effect of tire crumb rubber (tcr) on the gyratory ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre...

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http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1138 [email protected] International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1138–1150, Article ID: IJCIET_09_09_110 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON THE GYRATORY COMPACTION OF STONE MASTIC ASPHALT Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia R. Muniandy, S. Hassim Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Madzlan Napiah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia ABSTRACT Compaction is one of the most important parameters that affect the properties and performance of asphalt mixture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TCR on the gyratory compaction of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. Samples for performance tests were prepared using Superpave mix design method. A 40 mesh TCR powder was varied from 0 to 2.5 % by weight of the total mix with 0.5% increment. Several analyses including the volumetric properties of SMA, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties, stability and flow were tested for both control and rubberized mixtures. The results showed that as the amount of TCR increased the number of gyrations required increased and the drain down of the binder decreased. The rubberized samples showed better stability, resilient modulus and drain down resistance than the control samples. The Optimum amount of the TCR was found to be 0.9% of the total weight of the mix that corresponds to the 72 number of gyrations. That optimum fulfils the Superpave mix asphalt method requirements in terms of air voids, volumetric properties, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties, stability and flow. Keywords: Tire Crumb Rubber; Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC); Number of Gyrations; SMA Volumetric Properties; Drain Down. Cite this Article: Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei, R. Muniandy, S. Hassim and Madzlan Napiah, Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018, pp. 1138–1150. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9

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Page 1: EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON THE GYRATORY ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic asphalt mixture samples using

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1138 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1138–1150, Article ID: IJCIET_09_09_110

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON

THE GYRATORY COMPACTION OF STONE

MASTIC ASPHALT

Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia

R. Muniandy, S. Hassim

Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

Madzlan Napiah

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Compaction is one of the most important parameters that affect the properties and

performance of asphalt mixture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of

TCR on the gyratory compaction of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. Samples for

performance tests were prepared using Superpave mix design method. A 40 mesh TCR

powder was varied from 0 to 2.5 % by weight of the total mix with 0.5% increment.

Several analyses including the volumetric properties of SMA, resilient modulus and

Marshall Properties, stability and flow were tested for both control and rubberized

mixtures. The results showed that as the amount of TCR increased the number of

gyrations required increased and the drain down of the binder decreased. The

rubberized samples showed better stability, resilient modulus and drain down

resistance than the control samples. The Optimum amount of the TCR was found to be

0.9% of the total weight of the mix that corresponds to the 72 number of gyrations. That

optimum fulfils the Superpave mix asphalt method requirements in terms of air voids,

volumetric properties, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties, stability and flow.

Keywords: Tire Crumb Rubber; Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC); Number of

Gyrations; SMA Volumetric Properties; Drain Down.

Cite this Article: Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei, R. Muniandy, S. Hassim and Madzlan

Napiah, Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone

Mastic Asphalt, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018,

pp. 1138–1150.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9

Page 2: EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON THE GYRATORY ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic asphalt mixture samples using

Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1139 [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION

Stone Mastic Asphalt is a gap-graded bituminous mixture which contains high proportions of

coarse aggregate and filler. In addition to that, this type of mix asphalt needs higher asphalt

content to keep the interlocked aggregate bound in intact .The combination is a mixture that

has excellent stone-on-stone contact which is very resistant to compaction, traffic loading,

rutting distresses and improves the Marshall properties of this type of mixtures [1-4]. The

Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) was developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers which

also been designed to compact the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures to simulate the rollers

compaction during the construction [5, 6]. The aims of using this compactor were to achieve

the density similar to that obtained in the field under traffic. In addition to the orient the

aggregate particles as same as happened in the field [5, 7, 8]. Number of Gyrations required

for HMA using SGC to achieve the desired thickness or density is based on the level of traffic

loading that mix asphalt will design for [8-10]. Each type of mixture either dense- graded, gap

- graded or open- graded has a different effect based on the percentage of the components

(coarse, fine aggregate, filler, and additives) using in the mixture [11, 12] as well as the Mix

asphalt design method [12]. In addition to the air voids required to achieve the desirable

density. These Parameters have the direct relationship with the number of gyration, as a high

density required (lower air voids) that will be needed the higher number of gyrations [13].

