enst lte small cell - tutorial - 2012

Small Cells in LTE / LTE-Advanced

Thierry LESTABLE, Massinissa LALAM01.02.2012

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Tutorial Telecom ParisTech 01.02.2012 | SCET/URD1/Femtocell | Small Cells in LTE / LTE-Advanced | © Sagemcom 2

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Outline

• General Trends

• LTE Market Status

• Femtocell Market Status

• 3GPP LTE Femtocell Technology Overview

• Machine-to-Machine

• Next Generation Small Cells

• Conclusions



General Trends



Mobile broadband experience

= 24 x= 24 x = 122 x= 122 x= 515 x= 515 x

Source: CISCO VNI Mobile 2011

Connected Life: Home, on-the-move, Work

Traffic Generated



Traffic current trend

The dramatic growth of mobile data traffic

Mobile data traffic evolution (TB per million

inhabitants per month) in some European countries

Source: ECC PT1

Source: AT&T

AT&T traffic evolution

UK mobile data traffic growth

Source: Ofcom

Source: IDATE



Traffic forecast 2010-2020: toward a capacity crunc h

Total mobile traffic (EB per year)

-

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

2010 2015 2020

Yea

rly tr

affic

in E

B Europe

Americas

Asia

Rest of the world

World

Source: IDATE

Total mobile traffic in 2020x33 compared to 2010

Capacity



Traffic diversity: mobile data traffic is NOT unifo rm

Location

Source: Senza Fili Consulting

Applications

Geography Subscribers

Devices

Time of day



Price decrase Vs Added Value

Technical Support

Global SolutionsInnnovation

Flexibility

Open Software & SDK

Middleware

Services & Customization

SIP

FTTH

Very High Throughput

Enabling

more advanced services

3.0Local Connectivity

&

Device Management

Smart digital home: starting point

Tungsten



Smart digital home: towards Internet of Thing (IoT)

High Indoor Demand•Ubiquitous•Seamless Connectivity•User Centric•Ambient Intelligence•Social Network•Sustainable•Heterogeneous Traffic

)))

Energy

Security

Comfort

Health

Ethernet

WiFi

3G/LTE

FMC & Multimedia

Micro-generationMicro-generation

ADSL, FTTH, 0



Need of higher frequency reuse to close the gap



Heterogeneous Network & Small Cells Emergence

• LTE / LTE-A natively supports this evolution from coverage to capacity

• In 3GPP point of view, Picocells & Femtocells are Small Cells

COVERAGE ERA CAPACITY ERA

HetNet & Small Cells bring the capacitywhere and when it is needed



LTE Market Status



HSPA Networks: 380 commercial systems



Global UMTS subscriber growth forecast

HSPA+ will still play an active rolein near future, both as migration

and complementary to LTE



Investing in LTE: 237 Operators in 85 Countries

26 Commercial LTE NW launched161 LTE User Devices

(July 2011)

174 Commercial LTE Commitments in 64 countries63 additional pre-commitment trials

93 LTE Networks are anticipated to be in Commercial service by end of 2012!



LTE operator commitments faster than HSPA



LTE ecosystem is maturing fast

+ USB dongles + netbooks, etc…

Smart Phones

M-Tablets

DSL-Routers



Worldwide mobile broadband spectrumFDD: 2x35MHzFDD: 2x70MHz

TDD: 50MHz

VerizonAT&T

metroPCS

AWS

NTT DoCoMo

TeliaSoneraVodafoneO2…

Refarming and extensions are still to come…

Hong-Kong

China MobileGenius BrandCSL Ltd…

Digital Dividend

Major TD-LTE Market(incl. India)



LTE roll-out worldwide vs. Spectrum band fragmentat ion

Source:Huawei

Fragmentation & Harmonization of Spectrum is a critical problem

“we are unlikely to see a 'world' devicein a handset form-factor soon”

Wireless Intelligence



TD-LTE is gaining momentum

Strong Ecosystem growing fast…



LTE royalty level: Need for patent pool facilitatio n?

Source: Sisvel

14.8%14.8%

Critical constraintfor Femtocells

is

COST EFFICIENCY!!

