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ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN CROATIA
Željko Jurić
Prepared by:Branka Jelavić PhD (Head of department for RES & EE), Filip Prebeg BSc, Željko Jurić MSc
Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Geneve, 30 May – 1 June 2007
18th Session of the Steering Committee of the Energy Efficiency 21 Project9th Meeting, EE21 Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Energy Efficiency Investments
CROATIA’S PROFILE
Area …………………..….56 594 km2
Population…………….… 4 437 000
Territorial waters…….....31 067 km2
Length of coastline……...5 835 km
Number of islands……………1 185 (66 inhabited)
GDPpc (2005) ……..6 241 US$2000 (Ex.r.)
.…..11 699 US$2000 (PPP)
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY IN CROATIA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1988. 2000. 2003. 2015. 2030.
PJ
Ugljen i koks - Coal and coke Tekuća goriv a - Liquid Fuels Prirodni plin - Natural Gas Električna energija - Electricity
Vodne snage - Hy dro Pow er Drv o i biomasa - Biomass Obnov ljiv i izv ori - Renew ables
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
Isla
nd (I
S)
Luks
embu
rg (L
)
SAD
(USA
)
Fins
ka (S
F)
Nor
vešk
a (N
)
Šved
ska
(S)
Belg
ija (B
)
Niz
ozem
ska
(NL)
Rus
ija (R
USS
)
Aust
rija
(A)
Fran
cusk
a (F
)
Češ
ka re
publ
ika
(CZ)
Švic
arsk
a (C
H)
Japa
n (J
)
Nje
mač
ka (D
)
Euro
pska
uni
ja (E
U 1
5)
Esto
nija
(EST
)
Slov
enija
(SLO
)
V. B
ritan
ija (G
B)
Irska
(EIR
)
Dan
ska
(DK)
Slov
ačka
(SVK
)
Špan
jols
ka (E
)
Italija
(I)
Ukr
ajin
a (U
KR)
Grč
ka (G
R)
Bjel
orus
ija (B
EL)
Litv
a (L
IT)
Portu
gal (
P)
Mađ
arsk
a (H
)
Buga
rska
(BG
)
Srbi
ja i
Crn
a G
ora
(S&C
G)
Poljs
ka (P
L)
Hrv
atsk
a (H
R)
Leto
nija
(LAT
)
Rum
unjs
ka (R
)
Bosn
a-H
erce
govi
na (B
IH)
Mak
edon
ija (F
YRM
)
Turs
ka (T
R)
Alba
nija
(AL)
Mol
davi
ja (M
OL)
kgen/st
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY PER CAPITA
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY INTENSITY
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Irska
(EIR
)
Dans
ka (D
K)
Italija
(I)
V. B
ritanij
a (G
B)
Švica
rska
(CH)
Grčk
a (G
R)
Portu
gal (P
)
Špan
jolsk
a (E
)
Austr
ija (A
)
Euro
pska
unij
a (E
U 15
)
Japa
n (J)
Njem
ačka
(D)
Tursk
a (T
R)
Fran
cusk
a (F
)
Nizo
zems
ka (N
L)
Mađa
rska
(H)
Hrva
tska
(HR)
Norve
ška
(N)
Leto
nija
(LAT
)
Luks
embu
rg (L
)
Belgi
ja (B
)
Slov
enija
(SLO
)
Poljs
ka (P
L)
SAD
(USA
)
Litva
(LIT
)
Bosn
a-He
rcego
vina
(BIH
)
Make
donij
a (F
YRM)
Rumu
njska
(R)
Šved
ska
(S)
Alba
nija
(AL)
Češk
a re
publi
ka (C
Z)
Finsk
a (S
F)
Slov
ačka
(SVK
)
Esto
nija
(EST
)
Buga
rska
(BG)
Bjelo
rusij
a (B
EL)
Islan
d (IS
)
Molda
vija
(MOL
)
Ukra
jina
(UKR
)
Rusij
a (R
USS)
Srbij
a i C
rna
Gora
(S&C
G)
kgen
/103 U
SD
200
0
PRIMARY ENERGY SELF SUPPLY IN CROATIA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1988. 1990. 2000. 2010. 2020. 2030.
%
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1988. 1989. 1990. 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005.
