effect of tire crumb rubber (tcr) on the gyratory ...€¦ · study investigates the effect of tyre...
TRANSCRIPT
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1138 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1138–1150, Article ID: IJCIET_09_09_110
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
EFFECT OF TIRE CRUMB RUBBER (TCR) ON
THE GYRATORY COMPACTION OF STONE
MASTIC ASPHALT
Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
R. Muniandy, S. Hassim
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Madzlan Napiah
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Compaction is one of the most important parameters that affect the properties and
performance of asphalt mixture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of
TCR on the gyratory compaction of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. Samples for
performance tests were prepared using Superpave mix design method. A 40 mesh TCR
powder was varied from 0 to 2.5 % by weight of the total mix with 0.5% increment.
Several analyses including the volumetric properties of SMA, resilient modulus and
Marshall Properties, stability and flow were tested for both control and rubberized
mixtures. The results showed that as the amount of TCR increased the number of
gyrations required increased and the drain down of the binder decreased. The
rubberized samples showed better stability, resilient modulus and drain down
resistance than the control samples. The Optimum amount of the TCR was found to be
0.9% of the total weight of the mix that corresponds to the 72 number of gyrations. That
optimum fulfils the Superpave mix asphalt method requirements in terms of air voids,
volumetric properties, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties, stability and flow.
Keywords: Tire Crumb Rubber; Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC); Number of
Gyrations; SMA Volumetric Properties; Drain Down.
Cite this Article: Abdulnaser Al-Sabaeei, R. Muniandy, S. Hassim and Madzlan
Napiah, Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone
Mastic Asphalt, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018,
pp. 1138–1150.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1139 [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Stone Mastic Asphalt is a gap-graded bituminous mixture which contains high proportions of
coarse aggregate and filler. In addition to that, this type of mix asphalt needs higher asphalt
content to keep the interlocked aggregate bound in intact .The combination is a mixture that
has excellent stone-on-stone contact which is very resistant to compaction, traffic loading,
rutting distresses and improves the Marshall properties of this type of mixtures [1-4]. The
Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) was developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers which
also been designed to compact the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures to simulate the rollers
compaction during the construction [5, 6]. The aims of using this compactor were to achieve
the density similar to that obtained in the field under traffic. In addition to the orient the
aggregate particles as same as happened in the field [5, 7, 8]. Number of Gyrations required
for HMA using SGC to achieve the desired thickness or density is based on the level of traffic
loading that mix asphalt will design for [8-10]. Each type of mixture either dense- graded, gap
- graded or open- graded has a different effect based on the percentage of the components
(coarse, fine aggregate, filler, and additives) using in the mixture [11, 12] as well as the Mix
asphalt design method [12]. In addition to the air voids required to achieve the desirable
density. These Parameters have the direct relationship with the number of gyration, as a high
density required (lower air voids) that will be needed the higher number of gyrations [13].
The temperature of Compaction is also one of the very important parameters has the indirect
effect on the number of gyrations. It was shown that variation of the temperature slightly affects
the volumetric properties of the mixtures which include the density that increased as the
number of gyration increased and introduced a potential change in the stiffness modulus [14].
It was observed that the effect of angle of gyration and ram pressure on the number of gyrations
had a direct effect on the volumetric based on the type of mix and grade of bitumen used [13,
14]. The results of a recent study showed that the good improving for volumetric properties as
the percentages of TCR increased as well as the resilient modulus and Marshall properties [15].
Another study presented that the SMA mixtures with rubber showed good binding properties
for SMA performance [16].
Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of crumb rubber on properties
of asphalt mixtures by several parameters. However, the previous studies conducted fails to
address one of the most important factors, that is effect of number of gyrations which has direct
effect on the volumetric properties and performance of the asphalt mixture. Therefore, this
study investigates the effect of tyre crumb rubber on number of gyrations for stone mastic
asphalt mixture samples using Superpave gyratory compaction method.
Another important factor to be mentioned here is, usually with SMA, cellulose fiber is used
to improve the resistant of SMA for the drain down of the binder [1, 17, 18]. However, there
is previous study used TCR as a drain down preventative in SMA that provided good results
but it was blended with other additives ( Low-Density Polyethylene) [19]. Another study also
used a wet process to investigate the effects of TCR as a drain down preventive in gap-graded
mixtures. It was found that the TCR minimized the drain down of the binder for the long term
[20].Therefore, In this study, TCR is used without any other additives, which means not only
as a preventive for drain down but also for improving the resistance of the asphalt mixture for
loading, compaction, and enhancement the durability and strength of the asphalt mix as well.