The temperature of Compaction is also one of the very important parameters has the indirect

effect on the number of gyrations. It was shown that variation of the temperature slightly affects

the volumetric properties of the mixtures which include the density that increased as the

number of gyration increased and introduced a potential change in the stiffness modulus [14].

It was observed that the effect of angle of gyration and ram pressure on the number of gyrations

had a direct effect on the volumetric based on the type of mix and grade of bitumen used [13,

14]. The results of a recent study showed that the good improving for volumetric properties as

the percentages of TCR increased as well as the resilient modulus and Marshall properties [15].

Another study presented that the SMA mixtures with rubber showed good binding properties

for SMA performance [16].

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of crumb rubber on properties

of asphalt mixtures by several parameters. However, the previous studies conducted fails to

address one of the most important factors, that is effect of number of gyrations which has direct

effect on the volumetric properties and performance of the asphalt mixture. Therefore, this

study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic

asphalt mixture samples using Superpave gyratory compaction method.

Another important factor to be mentioned here is, usually with SMA, cellulose fiber is used

to improve the resistant of SMA for the drain down of the binder [1, 17, 18]. However, there

is previous study used TCR as a drain down preventative in SMA that provided good results

but it was blended with other additives ( Low-Density Polyethylene) [19]. Another study also

used a wet process to investigate the effects of TCR as a drain down preventive in gap-graded

mixtures. It was found that the TCR minimized the drain down of the binder for the long term

[20].Therefore, In this study, TCR is used without any other additives, which means not only

as a preventive for drain down but also for improving the resistance of the asphalt mixture for

loading, compaction, and enhancement the durability and strength of the asphalt mix as well.

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Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1140 [email protected]

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Materials

Crushed granite aggregate with maximum nominal size of 19mm was used throughout this

study to prepare the stone asphalt mixture samples. Table 1 shows the physical properties of

granite aggregate used. Also, the desired gradation of the selected aggregate as shown in

Figure1. Bitumen binder grade 60/70 penetration with the properties shown in Table 2 was

used. The gradation of tire crumb rubber was used in this study no.40 (0.425mm) with a density

of tire crumb rubber of 1.15 gm/cm3.The chemical component of TCR as shown in Table 3.

Table 1 Physical Properties of Granite Aggregate

Test Standard used Results obtained Requirement Notes

LA ASTM C131 17.80% < 30% Suitable

Soundness ASTM C88 5.73% < 12% Suitable

Specific Gravity ASTM C127 2.615 ˃ 2.60 Suitable

Table 2 Properties of bitumen Binder

Test Standard used Results obtained

Penetration @25°C ASTM D5 60.33

Ductility@25°C ASTM D113 ˃ 100

Softening Point, °C ASTM D36 57.50

Flash Point, °C ASTM D92 304

Fire Point, °C ASTM D92 ˃ 310

Specific Gravity ASTM D70 1.03

Viscosity @ 135 °C ASTM D4402 436.95

Viscosity @ 165 °C ASTM D4402 115.28

Table 3 Chemical Component of TCR no. 40

Chemical

Component Test Results

Acetone extract (%) 23.1

Rubber hydrocarbon 46.6

Carbon black content 25.08

Natural rubber content 43.85

Ash content (%) 5.2

Particle size(µ) 425

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Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1141 [email protected]

Figure 1 Selected Aggregate Gradation

2.2. Experimentation Methods

2.2.1. Preparation of control mixture samples

The study was completely conducted at University Putra Malaysia which is the part of Master

thesis. The Superpave mixture design method was used to prepare the asphalt mixture samples.