GWh
Potrošnja energetike - Energy sector own use Industrija - IndustryPromet - Transport Kućanstva - Households Usluge - Services Ostala potrošnja - Agriculture, Construction Gubici prijenosa i distribucije - Transmission and distribution losses
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
Isla
nd (I
S)
Nor
vešk
a (N
)
Fins
ka (S
F)
Luks
embu
rg (L
)
Šved
ska
(S)
SAD
(USA
)
Belg
ija (B
)
Švic
arsk
a (C
H)
Japa
n (J
)
Aust
rija
(A)
Fran
cusk
a (F
)
Nje
mač
ka (D
)
Euro
pska
uni
ja (E
U 1
5)
Slov
enija
(SLO
)
Niz
ozem
ska
(NL)
Dan
ska
(DK)
V. B
ritan
ija (G
B)
Češ
ka re
publ
ika
(CZ)
Irska
(EIR
)
Esto
nija
(EST
)
Špan
jols
ka (E
)
Rus
ija (R
USS
)
Italija
(I)
Grč
ka (G
R)
Slov
ačka
(SVK
)
Portu
gal (
P)
Srbi
ja i
Crn
a G
ora
(S&C
G)
Buga
rska
(BG
)
Mađ
arsk
a (H
)
Hrv
atsk
a (H
R)
Mak
edon
ija (F
YRM
)
Poljs
ka (P
L)
Ukr
ajin
a (U
KR)
Litv
a (L
IT)
Bjel
orus
ija (B
EL)
Leto
nija
(LAT
)
Bosn
a-H
erce
govi
na (B
IH)
Rum
unjs
ka (R
)
Turs
ka (T
R)
Alba
nija
(AL)
Mol
davi
ja (M
OL)
kWh/st
GASOLINE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
SA
D (U
SA
)
Luks
embu
rg (L
)
Niz
ozem
ska
(NL)
Isla
nd (I
S)
Švi
cars
ka (C
H)
Šved
ska
(S)
Irska
(EIR
)
Fins
ka (S
F)
Dan
ska
(DK
)
Japa
n (J
)
Nor
vešk
a (N
)
Slo
veni
ja (S
LO)
V. B
ritan
ija (G
B)
Grč
ka (G
R)
Nje
mač
ka (D
)
Eur
opsk
a un
ija (E
U 1
5)
Aus
trija
(A)
Italija
(I)
Esto
nija
(ES
T)
Češ
ka re
publ
ika
(CZ)
Špan
jols
ka (E
)
Rus
ija (R
US
S)
Por
tuga
l (P)
Belg
ija (B
)
Fran
cusk
a (F
)
Hrv
atsk
a (H
R)
Leto
nija
(LA
T)
Mađ
arsk
a (H
)
Srbi
ja i
Crn
a G
ora
(S&
CG
)
Slo
vačk
a (S
VK
)
Poljs
ka (P
L)
Litv
a (L
IT)
Bje
loru
sija
(BE
L)
Ukr
ajin
a (U
KR
)
Bos
na-H
erce
govi
na (B
IH)
Bug
arsk
a (B
G)
Rum
unjs
ka (R
)
Mak
edon
ija (F
YR
M)
Alba
nija
(AL)
Mol
davi
ja (M
OL)
Turs
ka (T
R)
kg/stanovniku
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Luks
embu
rg (L
)Is
land
(IS
)Be
lgija
(B)
Fins
ka (S
F)A
ustri
ja (A
)N
orve
ška
(N)
Irska
(EIR
)Šv
icar
ska
(CH
)Fr
ancu
ska
(F)
Špan
jols
ka (E
)S
love
nija
(SLO
)D
ansk
a (D
K)N
jem
ačka
(D)
SAD
(US
A)G
rčka
(GR
)E
urop
ska
unija
(EU
15)
Šve
dska
(S)
Italija
(I)
Portu
gal (
P)N
izoz
emsk
a (N
L)Ja
pan
(J)
Esto
nija
(EST
)V.
Brit
anija
(GB
)H
rvat
ska
(HR
)Č
eška
repu
blik
a (C
Z)Le
toni
ja (L
AT)
Mađ
arsk
a (H
)Po
ljska
(PL)
Alba
nija
(AL)
Litv
a (L
IT)
Bug
arsk
a (B
G)
Slo
vačk
a (S
VK)
Bjel
orus
ija (B
EL)
Rus
ija (R
USS
)M
aked
onija
(FYR
M)
Srb
ija i
Crn
a G
ora
(S&C
G)
Rum
unjs
ka (R
)Tu
rska
(TR
)Bo
sna-
Her
cego
vina
(BIH
)U
kraj
ina
(UKR
)M
olda
vija
(MO
L)
kg/stanovniku
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, 2005
15.32 PJ128.7 GWh34.7 MW623.9 MWTOTAL0.55 PJ00113.9 MWGEOTHERMAL
0108.3 GWh26.7 MW0SMALL HIDRO
14.77 PJ10.9 GWh2.0 MW512.0 MWBIOMASS
09.5 GWh5.95 MW0WIND
N/A50.1 MWh48.8 kWN/ASOLAR
Thermal energy production
Electricity production
Installed electricalcapacity
Installed thermalcapacity
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
CO2-eq (kt)
"With measures" scenario "With additional measures" scenario "No measures" scenario Kyoto Protocol (Decesion on CoP 12)
GHG EMISSION PROJECTION
COMPARISON OF NATIONAL EMISSIONS
SO2 emission per capita, 2004
0 10 20 30 40 50
Greece
Slovenia
Hungary
Slovakia
EU-25
Croatia
EU-15
Italy
France
Germany
Austria
kg/capita
NOx emission per capita, 2004
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Slovenia
Greece
Austria
EU-15
EU-25
Italy
France
Germany
Hungary
Slovakia
Croatia
kg/capita
CO2 emission per capita, 2004
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Germany
Greece
Austria
Italy
Slovenia
Slovakia
EU-25
France
Hungary
Croatia
t/capita
CHRONOLOGY
1994 - Energy Sector Development and Organisation Program –PROHES
1997 - National Energy Programs – NEP (7 energy efficiency programs + 5 renewable energy programs)
1998 - Strategy of Energy Sector Development2000 - Concept of Energy Sector Reform2001 - Energy Laws (Energy Law, Law on Regulating Energy Activities,
Electricity Energy Market Law, Oil and Oil Derivates Market Law, Gas Market Law)
2002 - New Energy Strategy – Croatia in 21 Century (adopted by Parliament)
2003 - Fund for Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency2004/7 - Amendments to Energy Legislation (Law on Generation, Distribution
and Supply of Thermal Energy)
2007 - New By-laws for Renewable Energy Sources (incentives for renewables - feed-in tariffs)
OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY STRATEGY
Energy efficiency increaseSecurity of energy supply
Diversification of energy sources
Utilisation of renewable energy sourcesRealistic energy prices, energy market and private enterprise development
Environmental protection
NATIONAL ENERGY PROGRAMS- EE -
PLINCROProgram of the
gasification of Croatia
KUENzgrada
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