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1140 [email protected]
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials
Crushed granite aggregate with maximum nominal size of 19mm was used throughout this
study to prepare the stone asphalt mixture samples. Table 1 shows the physical properties of
granite aggregate used. Also, the desired gradation of the selected aggregate as shown in
Figure1. Bitumen binder grade 60/70 penetration with the properties shown in Table 2 was
used. The gradation of tire crumb rubber was used in this study no.40 (0.425mm) with a density
of tire crumb rubber of 1.15 gm/cm3.The chemical component of TCR as shown in Table 3.
Table 1 Physical Properties of Granite Aggregate
Test Standard used Results obtained Requirement Notes
LA ASTM C131 17.80% < 30% Suitable
Soundness ASTM C88 5.73% < 12% Suitable
Specific Gravity ASTM C127 2.615 ˃ 2.60 Suitable
Table 2 Properties of bitumen Binder
Test Standard used Results obtained
Penetration @25°C ASTM D5 60.33
Ductility@25°C ASTM D113 ˃ 100
Softening Point, °C ASTM D36 57.50
Flash Point, °C ASTM D92 304
Fire Point, °C ASTM D92 ˃ 310
Specific Gravity ASTM D70 1.03
Viscosity @ 135 °C ASTM D4402 436.95
Viscosity @ 165 °C ASTM D4402 115.28
Table 3 Chemical Component of TCR no. 40
Chemical
Component Test Results
Acetone extract (%) 23.1
Rubber hydrocarbon 46.6
Carbon black content 25.08
Natural rubber content 43.85
Ash content (%) 5.2
Particle size(µ) 425
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1141 [email protected]
Figure 1 Selected Aggregate Gradation
2.2. Experimentation Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of control mixture samples
The study was completely conducted at University Putra Malaysia which is the part of Master
thesis. The Superpave mixture design method was used to prepare the asphalt mixture samples.
The number of gyrations for control samples taken 125 gyrations according to Superpave
standards. The samples were prepared according to the Superpave mix asphalt method
protocol, in terms of procedures and aging conditioning. For each asphalt content, three
samples were compacted at the estimated asphalt content to the target design number of
gyrations using the SGC. The bulk specific gravity of the compacted samples was obtained
according to AASHTO T 166 standard test procedure. Another set of two identical samples in
the loose condition of the same mix was prepared for the maximum theoretical density
determination which was done using the rice method according to AASHTO T 209 standard.
The optimum asphalt content was determined as the asphalt content required to achieve 4
percent air voids at Ndes. The mixtures were then further analyzed to determine the volumetric
properties of the stone mastic asphalt, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties (stability and
flow). Finally, two samples of the same mixture were then compacted to the maximum number
of gyration Nmax and the volumetric properties were determined.
2.2.2. Preparation of rubberized mixture samples
Two specimens in the loose condition at the OAC at the different percentage of TCR (0.5%,
1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of total mix were prepared for the maximum theoretical density
determination which was done using the rice method. After that, three specimens were
compacted for each estimated tire crumb rubber content to the specified height (75mm) and the
number of gyrations of the Superpave gyratory compactor was monitored and recorded for all
samples. The optimum TCR and number of gyrations were determined at 4.0 percent air voids
according to Superpave specifications. Then the mixtures were then further analyzed to
determine the volumetric properties of the stone mastic asphalt, resilient modulus and Marshall
Properties (stability and flow).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10
Pe
rce
nt
Pa
ssin
g
Sieve Size (mm)
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Mid. point
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1142 [email protected]
2.2.3. Drain Down Sample Preparation
Two specimens in the loose condition at the OAC at the different percentage of TCR (0%,
0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of the total mix were prepared to test the drain down of SMA.
Loose specimens were prepared and tested according to AASHTO T 305 at 160 °C which the
mixing temperature of the binder used in this study (60/70).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Controlled Superpave asphalt mixtures properties
The results of this group of specimens is shown in Table 4, which include the volumetric
properties and density according to the Superpave mix asphalt design method. Table 5 shows
the relationship of Gmm versus Number of gyrations at different asphalt content.
