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Page 1: 504 Absolutely Essential Words - Iran University of ...webpages.iust.ac.ir/alisafi/zaban/zaban MSRT/Utility/Essential... · 3 504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 3 Word Synonym

By:

H. Karimian

Page 2: 504 Absolutely Essential Words - Iran University of ...webpages.iust.ac.ir/alisafi/zaban/zaban MSRT/Utility/Essential... · 3 504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 3 Word Synonym
Page 3: 504 Absolutely Essential Words - Iran University of ...webpages.iust.ac.ir/alisafi/zaban/zaban MSRT/Utility/Essential... · 3 504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 3 Word Synonym

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym

abandon رها کردن desert, quit, give up, leave keep, retain, continue keen حساس sharp, eager, intense, sensitive blunt, dull, apathetic jealous حسود wanting what someone else has

tact کارداني ability to say the right thing tactlessness, indiscretion oath قسم a promise that something is true, a curse

vacant خالي empty, not filled full, occupied hardship سختي difficulty, something that is hard to bear ease, comfort, prosperity gallant شجاع brave, showing respect for women cowardly, rude data اطالعات facts, information

unaccustomed نامأنوس not used to something

bachelor مجرد a man who has not married

qualify نشان دادن توانايي become fit, show that you are able

Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym

corpse جنازه a dead body, usually of a person

conceal پنهان کردن hide, disguise reveal

dismal تاريک و گرفته dark and depressing cheerful, bright frigid خيلي سرد very cold hot, passionate inhabit زندگي کردن live in

numb حسبي without power of feeling, deadened sensitive, responsive peril خطر danger safety, security recline تکيه کردن lie down, stretch out, lean back

shriek فرياد scream

sinister شرور evil, wicked, dishonest, frightening good, innocent temp اغفال کردن try to get someone to do something

wager طشر bet

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Lessons 1-2

Word Synonym Antonym anecdote حكايت tale, story battle دنبر fight, conflict break in وارد شدن get in breed نسل،نژاد type, kind buddy رفيق،دوست friend butler آبدارچي cemetery قبرستان graveyard cheat ول زدن گ،تقلب deceive, defraud chorus گروه کر singing group cloak پوشاندن‘خرقه cover, coat reveal closet گنجه secret, private open coffin تابوت sarcophagus, tomb contest مسابقه،نزاع competition, fight contraband, bandit راهزن،قاچاق thief, outlaw cot برانكار crib, cradle couch تخت ،نيمكت settee court دادگاه disobey سرپيچي کردن defy, challenge obey fire کنار گذاشتن let off flee فرار کردن run away, escape flirt الس زدن generous بخشنده،سخي big-hearted tight-fisted grave گور tomb hire اجير کردن rent, employ hunter شکارچي seeker, huntsman janitor سرايدار،دربان gatekeeper, caretaker landlord مالک owner, proprietor tenant lean تکيه کردن incline, bend lot ناحيه،بخش batch, set maid دوشيزه يا زن جوان marched out ه سرعت خارج شدنب offer پيشنهاد proposal, suggestion puddle چاله revenge انتقام vengeance slum محله کثيف spirit روح soul, ghost split شکافتن separate, break up unite spotlight تمرکز‘توجه attention, focus on stair پله step swear وردنقسم خ promise, curse teller تحويلدار cashier, bank clerk territory قلمرو region, terrain terror ترس fear, dread security tombstone سنگ قبر gravestone, headstone trick فريب ‘حقه deception, cheat trouble زحمت problem, difficulty ease upbringing پرورش ،تربيت education, rearing widow زن بيوه witness شاهد observer, spectator

jealous of take an oath let out an oath build on give up qualify for put on/over treat in recline in/on/by bet on

Abandon: "To put under another's control", "to give up" Sinister: "On the left" (in Latin)

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym

typical معمول usual, of a kind exceptional minimum کمترين the lowest amount maximum scarce کمياب hard to get, rare plentiful, abundant, frequent annual ساالنه once a year

persuade متقاعد کردن win over, convince, make willing dissuade, discourage essential ضروري necessary, very important unnecessary, non-essential blend مخلوط mix together thoroughly, a mixture visible قابل رؤيت able to be seen invisible, hidden expensive گرانقيمت costly, high-priced cheap, economical talent استعداد natural ability

devise طرح think out, plan, invent

wholesale عمده in large quantity, less than retail in price partial, selective

Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym

vapor بخار fog, mist

eliminate حذف کردن get ride of, remove, omit

villain شرور a very wicked person

dense متراکم closely packed together, thick sparse, thin, light, clever utilize به کار گرفتن make use of

humid مرطوب moist, damp dry, arid theory نظريه hypothesis, thesis

descend پايين آمدن come down ascend, climb circulate چرخش go around

enormous عظيم extremely large, huge minute, tiny predict بيني کردنپيش anticipate, foretell, tell beforehand