KOGENProgram of
cogeneration
KUENcts
Energy Efficiency incentralized thermal
systems
TRANCROEnergy Efficiency in
Transport
MIEEIndustrial Energy
Efficiency Network
CROTOKNational Programme
on Energy Development on
Islands
NATIONAL ENERGY PROGRAMS - RES -
BIOENProgram of the use of
bioenergy
SUNENProgram of the solar
energy use
ENWINDProgram of the use of
wind power
GEOENProgram of the use of
geothermal energyMAHEProgram of
construction of small hydro power plants
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FUND
Fund was established in 2003 to finance programs, projects and other activities in the field of environmental protection, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.For 2006, Fund allocated 13.6 million EUR for projects and programs of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as follow:
o 6.0 million EUR for energy efficiency projects (national energy programs), o 4.4 million EUR for renewable energy sources, o 2.1 million EUR for sustainable buildings, o 0.7 million EUR for clean transport, o 0.3 million EUR for studies and o 0.3 million EUR for other purposes.
For 2007, Fund allocated 19.4 million EUR (43% more).
Renewable Energy Resources Project (started: 2005)o International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD (GEF implementing
agency) awarded a grant (5.5 million USD) to the Croatia. Fund for Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency (EPEEF) co-finance the project in amount of 2.5 million USD.
Croatian Energy Efficiency Project (started: 2003)o Total value of the Project, with participation of domestic banks, is estimated at 40
million USD (loan by the World Bank in the amount of 4.4 million EUR and a GEF grant in the amount of 5 million USD) over a six-year period.
Removing barriers for improving energy efficiency of the residential and service sectors (started: 2005)
o The overall Project budget provided by UNDP-GEF is 4.39 million USD (possible additional 7.9 million USD in co-financing). The project will run for 4 years.
ONGOING PROJECTS RELATED TO EE AND RES IN CROATIA
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES PROJECT
The project is financed by IBRD/GEF (EPEEF - co financier). Croatian Reconstruction and Development Bank (HBOR) is Implementing Agency for administering the grant funds.
Objectives:o develop an economically and ecologically sustainable market of renewable
sources of energy in Croatia, o reduce the dependence of the Croatian economy on the imports of electricity and
fossil fuels, o reduce GHG emission, o create conditions necessary for attracting private investments in renewable energy
sources, o promote the development of industry at the local level, o promote employment.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT
Project was initiated by the World Bank and GEF in collaboration with Croatian Electric Utility Company (HEP) and HBOR. For this purpose HEP ESCO was established. HEP ESCO currently manages more than 50 projects in the areas of public lighting, buildings, industry and energy supply systems. The projects are in various stages of development, execution or financing.Objectives:
o save electricity and heating energy by financing the reconstruction and modernisation of facilities,
o create of an energy efficiency market,o reduce GHG emissions,o make Croatia’s economy more competitive, o reduce dependence on energy imports, o increase the demand for, and supply of, energy efficiency projects and services, o improve the affordability of energy services, o generate employment.
REMOVING BARRIERS FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE RESIDENTIAL
AND SERVICE SECTORSThe Project is implemented according the UNDP NEX (National Execution) model. Ministry of Economy is an Executing Agency. Project Management and Technical Support Unit (PMTSU) has been established as a projectimplementing agency. Two energy efficiency pilot projects started in 2006 (“A Systematic Energy Management in Towns – Sisak town” and “Put Your House in Order”).Objectives:
o enhance capacity of the regional authorities to promote EE,o increase public awareness of the available EE technologies,o reduce GHG emission, o replication of similar projects on other regions and technologies,o enhance capacity of the local stakeholders to initiate/support the implementation
of EE measures in the service sector,o pipeline of "bankable" EE investment proposals for the service sector facilities,o creation of system for monitoring the GHG emission reductions.
FURTHER ACTIVITIES
Harmonisation of Croatia’s legislations with EU More intensive cooperation with local communities (regional energy centres and offices)Intensive international cooperation (best practice exchange)Promotion and educationIncrease of climate change awareness
