destiny mountain men like jedediahsmith and jim ... 13 –manifest destiny chapter 13.1 –trails...

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Chapter 13 – Manifest Destiny Chapter 13.1 –Trails West Mountain men like Jedediah Smith and Jim Beckworth survived by being tough and resourceful. To obtain furs, mountain men roamed the Great Plains to the far west, and between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. The rendezvous system allowed individual trappers to come to a prearranged site for a rendezvous with traders from the east who in turn sold supplies to the trappers. Mountain Men and the Rendezvous Jedediah Smith

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Page 1: Destiny Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim ... 13 –Manifest Destiny Chapter 13.1 –Trails West • Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim Beckworthsurvived by being tough

Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• Mountain men like Jedediah Smith and Jim

Beckworth survived by being tough and resourceful.

• To obtain furs, mountain men roamed the Great

Plains to the far west, and between the Mississippi

River and the Pacific Ocean.

• The rendezvous system allowed individual trappers

to come to a prearranged site for a rendezvous with

traders from the east who in turn sold supplies to

the trappers.

Mountain Men and the

Rendezvous

Jedediah Smith

Page 2: Destiny Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim ... 13 –Manifest Destiny Chapter 13.1 –Trails West • Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim Beckworthsurvived by being tough

Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Page 3: Destiny Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim ... 13 –Manifest Destiny Chapter 13.1 –Trails West • Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim Beckworthsurvived by being tough

Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• Smith, Beckworth, and other daring fur trappers

and explorers opened up routes West by

discovering the best trails through the Rocky

Mountains.

• Mountain men worked some streams so heavily,

they killed off the animals forcing them to search

for other streams

• These explorations provided Americans with first-

hand knowledge of the Far West

• Thousands of pioneers used South Pass, the wide

valley through the Rockies that Jedediah Smith had

publicized

• South Pass was wide and less steep, wagon trails

could run through it

Mountain Men Open the

West

Jim Beckwourth

Page 4: Destiny Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim ... 13 –Manifest Destiny Chapter 13.1 –Trails West • Mountain men like JedediahSmith and Jim Beckworthsurvived by being tough

Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• People called land speculators bought huge areas

of land

• They made great profits by selling those sections to

the thousands of settlers who dreamed of owning

their own farms

• They earned money by making and selling items

that farmers needed

The Lure of the West

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• Missouri trader William Becknell set out with

hardware, cloth, and china along the Santa Fe Trail,

that went from Missouri to Santa Fe

• One of Becknell’s bags, was cut, and spilled gold

and silver on the street

• The next spring, Becknell headed to Santa Fe by

loading his trade goods into covered wagons – he

discovered a shortcut and allowing him to avoid

steep slopes

• Before long, hundreds of traders and prairie

schooners braved the cutoff to make the 800-mile

journey from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

each year

The Trail to Santa Fe

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• The Oregon Trail ran from Independence, Missouri

to the Oregon Territory

• Marcus and Narcissa Whitman’s glowing reports of

Oregon’s rich land began to attract other American

settlers

• In 1843, nearly 1,000 people traveled from

Missouri to Oregon

Oregon Fever

Oregon Trail

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• Henry Sager, his wife, and six children left Missouri

to find fertile land in Oregon

• The Oregon Trail was dangerous, so pioneers

joined wagon trains

• Life on the trail was full of hardship and, later

“camp fever” killed both of the Sager parents

One Family Heads West

Conestoga Wagon on the Oregon Trail

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.1 – Trails West

• The Mormons were members of the Church of

Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

• Joseph Smith had founded this church in upstate

New York in 1830

• Brigham Young moved his people out of the United

States to Utah

• They built a new settlement by the Great Salt Lake,

and through teamwork, they made their new

desert homeland bloom

The Mormon Trail

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Chapter 13, Section 2 – The Texas

Revolution

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• The Spanish land called Tejas was rich and

desirable, and had forests in the east, rich soil for

growing corn and cotton, and great grassy plains

for grazing animals

• The Spanish officials wanted settlers to move to

Texas to defend against Native Americans and

illegal Americans

• The Spanish government offered huge tracts of

land to empresarios

• Moses Austin asked for permission to start a

colony in Texas, Spain agreed, and the settlers on

his land had to follow Spanish laws

Spanish Texas

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• In 1821, Mexico successfully gained its

independence from Spain

• Stephen Austin’s land grant became worthless, so

he had to persuade the new government to let him

start his colony

• The original Texas settler families, “Old Three

Hundred”, agreed to become Mexican citizens and

members of the Roman Catholic Church

• The success of Austin’s colony attracted more land

speculators and settlers moved to Texas, and by

1830 the population had swelled to about 30,000

Mexican Independence

Changes Texas

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• As more Americans settled in Texas, tensions with