The number of gyrations for control samples taken 125 gyrations according to Superpave

standards. The samples were prepared according to the Superpave mix asphalt method

protocol, in terms of procedures and aging conditioning. For each asphalt content, three

samples were compacted at the estimated asphalt content to the target design number of

gyrations using the SGC. The bulk specific gravity of the compacted samples was obtained

according to AASHTO T 166 standard test procedure. Another set of two identical samples in

the loose condition of the same mix was prepared for the maximum theoretical density

determination which was done using the rice method according to AASHTO T 209 standard.

The optimum asphalt content was determined as the asphalt content required to achieve 4

percent air voids at Ndes. The mixtures were then further analyzed to determine the volumetric

properties of the stone mastic asphalt, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties (stability and

flow). Finally, two samples of the same mixture were then compacted to the maximum number

of gyration Nmax and the volumetric properties were determined.

2.2.2. Preparation of rubberized mixture samples

Two specimens in the loose condition at the OAC at the different percentage of TCR (0.5%,

1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of total mix were prepared for the maximum theoretical density

determination which was done using the rice method. After that, three specimens were

compacted for each estimated tire crumb rubber content to the specified height (75mm) and the

number of gyrations of the Superpave gyratory compactor was monitored and recorded for all

samples. The optimum TCR and number of gyrations were determined at 4.0 percent air voids

according to Superpave specifications. Then the mixtures were then further analyzed to

determine the volumetric properties of the stone mastic asphalt, resilient modulus and Marshall

Properties (stability and flow).

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50

60

70

80

90

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Sieve Size (mm)

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Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1142 [email protected]

2.2.3. Drain Down Sample Preparation

Two specimens in the loose condition at the OAC at the different percentage of TCR (0%,

0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of the total mix were prepared to test the drain down of SMA.

Loose specimens were prepared and tested according to AASHTO T 305 at 160 °C which the

mixing temperature of the binder used in this study (60/70).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Controlled Superpave asphalt mixtures properties

The results of this group of specimens is shown in Table 4, which include the volumetric

properties and density according to the Superpave mix asphalt design method. Table 5 shows

the relationship of Gmm versus Number of gyrations at different asphalt content.

Table 4 Volumetric properties and density for different asphalt content

Asphalt Content,% B.Density,

gm/mm3 VTM,% VMA,% VFA,%

5 2.16 10.32 21.75 52.52

5.5 2.2 8.14 20.50 60.28

6 2.23 5.71 19.80 71.19

6.5 2.28 2.60 18.41 85.86

7 2.29 1.25 18.49 93.24

Table 5 Gmm at different number of gyrations and different asphalt content

Figures 2a, b and c illustrate the relationships of different asphalt contents with volumetric

properties and bulk density of this group of specimens. Also, Figures 3a, b, and c show the

maximum density (Gmm) of the mixtures prepared without TCR at the OAC was identified, to

see if it fulfills the requirements of Superpave for minimum and maximum of Gmm. However

according to the Superpave mix asphalt design method the optimum asphalt content is the

asphalt content which corresponds to 4% of the air void with meeting the other requirements

of Superpave for volumetric properties and minimum and maximum density. But for getting

more details about the performance of this set of specimens, resilient modulus and Marshall

Properties (stability and Flow) tests were conducted. The results of resilient modulus and

Marshall Properties (Stability and Flow) tests of this group of specimens are shown in Figure

4.

N/AC 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

9 79.06 81.12 83.09 84.56 86.99

20 82.73 84.82 86.81 88.44 90.44

50 86.47 88.60 91.06 92.15 94.78

125 89.66 91.85 94.29 97.38 98.75

205 92.67 94.48 97.02 98.10 99.28

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Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1143 [email protected]

Fig 2a. Air voids vs. asphalt content Fig 2b. VMA vs. asphalt content

Figure 2c. VFA versus asphalt content

Fig 3a. Gmm at Ni vs. asphalt content Fig 3b. Gmm at Nmax vs. asphalt content

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Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1144 [email protected]

Figure 3c Gmm versus number of gyrations at different asphalt content

Fig 4a. Resilient modulus versus asphalt content Fig 4b. Stability versus asphalt content.