Table 4 Volumetric properties and density for different asphalt content
Asphalt Content,% B.Density,
gm/mm3 VTM,% VMA,% VFA,%
5 2.16 10.32 21.75 52.52
5.5 2.2 8.14 20.50 60.28
6 2.23 5.71 19.80 71.19
6.5 2.28 2.60 18.41 85.86
7 2.29 1.25 18.49 93.24
Table 5 Gmm at different number of gyrations and different asphalt content
Figures 2a, b and c illustrate the relationships of different asphalt contents with volumetric
properties and bulk density of this group of specimens. Also, Figures 3a, b, and c show the
maximum density (Gmm) of the mixtures prepared without TCR at the OAC was identified, to
see if it fulfills the requirements of Superpave for minimum and maximum of Gmm. However
according to the Superpave mix asphalt design method the optimum asphalt content is the
asphalt content which corresponds to 4% of the air void with meeting the other requirements
of Superpave for volumetric properties and minimum and maximum density. But for getting
more details about the performance of this set of specimens, resilient modulus and Marshall
Properties (stability and Flow) tests were conducted. The results of resilient modulus and
Marshall Properties (Stability and Flow) tests of this group of specimens are shown in Figure
4.
N/AC 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
9 79.06 81.12 83.09 84.56 86.99
20 82.73 84.82 86.81 88.44 90.44
50 86.47 88.60 91.06 92.15 94.78
125 89.66 91.85 94.29 97.38 98.75
205 92.67 94.48 97.02 98.10 99.28
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1143 [email protected]
Fig 2a. Air voids vs. asphalt content Fig 2b. VMA vs. asphalt content
Figure 2c. VFA versus asphalt content
Fig 3a. Gmm at Ni vs. asphalt content Fig 3b. Gmm at Nmax vs. asphalt content
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1144 [email protected]
Figure 3c Gmm versus number of gyrations at different asphalt content
Fig 4a. Resilient modulus versus asphalt content Fig 4b. Stability versus asphalt content.
Figure 4c Flow versus asphalt content
Based on the Superpave mix design method, the OAC for this set of asphalt mixtures was
found to be 6.1% which corresponding to 4% of air void. The OAC is fulfilled the superpave
requirements as shown in Table 6.
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1145 [email protected]
Table 6 Comparison of the results obtained with the specification
Property Specification Result
Obtained Status
VMA, % 17 Minimum 19.35 Accepted
VFA, % 70-80 75 Accepted
Gmm at Nmax ≤ 98 96.65 Accepted
Gmm at Nmin ≤ 89 83.25 Accepted
Resilient
Modulus, MPa 2500 Minimum 2560 Accepted
Stability, kN 8 Minimum 12.7 Accepted
Flow, mm 2 – 4 3.3 Accepted
3.2. Rubberized Superpave asphalt mixtures properties
The results of this set of specimens are shown in Table 7, which shows the average of
volumetric properties and density of this set of specimens according to the Superpave mix
asphalt design method. In addition to that Table 8 shows Bulk density at different tire crumb
rubber content versus the number of gyrations was observed for each amount of TCR. Figures
5a, b and c illustrate the relationships between the percentages of tire crumb rubber used versus
the number of gyrations observed and density of this group of specimens.
Table 7 Volumetric properties, density and Number of gyration for different Tire Crumb Rubber
content
TCR,% B. Density, gm/mm3 Number of gyrations VTM,% VMA,% VFA,%
0.0 2.16 51 7.37 22.57 67.36
0.5 2.17 63 6.40 21.96 70.85
1.0 2.21 68 4.01 20.69 80.61
1.5 2.23 76 2.52 19.77 87.28
2.0 2.23 106 1.89 20.00 90.53
2.5 2.24 123 0.62 19.57 96.83
Table 8 Bulk density at different TCR content and different number of gyrations
N/TCR 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0 1.72 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.86 1.87
20 2.03 2.07 2.09 2.10 2.10 2.12
40 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.2
60 - 2.17 2.21 2.20 2.21 2.22
80 - - - 2.23 2.23 2.23
100 - - - - 2.23 2.239
120 - - - - - 2.24
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1146 [email protected]
Fig 5a Number of gyrations versus TCR Fig 5b Number of gyrations versus TCR.
Figure 5c Number of gyrations versus Bulk density at different TCR content
Based on the results of this set of specimens, the Optimum amount of TCR was found to
be 0.9% of the total mix and the optimum number of gyration was observed to be 72 gyrations,
that corresponding to 4% of air voids as recommended by Superpave mix asphalt design
method. Figures 6a, b and c show the resilient modulus and Marshall Properties of this set of
specimens versus the different TCR contents with checking the requirements of Superpave at
the optimum % of TCR was determined.
