Intestinal Microbiota During LifeIntestinal Microbiota During Life

Patricia ConwayPatricia Conway

The University of New South WalesThe University of New South Wales

Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia

OverviewOverview

Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota

Maternal and environmental eg hospital, siblings, pets AcquisitionAcquisition

Infant gut

Cabrera-Rubio et al , 2012

Bacterial taxonomic composition of human breast milk

Bacterial families (left) and genera (right) pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA.

Col 1 month 6 months

Vagina Non-elective Elective

Colostrum Breast milk

Vagina Non-elective Elective

(NW= normal weight; OW=overweight)

Ward et al, 2013

The percent of sequences assigned to each phyla according to MG-RAST (maximum e-value of1x10-5, minimum identity of 60%, and minimum alignment length of 45 bp)

Best hit comparison of bacterial phyla in human milk,infants’ feces and mothers’ feces.

Utilization of human milk oligosaccharides by bifidobacteria

B. longum subsp infantis: Infant strainOthers: Adult strains

Sela & Mills, 2010

Bifidobacteria in breast milk: link with Bifidobacteria in breast milk: link with allergy/atopy of the mothersallergy/atopy of the mothers

(Groenlund et al. Clinical & Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1764 – 1772)et al. Clinical & Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1764 – 1772)

Maternal breastmilk Bifi counts Maternal breastmilk Bifi counts impacted the infants fecal Bifi impacted the infants fecal Bifi

levelslevels(p = 0.013)(p = 0.013)

Breastmilk bacteria: an Breastmilk bacteria: an important source of bacteria in important source of bacteria in the establishment of infantile the establishment of infantile

intestinal microbiotaintestinal microbiota

Allergic mothers (atopic or non-atopic) Allergic mothers (atopic or non-atopic) have significantly fewer bifidobacteria have significantly fewer bifidobacteria in breastmilkin breastmilk

OverviewOverview

Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn

Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota

Microbiota at various sites for mother and infant

Impact of gestation time

Figure 3. Changes in proportion of bacterial phyla.Figure 3. Changes in proportion of bacterial phyla.

Mai V, Young CM, Ukhanova M, Wang X, et al. (2011) Fecal Microbiota in Premature Infants Prior to Necrotizing Enterocolitis. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020647http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020647

Fecal microbiota in preterms prior to NEC

Microbiota of infants in Europe & AfricaMicrobiota of infants in Europe & Africa

Impact of antibiotics & diet on microbiotaImpact of antibiotics & diet on microbiota

Colicky Infants

Window of sensitivity Window of sensitivity around 4-6 months of age around 4-6 months of age

Gut microbiota pivotal role in maturation of immune system

Infants of 6 to 11 months old are more Infants of 6 to 11 months old are more prone to diarrhea than older childrenprone to diarrhea than older children

(Kosek, WHO Bulletin, 2003)

Microbiota and the emerging pandemic of NCDs(Non-Communicable Diseases)

NCDs: Allergy, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mental health and auto-immune diseases

Life style choices

Health

NCDs

OverviewOverview

Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota

Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota

The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do?Ottman et al (2012) Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol (doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00104)

Mariat et al, 2009

Change in major bacteria groups in the elderly - Can induce an inflammatory response

Magrone and Jirillo, 2013

OverviewOverview

Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development

Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota

Factors Impacting on Adult Gut Microbiota

• Life style choices• Medications• Diet• Stressors • Age• Institution care or home living• Dental health• Infection• Hygiene• Sanitization• Urban/rural

Diversity differences linked to age and culture

Luzupone et al 2012

USA & Europe

Phylum/order-like phylogroups to the microbiota of varying agesPhylum/order-like phylogroups to the microbiota of varying ages

Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, et al. (2010) Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010667

C = centenariansE = elderlyY = young adults

Microbiota composition and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory Microbiota composition and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinescytokines..

Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, et al. (2010) Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010667http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010667

Green = centenarians (C)Blue = elderly/senior (S)Yellow = young (Y)

MJ Claesson et al. Nature (2012), 1-7

Microbiota analysis separates elderly subjects based upon where they live in the community.

Green = community; Yellow = day hospital; orange = rehabilitationred = long stay care; purple = young healthy controls.

MJ Claesson et al. Nature (2012) (doi:10.1038/nature11319)

Transition in microbiota composition across residence location is mirrored by changes in health indices.

Clustered according to residence locationComposition correlates with:

- frailty- nutrition- markers of inflammation- metabolism

SUMMARY

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