Figure 4c Flow versus asphalt content

Based on the Superpave mix design method, the OAC for this set of asphalt mixtures was

found to be 6.1% which corresponding to 4% of air void. The OAC is fulfilled the superpave

requirements as shown in Table 6.

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Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1145 [email protected]

Table 6 Comparison of the results obtained with the specification

Property Specification Result

Obtained Status

VMA, % 17 Minimum 19.35 Accepted

VFA, % 70-80 75 Accepted

Gmm at Nmax ≤ 98 96.65 Accepted

Gmm at Nmin ≤ 89 83.25 Accepted

Resilient

Modulus, MPa 2500 Minimum 2560 Accepted

Stability, kN 8 Minimum 12.7 Accepted

Flow, mm 2 – 4 3.3 Accepted

3.2. Rubberized Superpave asphalt mixtures properties

The results of this set of specimens are shown in Table 7, which shows the average of

volumetric properties and density of this set of specimens according to the Superpave mix

asphalt design method. In addition to that Table 8 shows Bulk density at different tire crumb

rubber content versus the number of gyrations was observed for each amount of TCR. Figures

5a, b and c illustrate the relationships between the percentages of tire crumb rubber used versus

the number of gyrations observed and density of this group of specimens.

Table 7 Volumetric properties, density and Number of gyration for different Tire Crumb Rubber

content

TCR,% B. Density, gm/mm3 Number of gyrations VTM,% VMA,% VFA,%

0.0 2.16 51 7.37 22.57 67.36

0.5 2.17 63 6.40 21.96 70.85

1.0 2.21 68 4.01 20.69 80.61

1.5 2.23 76 2.52 19.77 87.28

2.0 2.23 106 1.89 20.00 90.53

2.5 2.24 123 0.62 19.57 96.83

Table 8 Bulk density at different TCR content and different number of gyrations

N/TCR 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0 1.72 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.86 1.87

20 2.03 2.07 2.09 2.10 2.10 2.12

40 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.2

60 - 2.17 2.21 2.20 2.21 2.22

80 - - - 2.23 2.23 2.23

100 - - - - 2.23 2.239

120 - - - - - 2.24

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Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1146 [email protected]

Fig 5a Number of gyrations versus TCR Fig 5b Number of gyrations versus TCR.

Figure 5c Number of gyrations versus Bulk density at different TCR content

Based on the results of this set of specimens, the Optimum amount of TCR was found to

be 0.9% of the total mix and the optimum number of gyration was observed to be 72 gyrations,

that corresponding to 4% of air voids as recommended by Superpave mix asphalt design

method. Figures 6a, b and c show the resilient modulus and Marshall Properties of this set of

specimens versus the different TCR contents with checking the requirements of Superpave at

the optimum % of TCR was determined.

Figure 6a Resilient modulus versus TCR Figure 6b Stability versus TCR

Page 10: EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON THE GYRATORY ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic asphalt mixture samples using

Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1147 [email protected]

Figure 6c Flow versus tire crumb rubber Figure 7 Drainage versus Crumb Rubber

3.3. Draindown resistance

The results of this test are shown in Figure 7. It illustrates the relationship between the amount

of TCR and drain down of SMA. Also the drain down corresponding to optimum percentage

of TCR (0.9%) is highlighted in the graph. As found previously and based on the Superpave

mix design method, the Optimum of TCR amount which corresponding to 4% of air voids is

0.9 %. This amount of TCR was investigated to see whether it met the requirements of

Superpave for volumetric properties, resilient modulus, Marshall Properties and drain down.