LTE/SAE Declarations to ETSI by PO4076 declarations (March 2011)



LTE & 4G patents

6000+ patents

$4.5 billion

$2.6 billion

$770 Million$340 Million

$12.5 billion

24000+ patents

WHO’s NEXT?…

Risk to ‘Kill’ the Business…Especially in Vertical Markets!



Femtocell Market Status



Femtocell ecosystem: 66 Operators (1.99billion subs cribers, 34%)



Femtocell ecosystem: 69 Technology Providers

The ecosystem is now mature enough4th IOT Plugfest in February 2012



Femtocell market status

36 Commercial Deployments in 23 countries,15 Roll-out commitments in 2012



Key Findings: Global femtocell survey

6,100 consumers in 6 countries6,100 consumers in 6 countries



Mobile Phone/Service Problems: Churn reduction

Femtocells are seen (initially)as a solution to decrease the

Resulting Churn Rate!!��

42% churn reduction



Residential Macro Data Offload

On average, more than 70% of traffic can still be offloaded !

Offload via Wi-Fi and/or Femtocell



Femto Forum Priorities for 2012



3GPP LTE Femtocell Technology Overview



3GPP Structure



3GPP Liaisons



Bandwidth & Duplexing modes (Rel.8/9)

And HALF-DUPLEX!!!



S1

S1

S1

S1

X2

X2 S

1 S1

S1 S5

S1

Architecture (Rel.10)

3GPP Rel.10



3 options to connect the HeNB to the core network ( EPC)

[1] [2]

[3]



HeNB Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OA M) process



Rel.8/9 - Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC ) (1/2)

• Frequency domain solution

• Data channel protection

• Indicators exchange through X2• macro / pico

• Uplink interference management• High Interference Indicator (HII)

• eNB sends 1 bit per resource block (RB)

− Indicate Cell-edge user on this resource− Informed neighbours will avoid these RB at

cell-edge

• Proactive process

• Overload Indicator (OI)• eNB reports the level of interference

received− Low, Medium, High

• Reactive process



Rel.8/9 - Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC ) (2/2)

• Downlink interference management

• Relative Narrowband Transmit Power(RNTP) Indicator

• eNB advertises Tx power per RB• Proactive process

• Enables (dynamic) frequency partitioning

Soft-Frequency Reuse (SFR)Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)Hard Frequency Reuse



Rel.10 - enhanced ICIC (eICIC) (1/4)

• Specifically targets Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet)

• Small Cells

• Time domain solution• Control channel protection

• Information exchange through X2• macro/pico

or OAM configuration

• macro/pico/femto

• Focus only on Non-Carrier Aggregation (CA) scenarios




• Downlink power control

• Targets femtocell• Power is adjusted based on surrounding

• Measurements performed by the femtocell− DL & UL

• Need of one Network Listen Module (NLM)− Not specified− But always required by Operators




• Almost Blank Subframe (ABS)

• During defined subframes, the Aggressor cell does not transmit its (control + data) channels to protect a Victim cell

• ABS pattern transmitted via X2 (dynamic) for macro/pico• Macro/Pico → Aggressor/Victim

or via OAM (semi-static) for macro/femto• Macro/Femto → Victim/Aggressor

F e m t o

M a c r o

F e m t o

M a c r o

normal ABS




• Cell Range Extension (CRE)

• Through broadcasted information (handover/camp bias) UEs stay connected to picocells with low SINR (hotspot)

• Requires advanced UE receiver for interference cancellation



Rel.11 - ICIC still in discussion (1/2)

• further enhanced ICIC (feICIC) for non-CA based deployment

• Some proposals under discussion:• At the transmitter side in DL

− Combination of ABS + power reduction

• At the receiver side in DL− Use of advanced UE receiver (cancellation/discard of known signals such as CRS …)

• ICIC for CA based deployment

• In CA deployment, several cells/ component carriers (CCs) are aggregated• Up to 5 CCs (100MHz maximum bandwidth)• Cross scheduling among the CCs is possible



• ICIC for CA based deployment

• For each Rel.10+ UE, • One Primary Cell (PCell) is assigned among the pool of cells

− Carrying control information

• The rest of the cells are seen as Secondary Cells (SCells)− Carrying data

• PCell/SCell selection is under discussion

Rel.11 - ICIC still in discussion (2/2)

