biodigester effluent will combined with/ without Biochar

Page 17: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Sub questions to address CC adaptation?

• Is all biochar (different agri residues) the same? • How stable (mean residence time) is biochar in soil?

• Is biochar/biochar compost (Clean/ contaminated)

safe to use in Alkaline/Acidic soil?

• What are the agronomic benefits (crop productivity through increased nutrient use efficiency, increased water-holding capacity and decreased bulk density)?

Page 18: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Interested to go through Biochar sampling .....

What are the main soil constraints? e.g. N, P, pH. How well do biochars made from the feedstocks in the

area address these? Which feedstock/biochar comes out best? Optimization of biochar production “fit” of selection with current demands/uses “best” biochar!

18

Page 19: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Situation Analysis for both research sites

• Time (15 days) to apply char in Agriculture field (Upper, Lowland) • Crop is standing in Kitchen garden and limited space to do

experiment As per local climate and acidic soil (Expert advice – India &

Abroad): • Apply Biochar compost instead of Biochar only • 15 days are required to mature biochar compost • Kitchen gardens are best field to apply biochar compost at this

point of time • Selection of field (time constraints/unexpected rain – Odisha &

KH) • Two different ways – either you wait until harvesting or apply

char immediately and compare with control vs. experimental plot

Page 20: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Soil Health +

Energy Saving (3) Livelihood

(2,3) Gender

Biochar

Energy Saving

-Increase farm/ kitchen garden production -per crop income -Reclamination of degraded soil - Biochar sale

-Dredging -Reduce fuel wood consumption -Increase HH income -Waste management

- pH, mineral nutrients and labile carbon - Water retention – Sandy & loamy soils (Black & Red) - GHG suppression, limiting diffuse, water pollution - Long term impacts: change in microbial community, carbon neutralizing

(1) Introduce Cook stove & Kiln

(4) Kitchen garden + Field

(5) nutrition

Policy (9)

Conceptual framework

Page 21: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Conceptual framework 1. Developing and deploying location specific, socially inclusive innovative char application

to increase productivity in farm agriculture 2. Harnessing the strength the women and men in working together, their skill in processing

of farm produces and their readiness to get out of drudgery in processing 3. Relative ease in promotion of local food for cultivation, consumption and value addition

analysis, nutrition and income 4. Developing value chain for farm produces, involving network of women SHGs and

supported by skill development, access to char credit, market linkage, and also char advocacy (no chemical fertilizers)

5. The potential of off livelihood option for employment and income generation particularly to women and landless labourers

6. Improved food and nutritional security with diversity in food basket and choice of crops to address chronic and hidden hunger

7. Sustaining the change through its institutionalization and training and capacity building of all stakeholders

8. Project management with built in mechanism for periodic assessment of the outcome/ effectiveness of project interventions, course corrections in sync calibrated social altitude to technology.

9. Holistic integration of crop farming, better management of natural resources (Land, water and biodiversity), improve char recycling, increase carbon sequestration, and need based, regulated use of agro chemical for pro nature sustainable change

Page 22: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Biochar Case Study Locations

Odisha

Study Site –Jeypore, Odisha Biochar Source- Cook Stove waste Semi Arid region Rainfall – 1650 mm Soil type – red (fertile/ Sub Soil) Sample study – 40 farmers (Most of them are marginal farmers, mixed caste group) Field Application- 25 Sqm of each farmer Kitchen Garden - 20 sqm each houses (20 HH – women +Men) Crop Selection – Paddy, Millet, Green Gram (20 HH) Vegetable garden – Onion, tomato, lady finger, radish, carrot Partners : GEO, Hyderabad, and Rice Mills, Koraput

Page 23: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Cook Stove ( 3 Nos.)

Biochar

Biochar Kilns (3 Nos.)