The results are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 Comparison of the results obtained with the specification at Optimum TCR%

Property Specification Result Status

VMA, % 17 Minimum 20.9 Accepted

VFA, % 70-80 78 Accepted

Resilient Modulus, 2500 Minimum 2620 Accepted

Stability, kN 8 Minimum 12.8 Accepted

Flow, mm 2 – 4 2.7 Accepted

Drain down,% ≤ 0.3% 0.23 Accepted

3.4. Discussion

The effects of tire crumb rubber on the number of gyrations and volumetric properties of SMA

were investigated through this study by determining the OAC of the control samples using

Superpave mix asphalt design method (100mm diameter of the specimen). The Optimum

asphalt content was found to be 6.1% which is the acceptable range according to the standards

and previous studies dealing with SMA which determined the OAC for SMA around more than

6%. This is due to the higher percentage of the filler in the stone mastic asphalt. In addition to

the higher percentage of coarse aggregate that needs more asphalt content to coat all surface

area of coarse aggregate. The OAC determined from the first procedure of the lab work was

used for all the rest sets of asphalt mixing in this study that is to allow observing the effects of

TCR on the number of gyrations and drain down of SMA.

The results of the second set of the specimens in this study as shown in the relationships

between the different amount of TCR and number of gyrations which showed that as the

amount of TCR increased the number of gyration required to achieve the fixed thickness of

specimen (75 mm in this study) increased. This increasing of the number of gyrations due to

the higher stiffness of the rubber which needs more effort of compaction. Regarding the

volumetric properties of SMA for this set of specimens as the results showed before all the

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Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1148 [email protected]

volumetric properties within the specifications of Superpave mix asphalt design method which

indicate that the using of TCR in the SMA by a dry process has good effects on the volumetric

properties of SMA.

In addition to the requirements of Superpave analysis and testing, resilient modulus and

Marshall Properties were checked for all specimens of this study to be sure if the results meet

the requirements. Good results of the resilient modulus were shown for both control and

rubberized samples. However, the resilient modulus of the rubberized samples was not higher

due to the different number of gyrations for each sample which normally affected on the

resilient modulus results. That’s was because the main aim of this study is to check the effects

of TCR on the number of gyrations which should be variable. Also, this change in the number

of gyrations has same effects on the stability and flow results of the rubberized samples. In

general, the results of resilient modulus and Marshall Properties (stability and flow) were good

and met the specifications of the Superpave design method requirements.

The results of the third set of specimens which assessed the effects of TCR on the drain

down of SMA showed that as the amount of TCR increases the drain down decreases. The

reason behind that is the absorption of the rubber for the asphalt binder which prevents the

asphalt to go out of the mixture. However the tire crumb rubber is not considered as a higher

preventative for drain down of the SMA as the cellulose fiber, but it is a suitable preventative

to reduce the drain down of the SMA to be within the specifications. In addition to being a

good additive to improve the resistance of mixture for compaction, loading and enhance the

durability and strength of the asphalt mixture. Conversely to the cellulose fibre which us only

as the penetrative for drain down. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, there is a

strong relationship between the TCR and number of gyrations and the drain down (Since R

square more than 0.8). Also the t-test showed that the TCR significantly affects on the number

of gyration and drain down at 95% level of confidence.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the objectives of this study, three sets of specimens were prepared after the

characterization of the materials were used (asphalt, aggregate and tire crumb rubber) to meet

the specifications. As the results of these three groups were shown above, we can conclude the

findings as the following:

• The Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) of SMA was found to be 6.1% in this study.

• The relationship between the amount of TCR used and the number of gyrations observed to

achieve 75 mm height of specimens’ shows that as the amount of TCR increases, required

compaction effort increases.

• The volumetric and Marshall Properties of both, the control and rubberized SMA mixtures

showed acceptable trends and could meet the requirements.

• The appropriate amount of the TCR was found 0.9 % of the total weight of the mix which

corresponds to the 72 number of gyrations. This amount showed the 4% of the air void and

acceptable results of the rest volumetric properties, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties

(stability and flow).In addition to the acceptable performance to prevent the drain down of

SMA.

• The relationship between the amount of TCR and drain down of SMA showed the inverse

relationship (as the amount of TCR increases the drain down decreases).

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Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt

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Page 13: EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON THE GYRATORY ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic asphalt mixture samples using

Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1150 [email protected]

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