Macro Pico

f 1

f 2

f 1

f 2

f 1

f 2

f 1

f 2

Macro UE B• Control signaling on f 1 • Data on f1 and/or f2

Pico UE • Control signaling on f 2 • Data on f1 and/or f 2

Macro UE A • Control signaling on f 1 and/or f2 • Data on f1 and/or f2



LTE Self-Organizing Network (SON) features

S1/X2 configuration



SON progress status w.r.t 3GPP Releases 8, 9, and 10



Support for Self-Configuration & Self-Optimization

• Self-Configuration Process• Basic Set-up• Automatic Registration of

nodes in the system• Initial Radio Configuration

• Self-Optimization Process

• UE & eNB measurements and performance measurements are used to auto-tune the network



LTE-Advanced: Local IP Access (LIPA)

Femto Femto



LTE-Advanced: Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO)

S5

RAN L-PGW

UE

eNB

CN

P-GW S-GW

CN Traffic

MME

S1-U S11 S5

SIPTO Traffic • Service Continuity will be

solved in Rel.11• between eNBs

• between HeNBs• between eNB and HeNB



3GPP Rel.7: IP Flow Mobility but NO Seamless Offloa d

• Rel.7 introduced 3G/Wi-Fi interworking architecture• But NO Guarantee of Seamless HO

• 3G ↔ Wi-Fi based on Application level Switch• IP address change

• Key question is:• HOW to select the traffic IP Flow from operator’s point of view to stay in

Cellular or switch to Wi-Fi?



3GPP Rel.8: DSMIP based IP Flow mobility �� SEAMLESS!

• Thanks to Dual Stack Mobile IP (DSMIP), IP address is maintained

• Seamless transition (Make-before-break)



LTE-Advanced: IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload (IFOM)

• IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload

• Carry (simultaneously) some of UE’s traffic over Wi-Fi to offload Femto Access

IETF RFC-5555, DSMIPv6

Individual flows belonging to the same PDN



Flow management: To summarize…

LTE

Source: Qualcomm



Mobility management for femtocell (X2 interface)

• Rel.9

• No X2 interface (S1 mobility)• Rel.10

• X2 HeNB-HeNB with open target or same CSG-ID (no access control)

• Rel-11• Study Item (SI) ongoing on extension to HeNB-eNB and remaining HeNB-

HeNB scenarios (cf. 3GPP TR 37.803), (use of X2-proxy?)



Machine-to-Machine

M2M



Network of Networks, Internet of Things (IoT)

Presented by Interdigital: Globecom’11 – IWM2M, Houston



Vertical markets in LTE

M2M



Verizon LTE Innovation Center

Office in the Box Connected Home (incl. eHealth)

Bicycle LiveEdge.TV

LTE Connected Car



High Level (simplified) M2M Architecture

M2MGateway

ClientApplication

Operatorplatform

Capillary Network



ETSI TC M2M links with other ETSI TCs

Capillary Access Networks

Application

Service Platform

IP Network

Wide Area Network

M2M Gateway

wireless

wireline

ETSI TISPAN

ETSI ITS

ETSI ERM

ETSI ATTM

ETSI PLT

ETSI DECT

ETSI e-Health

ETSI SCPETSI RRS



ETSI M2M links with ecosystem

CapillaryAccess networks

Application

Service Platform

IP Network

Wide Area Network

M2M Gateway

wireless

wireline

IPSOIPV6

Hardware and Protocols

ZigBee Alliance.ZB Application Profiles 3GPP

SA1, SA3, ,…

IETF 6LowPANPhy-Mac Over IPV6

OMA GSMASCAG,…

IETF ROLLRouting over Low Power

Lossy Networks

IUT-TNGN CENELEC

Smart MeteringCEN

Smart Metering

ISO/IEC JTC1UWSN

IEEE802.xx.x

ESMIGMetering

WOSA

KNX

ZCL

HGIHome Gateway

Initiative

EPCGlobalGS1

UtilitiesMetering

OASIS

W3C

W-Mbus



ETSI TC M2M

Stage 3Stage 3

Stage 2Stage 2

Stage 1Stage 1

TR 102 692Smart

Metering

TR 102 692Smart

Metering

TS 102 689M2M Service Requirements

TS 102 689M2M Service Requirements

TR 102 732eHealth

TR 102 732eHealth

TR 102 897City

automation

TR 102 897City

automation

TR 102 898Automotive TR 102 898Automotive

Use Cases

TS 102 690M2M Functional

Architecture

TS 102 690M2M Functional

Architecture

TS 102 921M2M Communications;