Figure 6a Resilient modulus versus TCR Figure 6b Stability versus TCR
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1147 [email protected]
Figure 6c Flow versus tire crumb rubber Figure 7 Drainage versus Crumb Rubber
3.3. Draindown resistance
The results of this test are shown in Figure 7. It illustrates the relationship between the amount
of TCR and drain down of SMA. Also the drain down corresponding to optimum percentage
of TCR (0.9%) is highlighted in the graph. As found previously and based on the Superpave
mix design method, the Optimum of TCR amount which corresponding to 4% of air voids is
0.9 %. This amount of TCR was investigated to see whether it met the requirements of
Superpave for volumetric properties, resilient modulus, Marshall Properties and drain down.
The results are shown in Table 9.
Table 9 Comparison of the results obtained with the specification at Optimum TCR%
Property Specification Result Status
VMA, % 17 Minimum 20.9 Accepted
VFA, % 70-80 78 Accepted
Resilient Modulus, 2500 Minimum 2620 Accepted
Stability, kN 8 Minimum 12.8 Accepted
Flow, mm 2 – 4 2.7 Accepted
Drain down,% ≤ 0.3% 0.23 Accepted
3.4. Discussion
The effects of tire crumb rubber on the number of gyrations and volumetric properties of SMA
were investigated through this study by determining the OAC of the control samples using
Superpave mix asphalt design method (100mm diameter of the specimen). The Optimum
asphalt content was found to be 6.1% which is the acceptable range according to the standards
and previous studies dealing with SMA which determined the OAC for SMA around more than
6%. This is due to the higher percentage of the filler in the stone mastic asphalt. In addition to
the higher percentage of coarse aggregate that needs more asphalt content to coat all surface
area of coarse aggregate. The OAC determined from the first procedure of the lab work was
used for all the rest sets of asphalt mixing in this study that is to allow observing the effects of
TCR on the number of gyrations and drain down of SMA.
The results of the second set of the specimens in this study as shown in the relationships
between the different amount of TCR and number of gyrations which showed that as the
amount of TCR increased the number of gyration required to achieve the fixed thickness of
specimen (75 mm in this study) increased. This increasing of the number of gyrations due to
the higher stiffness of the rubber which needs more effort of compaction. Regarding the
volumetric properties of SMA for this set of specimens as the results showed before all the
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1148 [email protected]
volumetric properties within the specifications of Superpave mix asphalt design method which
indicate that the using of TCR in the SMA by a dry process has good effects on the volumetric
properties of SMA.
In addition to the requirements of Superpave analysis and testing, resilient modulus and
Marshall Properties were checked for all specimens of this study to be sure if the results meet
the requirements. Good results of the resilient modulus were shown for both control and
rubberized samples. However, the resilient modulus of the rubberized samples was not higher
due to the different number of gyrations for each sample which normally affected on the
resilient modulus results. That’s was because the main aim of this study is to check the effects
of TCR on the number of gyrations which should be variable. Also, this change in the number
of gyrations has same effects on the stability and flow results of the rubberized samples. In
general, the results of resilient modulus and Marshall Properties (stability and flow) were good
and met the specifications of the Superpave design method requirements.
The results of the third set of specimens which assessed the effects of TCR on the drain
down of SMA showed that as the amount of TCR increases the drain down decreases. The
reason behind that is the absorption of the rubber for the asphalt binder which prevents the
asphalt to go out of the mixture. However the tire crumb rubber is not considered as a higher
preventative for drain down of the SMA as the cellulose fiber, but it is a suitable preventative
to reduce the drain down of the SMA to be within the specifications. In addition to being a
good additive to improve the resistance of mixture for compaction, loading and enhance the
durability and strength of the asphalt mixture. Conversely to the cellulose fibre which us only
as the penetrative for drain down. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, there is a
strong relationship between the TCR and number of gyrations and the drain down (Since R
square more than 0.8). Also the t-test showed that the TCR significantly affects on the number
of gyration and drain down at 95% level of confidence.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the objectives of this study, three sets of specimens were prepared after the
characterization of the materials were used (asphalt, aggregate and tire crumb rubber) to meet
the specifications. As the results of these three groups were shown above, we can conclude the
findings as the following:
• The Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) of SMA was found to be 6.1% in this study.
• The relationship between the amount of TCR used and the number of gyrations observed to
achieve 75 mm height of specimens’ shows that as the amount of TCR increases, required
compaction effort increases.
• The volumetric and Marshall Properties of both, the control and rubberized SMA mixtures
showed acceptable trends and could meet the requirements.
• The appropriate amount of the TCR was found 0.9 % of the total weight of the mix which
corresponds to the 72 number of gyrations. This amount showed the 4% of the air void and
acceptable results of the rest volumetric properties, resilient modulus and Marshall Properties
(stability and flow).In addition to the acceptable performance to prevent the drain down of
SMA.