Enterprise (Gasifier boiler,

Earth kiln)

Managing Soil Health

Reduction in cooking time

Reduction in per head load

Reduced exposure to smoke (health

benefit)

Sustainable and Productive Crops

More Food for Livestock

More Food for People

Soci

o- E

cono

mic

ben

efits

, effi

cien

cy,

Tim

e &

Loc

al a

ccep

tanc

e w

ith s

cien

tific

fact

s Biochar outline

Cost & Sustainability, accessibility

Page 24: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

charcoal has an established field application but remains associated with pollution and unsustainable resource use

Biochar is not yet well recognised value but can be produced more cleanly, sustainably

Quality & Quantity of Biochar

Biochar Maker at Household/ Field level - Gasifier

The feeding rate is 0.8/1kg per hour depends upon fuel source

The feeding rate is 1 ton/2-3 hours depends upon fuel source

Page 25: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Biochar Maker at Field Scale – Semi gasifier

The feeding rate is 100kg per hour

Page 26: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

*

Agro residue - char Bio-Charcoal Jaggery Local Soil

Vermi Compost

Rice husk, Straw, Tapioca (Procure) 43%

Woody Material (Silver oak)(prepare/ Procure) 5%

1 % 1% 50%

Biochar Compost for Acidic Soil

Page 27: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Plot Design for Biochar characterization at MSSRF

Control (Crop 1) Biochar

Biochar Compost

(BCC)

Vermi-Compost

Control (Crop 2) Biochar BCC Vermi-

Compost

Control (Crop 3)

Biochar BCC Vermi-Compost

Control (Crop 4) Biochar

Crop 1,2,3,4

55 – 45 % 60– 40 % 70– 30 %

1m

1m

BCC Vermi-Compost

Crop 1,2,3,4 Crop 1,2,3,4

50 – 50 %

Page 28: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Trial plots

Upper Land (UL)

Lower Land (LL)

Kitchen Garden (UL+ LL)

10 10 20 Plot No.

(Size 5 x 5 m)

Paddy Millet Paddy Millet Leafy veg

Root veg

Amranthus Tomato/ Brinjal

Page 29: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

CbV process

Multiwell Tray

Petri dish Test

Experimental plot(Treatment)

Roll towel test

Technology

Biochar

(Rice husk ) (Prosopis Julifora)

TLUD gasifier Metal kiln

Germination test

BioC+

byproduct

Pot Assay

Lab Experiment •Residual effect of fertilizer (Pot & Field) -(can reduce the need of fertilizer, resulting in reduced emission from fertilizer production) •Increases microbiological population (Lab, Pot and field) – resulting in more carbon storage in soil •Using TLUD cookstove, reduces fire wood consumption contributes carbon offset; and converting agro residues into biochar reduces methane at field •Improved soil aggregation •Faster seed germination ( Lab , Pot & Field) •Increases Soil Carbon ( Lab & Field) •Reduces leaching of nitrates, phosphates, potash •Increases water-holding capacity of soil (Pot assay)

•Plant growth

Soil Analysis* •Physical •Chemical •Micro biological

Indicator tested

Findings – Lab, Pot assay & Field (Kitchen garden, farmers plot)

Farmer’s kitchen garden

Treatment- T1- Control (5 t/ha), T2- VC (5t/ha), T3 (2 t/ha), T4(4t/ha),T5(8t/ha),T6 (10t/ha) – Char, T7 (2t/ha),T8(4t/ha),T9(8t/ha),T10(10t/ha)-BioC+

* In different depth (A- 0-15 cm, B- 15-30cm), Nitrogen(kg/ha), Phosphorus (kg/ha), Bulk density (g/cc), Particle density (g/cc), Water Holding Capacity(%), Porosity (%), pH, Electrical Conductivity (m.mhos/cm) , Bacteria load- 10^4, Fungi load- 10^2

Adaptation & Mitigation (www.carbonbiovillage.akasmika.net)

Need further testing for significant result

Different rate of application (T1- T10) Fixed rate of application (T10)

Page 30: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

http://carbonbiovillage.akasmika.net/ http://climateneutralvillage.net/

Carbon Bio village

Page 31: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Rice husk Fuel wood Mixture –Biochar Compost pH 8.78 9.11 7.86

Is all biochar the same?