Tejanos increased

• The Tejanos found the Americans difficult to live

with, because Americans seemed unwilling to

adapt to Mexican laws

• Responding to warnings, Mexico closed the state to

further American immigration, required Texans to

pay taxes for the first time, and the government

sent more Mexican troops to Texas

Rising Tensions in Texas

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• Some Texans talked about breaking away from

Mexico

• In 1833, Austin set off for Mexico City with a

petition to request that Texas become a self

governing state within Mexico

• Austin met with General Antonio Lopez de Santa

Anna, but was jailed after Santa Anna learned of a

letter Austin had written that supported Texas

becoming its own state

• In late September 1835, Mexican soldiers marched

to Gonzales to seize a cannon, and Texans had

hung a flag that said, “Come and Take It”

• Two months later, Texans drove Mexicans out of

San Antonio; angered by these insults, Santa Anna

and 6,000 troops headed to Texas

Texans Revolts Against

Mexico

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• March 1-2, 1836, Texans met at a settlement called

Washington-on-the-Brazos

• They declared independence with Sam Houston in

command of the army

• 420 men, led by James Fannin, were stationed at

Goliad, and 183 volunteers were at the Alamo,

headed by William Travis, and this included Davy

Crockett, Jim Bowie, and Juan Seguin

• The Alamo’s defenders held of the Mexican attack

for 12 days, but on the 13th day, Santa Anna

ordered more than 1,800 men to storm the fortress

• All but 5 Texans were dead and the Battle of the

Alamo was over, 183 died, and Susanna Dickenson

was ordered to tell others the story of what she

saw

The Fight for the Alamo

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• With Santa Anna on the attack, Texans, both

soldiers and settlers, fled eastward

• Over 300 soldiers were captured by Mexicans and

executed at Goliad, but even in retreat and defeat,

Houston’s army doubled to 800 angry men

• On April 21, 1836, the Texans advanced on the

Mexican army at the San Jacinto River screaming

“Remember the Alamo!” “Remember Goliad!”

• In 18 minutes, the battle was over, and Texas was

now independent

The Victory at San Jacinto

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution

• Sam Houston was elected president of the Lone

Star Republic by a landslide

• In 1836, Texas asked Congress for annexation, but

it was rejected on the issue of slavery, so they

remained an independent nation for almost ten

years

Lone Star Republic

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Chapter 13, Section 3 – The War

with Mexico

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• Although populated with Native Americans and

Mexicans, those lands were viewed by white

settlers as unoccupied.

• Many Americans believed that the US was destined

to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

• Manifest destiny suggested that expansion was not

only good but bound to happen, even if it meant

pushing Native Americans and Mexicans out of the

way.

• Since 1818, Oregon had been occupied jointly by

the United States and Britain, but in 1846, the

United States and Britain agreed to divide Oregon

at the 49th parallel.

Americans Support Manifest

Destiny

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• In 1845, Congress admitted Texas as a slave state,

but Mexico still claimed Texas.

• Texas and Mexico could not agree on the official

border, Texas claimed the Rio Grande, Mexico

claimed the Nueces River as the border of Texas .

• James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico and

offered $25 million for Texas, California, and New

Mexico, but it failed.

• Zachary Taylor was stationed on the northern bank

of the Rio Grande, but on April 25, a Mexican

cavalry unit crossed the Rio Grande, and they

ambushed an American patrol and killed or

wounded 16 soldiers .

• Congress declared war and The War with Mexico

had begun, but Illinois representative Abraham

Lincoln questioned the need to declare war.

• Southerners saw expansion into Texas as an

opportunity to expand slavery and increase their

power in Congress, and in May 1846, Gen Taylor

led troops into Mexico.

Troubles with Mexico

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• General Stephen Kearney and his men left Fort

Leavenworth, Kansas for New Mexico.

• Using persuasion instead of force, he convinced the

Mexican troops that he meant to withdraw, then

they marched with a small force to California.

