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4th CASEE Conference Zagreb, 01.07.2013. Nitrate-Nitrogen Content in Soil and Lysimeter Water under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Levels in Biomass Production

4th CASEE Conference "Food and Biomass Production - Basis for a Sustainable Rural Development"

Nitrate-Nitrogen Content in Soil and Lysimeter Water under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Levels in Biomass

Production

Aleksandra JURISIC – Milan MESIC - Ivana SESTAK - Zeljka ZGORELEC

Department of General Agronomy

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture

Zagreb, 01.07.2013.


INTRODUCTION

The Nitrogen Cycle (McLaren and Cameron, 1996)

Galloway et al. (1995) named nitrogen as ''hopscotch" (children's game) nitrogen moves through the air and water, across political and geographical boundaries around the globe Reason:


Global nitrogen budget for (a) 1890, and (b) 1990, Tg N yr–1

After Galloway and Cowling, 2002.

INTRODUCTION


The annual consumption of mineral fertilizers

INTRODUCTION

107 144 180

358 383

514 554

0100200300400500600

Swed

en

Finland

Croati

a

United K

ingdom

Belgiu

m

Irelan

d

Netherl

ands

kg

ha-1

yea

r -1

Source: FAOSTAT, 2010


Air Agricultural practices in Croatia contributed to direct release of N2O in the range of 3.2 Gg to

4.5 Gg (Mesic et al., 2006) Agriculture as a sector affects the emission of NH4 with 90% (Statistical Yearbook, 2010)

Water • Groundwater pollution by nitrates from agriculture (Nemčić-Jurec, 2010) • Drainage water pollution by nitrates from agriculture (Simunic et al., 2002; Bensa et al., 2008; Zovko et al., 2008; Mesic et al., 2012) • 1.9 mg NO3

--N L-1 up to 319.0 mg NO3--N L-1

• Drinking water standards - maximum NO3--N concentration - 10 mg L-1 (WHO, 1998)

• EU Nitrate Directive 91/676/ EEC

Influence of fertilization on environment

INTRODUCTION


1. Determine load of NO3--N in soil and NO3

--N concentrations in lysimeters water regarding the different nitrogen fertilization levels

2. Quantify the effect of nitrogen application rates on NO3

--N losses via lysimeter outflow

GOAL


MATERIALS AND METHODS • Central part of Croatia • Western Pannonian subregion of Croatia (45°33´N, 16°31´E) • Soil type: drained Stagnosols • Annual temperature T=10,7 °C • Precipitation = 865 mm 1965.-1990.

-505

1015202530354045505560

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

°C

-150153045607590105120135150165180

mm

Temperatura OborineTemperature Precipitation


MATERIALS AND METHODS Methodology of experiment

Stagnosols • 4 ha • quantities of phosphorus and potassium are constantan on all treatments: 120 kg P ha-1 180 kg K ha-1

• 4 replications This investigation includes four treatments: 1. N0PK 2. N100PK 3. N200PK 4. N300PK (kg N ha-1)


Lysimeter Drainage pipes


MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil sampling

Depth: 0-25 cm 4 replications June November February June

No vegetation

Maize – 2007. Winter wheat – 2008.

Water sampling Water sampling

020406080

100120140160

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

2007 2008

Pre

cip

ita

tio

n,

mm 2007-2008 Average 1965-1990


Laboratory measurements

• Extraction (1:10 (w/v) in ultra pure water) • Centrifuge (5 min at 12000 rpm) and filtration • N-NO3

- determination by ion-chromatography method

MATERIALS AND METHODS

•Differences in soil nitrate-nitrogen content according to fertilization treatments for each sampling time and across sampling dates for each treatment were computed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., USA). • The significance test was performed at probability level of p < 0.05. • Fisher’s least significant difference procedure

Statistical analysis


RESULTS - SOIL

c c b c

b

bc b c

b

bbb

a

aa

a

050

100150200250300350

Jun 2007 Nov 2007 Feb 2008 Jun 2008

LSD=69.14 LSD=40.64 LSD=9.11 LSD=36.41

kg

NO

3- -

N h

a1

N 0 N 100 N 200 N 300

Similar findings were reported in research all over the world: Asia (Guo et al., 2001) Africa (Ikerra et al., 1999) America (Nance and Karlen, 2007) Europe (Kristensen and Thorup Kristensen, 2007; Németh and Kádár, 1999)


a

aa

ab

bb

ba cbb

b

a

bbc

050

100150200250300350

N 0 N 100 N 200 N 300

LSD=14.64 LSD=39.14 LSD=20.73 LSD=72.26

kg

NO

3- -N h

a1

Jun 2007 Nov 2007 Feb 2008 Jun 2008

RESULTS - SOIL

• Nitrification attains its optimum at 26 °C (Beck, 1983) • Excessive soil moisture inhibits the nitrification process (Sabay, 1969) • June 2007 - mean monthly temperature was 22.5 °C - monthly precipitations were 28.2 mm


RESULTS - WATER

01020304050607080

07 Oct 31 Oct 22 Nov 02 Dec 08 Dec 10 Jan 23 Mar 08 Jun

2007 2008

mg

NO

3- -N L

-1

N 0 N 100 N 200 N 300 WHO, 1998


RESULTS - NO3--N losses

0

5

10

15

20

25

07 Oct 31 Oct 22 Nov 02 Dec 08 Dec 10 Jan 23 Mar 08 Jun

2007 2008

kg

NO

3- -N h

a-1

N 0 N 100 N 200 N 300

020406080

100120140160

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

2007 2008

Prec

ipit

atio

n, m

m 2007-2008 Average 1965-1990


CONCLUSIONS

• Soil NO3--N content significantly varied from 27.3 kg ha-1 to 338.2 kg ha-1

depending on the treatment and sampling time • High rates of N fertilizer in the production of maize and winter wheat have resulted in excessive nitrate N (NO3-N) leaching, with concentrations in lysimeter water frequently exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L.

•NO3

--N losses through lysimeter outflow (0.12 kg ha-1 – 24.8 kg ha-1) were influenced by climate conditions, crops grown and their development stages and quantity and time of fertilizers applications.


THANK YOU!

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