Page 32: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Is all biochar the same?

Page 33: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

24 to 48 Hour Trial

Page 34: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

1 week Trial

Page 35: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

2 week trial

Page 36: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

60 to 120 Days Trial

Page 37: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Results

Page 38: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Policy Advocacy – Tested with 50 HH in Odisha

Percentage Yes No

Is it useful product? 100 0 Will you suggest to your friend & family? 98 2 Can it save cost? If biomass is not freely available 100 0 Can it reduce drudgery? Reduce time taken to gather fuelwood 100 0 Reduce the consumption of fuelwood 100 0 Ease of Use 100 0 Ease of Maintenance 80 20 Ease of size fuelwood to put in canister 100 0 Durability of Stove 100 0 Ability to withstand rough handling 40 60 Ease of working with the flame (starting it, controlling the flame, extinguishing the flame etc.) 34 66 Ability to cater to my cooking requirement 82 18 Provide adequate cooking duration 56 44 Provide adequate flame power 70 30 Reduce smoke 80 20 Enables faster cooking 100 0 Free time for other activities 98 2 Does not require constant supervision 0 100 TLUD being suitable to all my cooking vessel 84 16

Reason for advocacy – TLUD cook stove

Performance of TLUD

Soil

Food items

Amount of fuel wood used (in kg) in clay stove

Timming (mins)

Amount of fuel wood used (in kg) in TLUD Stove

Timming (mins)

Char-coal weight (gram)

Saved fuel

wood (%)

Rice 1.41 28.26 0.97 25.52 296.60 (for

cooking three food

items)

45.51 Dalma 0.39 8.28 0.30 7.54 31.33 Mandiya 0.81 16.32 0.56 15.04 45.50 Vegetable 0.24 5.28 0.19 4.54 30.76 Fry 0.27 5.36 0.21 5.18 32.71 Atani 0.37 7.46 0.28 7.12 34.05

Soil para-meters

T1* T2 T6 T10 Level

Soil bulk density

1.11 1.18 1.20 1.26 ↑

Soil WHC 34.93 37.07 31.91 37.12 ↑ Soil Nitrogen (N)

57.11 88.70 92.41 88.00 ↑

Soil fungal diversity

5.5 6.5 7.5 18.5 ↑

Soil bacterial population

19.5 11.00 41.5 28.5 ↑

* T1- Control (FYM-.25kg/sqm), T2- Vermicompost (1kg/sqm), T6 – Char(1kg/sqm), T10- BioC+ (1kg/Sqm)

Page 39: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Cook stove 2 days cooking

0.8 kg

Charcoal

40 kg

Single house 50 HH Month

1.2 ton

Rs. 9.6

Rs. 480

Rs. 14400

* Rs. 12/kg wood biochar in odisha

Above Value = 10 cook stoves

5 Months

4 Months

Gestation period to get refund of cook stove cost

Required time to get biochar for second crop

Sustainability

Page 40: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective
Page 41: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Conclusion • Yield enhancement. Increases in yield approaching 5-20% have been

reported for crops such as leafy vegetable , horticulture crop and staple crop.

• Increased water holding capacity. Biochar helps soils retain moisture, reducing the need for irrigation and alleviating water stress.

• Increased nitrogen fixation. Reported increases in biological nitrogen fixation in response to biochar application has been attributed to increased availability of minerals

• Reduced fertilizer run-off. Increased fertilizer retention and utilisation result in less negative environ mental impact from agriculture.

• pH correction. Biochar is generally alkaline; its application can increase soil pH and availability of phosphorous but we have observed reversed effect in case of pH in field than lab condition.

Page 42: Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective

Thank you for your attention!