• John C. Fremont rebelled against Mexican rule in

the Bear Flag Revolt.

• They arrested the Mexican commander of

Northern California and the rebels declared

California independent of Mexico and named it the

Republic of California.

Capturing New Mexico and

California

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• American forces invaded Mexico from two

directions.

• General Taylor battled his way south from Texas

toward the city of Monterey, but it was Santa Anna

who retreated after the Battle of Buena Vista.

• The war in northern Mexico was over, but in

southern Mexico, a second force led by General

Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz.

• Scott met fierce resistance at the Battle of

Chapultepec, but Mexico City fell to Scott in

September 1847.

The Invasion of Mexico

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• On Feb. 2, 1848, the war officially ended with the

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

• Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the

United States, and the Rio Grande was the border;

Mexico ceded California, Nevada, Utah, most of

Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and

Wyoming.

• The United States paid $15 million and promised to

protect the 80,000 Mexicans who were living on US

soil.

The Mexican Cession

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

• In 1853, Mexico sold the land in southern New

Mexico and Arizona for a transcontinental railroad,

called the Gadsden Purchase, to the United States

for $10 million.

• In 1848, the United States stretched from “sea to

shining sea.”

“From Sea to Shining Sea”

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico

“From Sea to Shining Sea”

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Chapter 13, Section 4 – The

California Gold Rush

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• California was populated by 150,000 Native

Americans and 8,000 to 12,000 Californios.

• Mariano Vallejo, commander of Northern

California, owned 250,000 acres of land.

• John Sutter persuaded the governor to grant him

50,000 acres in the unsettled Sacramento Valley.

• James Marshall inspected the canal that brought

water to Sutter’s Mill.

• Marshall stated, “I reached my hand down and

picked it up; it made my heart thump for I felt

certain it was gold.”

California Before the Rush

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• All over California, people raced to the American

River starting the California gold rush.

• People have valued gold because it is scarce,

beautiful, easy to shape, and resistant to tarnish,

and miners soon found gold in other streams

flowing out of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

• A 49er who wished to reach California from the

East had a choice of three routes:

1. Sail 18,000 miles around South America and up

the Pacific coast,

2. Sail to the Isthmus of Panama, cross overland,

and then sail to California, or

3. Travel the trails across North America, braving

the hardships.

• Most gold seekers were single men because the

adventure was so difficult.

Rush for Gold

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• Mining camps began as rows of tents along the

streams flowing out of the Sierra Nevada and they

could be dangerous.

• Miners spent their days standing knee-deep in icy

streams, where they sifted through tons of mud

and sand to find small amounts of gold.

• Miners had to pay outrageously high prices for

basic supplies.

Life in the Mining Camps

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• Mining camps began as rows of tents along the

streams flowing out of the Sierra Nevada and they

could be dangerous.

• Miners spent their days standing knee-deep in icy

streams, where they sifted through tons of mud

and sand to find small amounts of gold.

• Miners had to pay outrageously high prices for

basic supplies.

• About two-thirds of the forty-niners were

Americans, many from New England.

• Thousands came from Sonora in Mexico, others

from Europe, South America, Australia, and from

China.

• By the end of 1851, one of every ten immigrants

was Chinese, but the Chinese proved to be patient

miners, and they made these sites yield profits.

Life in the Mining Camps

Miners from Around the

World

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• A mixture of greed, anger, and prejudice caused

some miners to cheat others.

• American miners began to force Native Americans

and foreigners such as Mexicans and Chinese out of

the gold fields to reduce competition.

• The Foreign Miners Tax imposed a tax of $20 per

month on foreign miners.

• Driven from the mines, the Chinese opened shops,

restaurants, laundries.

Miner Conflicts

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Chapter 13 – Manifest

Destiny

Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush

• By 1852, the gold rush was over, and over 250,000

people flooded California.

• San Francisco became a center of banking,

manufacturing, shipping, and trade, and the

population rose from 400 in 1835 to 35,000 in

1850.

• The newcomers did not respect the Californios,

their customs, or rights.

• Mariano Vallejo lost all but 300 acres of his huge

estate and thousands of Native Americans died

from diseases from the newcomers.

• California applied for statehood in 1849, and was

admitted as a free state in 1850.

• Southerners feared that because the statehood of

California made free states outnumber slave

states, Northerners might abolish slavery.

The Impact of the Gold Rush