• The relationship between the amount of TCR and drain down of SMA showed the inverse
relationship (as the amount of TCR increases the drain down decreases).
Effect of Tire Crumb Rubber (TCR) On The Gyratory Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1149 [email protected]
REFERENCES
[1] Beena, K. and C. Bindu. Influence Of Additives On The Drain Down Characteristics Of
Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures. International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Technology, 3(7), 2014, p. 83-88.
[2] Sarang, G., Lekha, B. M., Geethu, J. S., and Shankar, A. R. Laboratory performance of
stone matrix asphalt mixtures with two aggregate gradations. Journal of Modern
Transportation, 23(2), 2015. p. 130-136.
[3] Muniandy, R. and Huat, B.B. Laboratory diameteral fatigue performance of stone matrix
asphalt with cellulose oil palm fiber. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(9) 2006. p.
2005-2010.
[4] Xue, Y., Hou, H., Zhu, S., and Zha, J. Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ash
in stone mastic asphalt mixture: pavement performance and environmental impact.
Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 2009. p. 989-996.
[5] Asiamah, S.A., Relationship Between Laboratory Mix Properties and Rutting Resistance
for Superpave Mixtures. Ph.D. Dissertation: University of Florida, 2002.
[6] Mallick, R., Use of Superpave gyratory compactor to characterize hot-mix asphalt.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1681),
1999. p. 86-96.
[7] Al-Mistarehi, B., Superpave System versus Marshall Design Procedure for Asphalt Paving
Mixtures (Comparative Study). Global Journal of Research In Engineering, 14(5), 2014. p.
44-52.
[8] McGennis, R. B., Anderson, R. M., Kennedy, T. W., and Solaimanian, M. Background of
Superpave asphalt mixture design and analysis. Federal Highway Administration, 1995.
[9] [9] Anderson, R. and H. Bahia, Evaluation and selection of aggregate gradations for
asphalt mixtures using Superpave. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the
Transportation Research Board, (1583), 1997. p. 91-97.
[10] Cominsky, R. J., Huber, G. A., Kennedy, T. W., and Anderson, M. The superpave mix
design manual for new construction and overlays. Washington, Strategic Highway
Research Program, DC, 1994.
[11] Habib, A., Hossain, M., Kaldate, R., & Fager, G. Comparison of Superpave and Marshall
mixtures for low-volume roads and shoulders. Transportation Research Record: Journal of
the Transportation Research Board, (1609), 1998. p. 44-50.
[12] Watson, D., E. Brown, and J. Moore, Comparison of Superpave and Marshall mix
performance in Alabama. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, (1929), 2005. p. 133-140.
[13] Cho, D.-W., H. Bahia, and N. Kamel, Critical evaluation of use of the procedure of
superpave volumetric mixture design for modified binders. Transportation Research
Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1929), 2005. p. 114-125.
[14] Pérez-Jiménez, F., Martínez, A. H., Miró, R., Hernández-Barrera, D., and Araya-
Zamorano, L. Effect of compaction temperature and procedure on the design of asphalt
mixtures using Marshall and gyratory compactors. Construction and Building Materials,
65, 2014. p. 264-269.
[15] Mashaan, N. S., Ali, A. H., Koting, S., & Karim, M. R. Performance evaluation of crumb
rubber modified stone mastic asphalt pavement in Malaysia. Advances in Materials Science
and Engineering, 2013.
[16] Muniandy, R., Selim, A. A., Hassim, S., & Omar, H. Laboratory Evaluation of Ground Tire
Rubber in Stone Mastic Asphalt. The Journal of Engineering Research, 1, 2004. p. 53-58.
Atoyebi Olumoyewa D, Odeyemi Samson O, Bello Sefiu A and Ogbeifun Cephas O
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1150 [email protected]
[17] Muniandy, R., Jakarni, F. M., Hassim, S., & Mahmud, A. R. Thickness analysis of Stone
Mastic Asphalt (SMA) slab compacted using a newly developed roller compactor.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(4), 2007. p. 233-236.
[18] Putman, B.J. and S.N. Amirkhanian, Utilization of waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt
mixtures. Resources, conservation and recycling, 42(3), 2004. p. 265-274.
[19] Malarvizhi, G., N. Senthul, and C. Kamaraj, A study on Recycling of crumb rubber and
low density polyethylene blend on stone matrix asphalt. Inter, J. Sci. Res, 2(10), 2012.
[20] Lyons, K., Evaluation of rubber modified porous asphalt mixtures. Masters of Science
Thesis, Clemson University, 2012.