mIa, dIa and mId interfaces

TS 102 921M2M Communications;

mIa, dIa and mId interfaces

TR 1xx xxxInterworking

with M2M Area Networks

TR 1xx xxxInterworking

with M2M Area Networks

TR 102 935Smart Grid impacts on

M2M

TR 102 935Smart Grid impacts on

M2M

TR 102 725M2M

Definitions

TR 102 725M2M

Definitions

TR 102 167Threat analysis and counter measures

to M2M service layer

TR 102 167Threat analysis and counter measures

to M2M service layer

TR 101 531Re-use of 3GPP

nodes by M2MSC layer

TR 101 531Re-use of 3GPP

nodes by M2MSC layer

TR 102 857Connected consumer

TR 102 857Connected consumer

PUBLISHEDPUBLISHED

PUBLISHEDPUBLISHED

European Commission mandates (CEN, CENELEC, ETSI)•M/441: Smart metering (ongoing)•M/468: Electrical vehicles chargers (ongoing)•M/490: Smart grid (Launched 1st March 2011)



3GPP Machine-Type Communications (MTC) Architecture (High Level)

3GPP bearer services / SMS / IMS

MTC Server

MTC Server

MTCi

MTCsms

3GPP PLMN - MTC Server IWK Function

MTCu MTC Device

MTCu: It provides MTC Devices access to 3GPP network for the transport of user plane and control plane traffic. MTCu interface could be based on Uu, Um, Ww and LTE-Uu interface.

MTCi: It is the reference point that MTC Server uses to connect the 3GPP network and thus communicates with MTC Device via 3GPP bearer services/IMS. MTCi could be based on Gi, Sgi, and Wi interface.

MTCsms: It is the reference point MTC Server uses to connect the 3GPP network and thus communicates with MTC Device via 3GPP SMS.



MTC in 3GPP

Current discussion onlow cost MTC device evaluation(traffic model, comparison withGPRS, …)



M2M ecosystem ’s jungle



GSC M2M standardization task force: Toward an M2M -PP?

Source: Numerex



Next Generation Small Cell

Small Intelligent Cross-Cell (SiXCTM)



Fixed/Mobile Convergence

It is necessary to propose integrated Architecturestaking advantage of Wireless/Wired systems(e.g. 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi, WiGig, DAS, RoF, PLC…)

Source: BT Wholesale



Fixed/Mobile Convergence �� 3GPP Rel.11

• Workshop organized between 3GPP and Broadband Forum (BBF)

• Set of Requirements (BBF WT-203)• Several 3GPP Working Groups will focus during Rel.11 onto

• Requirements

• Architecture• Security

• OAM

• Architecture for NW based mobility with trusted BBF access• Further convergence between 3GPP & Fixed NW• Policy & QoS interworking3GPP/BBF

• Policy & QoS•HeNB + Offload•WLAN + Offload

•Mobility•Authentication•Policy & QoS

•HeNB � EPC•WLAN � EPC

•IFOM•LIPA/SIPTO for HeNB with Static QoS

Building Block IIIBuilding Block IIBuilding Block I



3GPP multi-RAT interworking: I-WLAN (Rel.6) for Wi- Fi

• Advantages• Access to AAA 3GPP service

• Access PDG/PDN-GW core infrastructure

• Automatic Wi-Fi user Authentication based on Cellular Subscriber ID information contained into the device

• Disadvantages• No session continuity to/from

3G/LTE and Wi-Fi

• Local Offload is not supported• Requires IPSec tunnelling from

wireless device to PDGAAA: Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting



3GPP multi-RAT interworking: untrusted network (Rel. 8)

S2 interface:S2a: trustedS2b: untrusted (need of ePDG)



3GPP multi-RAT interworking: Several work items cur rently running

Rel.11Voice Interworking with Enterprise IP-PBXVINE

Rel.11Broadband Access InterworkingBBAI

Rel.11Location Based Selection of gateways for WLANLOBSTER

Rel.11Data Identification in ANDSFDIDA

Rel.11Operator Policies for IP Interface SelectionOPIIS

Rel.11enhanced ANDSFeANDSF

ISRP introduction to accommodate MAPCON/IFOM

Rel.10Access Network Discovery & Selection FunctionANDSF

GTP based S2a MobilityRel.11S2a mobility based on GTP & WLAN access to EPC SaMOG

GTP based S2b MobilityRel.10S2b MObility based on GTPSMOG

Rel.10Multi-Access PDN CONnectivityMAPCON

Rel.10IP Flow Mobility and seamless WLAN OffloadIFOM

spun-off in IFOM/MAPCON

Rel.9Multi-Access PDN CONnectivity and IP flow Mobility

MAPIM

Rel.9Multiple Connections to the same PDN for PMIP Interfaces

MUPSAP

CommentReleaseTitleAcronym



Hotspot 2.0: Next Generation Hotspot (Wi-Fi Allianc e)

Built directly into device



Multitude of 3rd Party Connection Managers:Multitude of 3rd Party Connection Managers:Multitude of 3rd Party Connection Managers:

Enhancing Wi-Fi to be more ‘Cellular’

Source: Cisco



Hotspot 2.0: Next Generation Hotspot (Wi-Fi Allianc e)

� Hotspot 2.0

� WISPR 1.01

� WISPR 2.01

� Vendor-specific (e.g. iPass, Devicescape, etc.)

� Mobile IP

� I-WLAN

Network Discovery

& Selection

RoguePrevention

Air Interface

Encryption

EAP-SIM,AKA,TLS,

FAST

OperatorPolicy

(Traffic Steering)

SecureOnline

Sign-up

SessionPersistence

Notes:(1) IPR issues(2) Operator Traffic Management is the ability for the operator to take back operator-offered applications (e.g. mobile television) seurely back its

data center using an encryupted tunnel when device is using an un-trusted (i.e. non-802.1x) Hotspot. All of the other applications get local break-out. I

(3) All traffic gets back-hauled to mobile operator in a VPN tunnel(4) Out-of-scope. The SIG may disband rather than make a recommendation in this area, since there already other industry bodies working here

3

OperatorTraffic

Management 2

3

Hotspot 2.0-Spec 1 (PRIORITY)HS 2.0-Spec 2

HS 2.0-Spec 3 Out-of-scope 4

Source: Cisco



Small intelligent Cross-Cell (SiXC)™

Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) goals



IPSec +14%

LTE Small Cells deployment will change rules for Backhaul provisioning�Need for more research�Architecture / PHY / Synchronization (e.g. PTP (1588), SyncE, Hybrid…)

X2 ~ [ 4 - 10%] S1

Traffic Volume:

GTP/MIP overhead ~10%

Source: Ericsson

Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN): LTE Backhau l



TV White Space (TVWS) for backhaul



LTE in TVWS



End-to-End (E2E) LTE QoS - Challenges

Challenges for future Small Cells • Increase robustness to Backhaul Heterogeneity & Variability• QoS policies (PCRF) more coordinated with Air interface Scheduling• Difficulties to handle multiple QoS mapping with IP Flow Management• Inter-RAT E2E QoS

Source: Continuous Computing



Conclusions



• HetNets & Small Cells bring a viable solution to the capacity crunch

• Based on current work items/study items for LTE/LTE-A, 3GPP embraces this trend and put a major effort on it

• Convergence cellular technology / WLAN is a reality both in 3GPP and Wireless Broadband Alliance worlds

• Many tools are provided to mobile operators (LIPA, SIPTO, IFOM, …) to optimise their spectrum (radio access)

• With the increase of small cells, backhauling must be carefully taken to considerations (optical, wireless, …)

• Small cells and M2M represent great opportunities to strengthen European industry position in the fields of Future Internet technologies, mobile and wireless broadband systems, optical networks, and network management technologies.