vanish ناپديد شدن disappear appear, materialize

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Lessons 3-4

Word Synonym Antonym aggravate بدتر کردن make worse, exaggerate alleviate altitude ارتفاع height, elevation anger عصباني کردن rage, irritation calm, pacify batter ضربه زدن beat, hit beau خاطرخواه breeze وزش باد gentle wind, puff of air burglar دزد thief, robber cellar زيرزمين basement complain شکايت کردن make a complaint praise contrary بر خالف opposite similar convention همايش meeting, conference crab خرچنگ crumble خرد کردن fall to pieces, crush, grind deserve سزاوار بودن merit, be worthy of dine شام خوردن eat dinner dispute نزاع quarrel, clash executive اجرائي administrative, managerial extravagant نامعقول exaggerated restrained foretell پيشگويي predict, forecast germ ميکروب microbe giant عظيم huge, gigantic miniature gossip شايعه rumour grant اعطا کردن gift, give labor کارگر leftover پسمانده residual, enduring, lasting quarrel نزاع dispute, fight agreement rainbow کمانرنگين reputation شهرت fame rid پاک کردن از roam سفر‘گردش travel, journey row پارو زدن shack کلبه کوچک slaughter قتل kill, massacre, murder sleet برفابه frozen rain, hail somehow به طريقي in some way, by some means strange عجيب odd, bizarre, extraordinary normal, familiar strike اعتصاب work stoppage string طناب cord, filament, rope, twine swamp باتالق tie کراوات track مسير path, roadway, trail trail دنباله path, trajectory trial محاکمه‘قضاوت judgment, court case, tribunal vacate تخليه کردن leave, check out of, evacuate take up wage دستمزد salary, earnings weapon سالح missile, warhead wand عصا baton, stick, rod weed علف هرزه wild plant, wild flower wipe out محو کردن eliminate, remove witch ساحره withheld مضايقه کردن withdrawn, pending ongoing

set a wage put out look on

Expensive: "Costly, dear, valuable, precious, invaluable, priceless, exorbitant, excessive, immoderate" Villain: "A person who lives on a farm, evil"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym

tradition رسوم beliefs, opinions, customs

rural حومه شهر in the country urban, city, town burden بار load, what is carried

campus محوطه دانشگاه grounds of a college, university or school

majority اکثريت greater part, more than half minority assemble گردآوري get together, bring together disperse, demolish explore تحقيق کردن go over carefully, examine

topic موضوع subject that people think, write…

debate مناظره controversy, discussion

evade طفره رفتن get away from by trickery or cleverness face, confront probe تحقيق کردن investigate, search into

reform بهتر کردن improve, make better worsen

Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym

approach ديک شدنزن come near or nearer to leave, avoid detect پيدا کردن find out, discover, perceive

defect نقص fault, that which is wrong

employee کارگر wage-earner, member of staff

neglect صرفنظر کردن give too little care or attention to care for, attend to deceive گمراه کردن mislead

undoubtedly ًمطمئنا certainly, beyond doubt

popular مردمي liked by most people unpopular, unknown thorough کامل complete, deep superficial client مشتري customer

comprehensive جامع including much, covering completely

defraud تقلب کردن cheat, take money,… away by cheating

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Lessons 5-6

Word Synonym Antonym accused متهم appliance وسيله machine, device appreciate دير کردنتق be grateful for bay خليج کوچک beard ريش bracelet النگو،دستبند armlet brake ترمز brake pedal bureau اداره office career دوره زندگي livelihood catch شدن(دستگير کردن( clerk کارمند convict مجرم criminal, villain council شورا committee county استان region, province customer مشتري client, consumer custom رسم‘گمرک trade, business decent آراسته،نجيب polite, moral discourteous, decadent deprive محروم کردن take away provide distract اغفال کردن sidetrack, divert doubt ترديد،شک hesitation, uncertainty dragnet دام entitle نام نهادن،مستحق بودن give the right, name debar expel بيرون انداختن drive out, eject favoritism پارتي بازي partiality, preference impartiality finery لباس زرق و برق دار‘زيور gang گروه‘دسته team, squad hint اشاره کردن clue, intimate, imply innocent گناهبي blameless, guiltless guilty inspection بازرسي check, assessment limp لنگيدن walk lamely, hobble merchandise جنس،کاال goods, commodities mercy بخشش forgiveness, pity cruelty messy کثيف و بهم ريخته chaotic, disordered neat miniskirt دامن کوتاه sarong, kilt nobleman زادهنجيب polite, gallant pilgrim مسافر praise تحسين admiration, tribute criticism pretend وانمود کردن make believe, feign reckless دقتبي careless, hasty, rash cautious rescuer دهندهنجات savior, liberator rioter آشوبگر rebel, protester ruin خراب کردن destroy, wreck sarcasm ريشخند irony, ridicule respect serious خطير،جدي severe, important funny, trivial silent بيصدا،ساکت quiet, still, hushed noisy, talkative slight مقدار ناچيز small, trivial considerable spade بيل shovel spine ستون فقرات backbone steering فرمان direction-finding suspect مظنون شدن doubt, mistrust trust thanksgiving شکرگذاري blessing trial محاکمه judgment trickery گريحيله deception, fraud honesty

take on set rules get up stay up look into

Silent majority: "Dead people" Defect: "Fault; to quit a country, a political party, or a cause"

Double Duty Words 1. abandon (v., n.) 2. hardship (n., adj.) 3. wager (n., v.) 4. annual (n., adj.) 5. blend (n., v.) 6. burden (n., v.) 7. debate (n., v.) 8. probe (n., v.) 9. reform (v., adj.) 10. neglect (n., v.) 11. gallant (n., adj.)

Opposites 1. approach ≠ leave 2. expensive ≠ cheap 3. visible ≠ unseen 4. popular ≠ hated 5. vacant ≠ filled 6. keen ≠ dull 7. descend ≠ climb 8. humid ≠ dry 9. vanish ≠ be seen 10. essential ≠ not needed

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym

postpone تأخير delay, put off a later time bring forward, advance consent موافقت agree to, accept dissent, disagree , refusal massive حجيم bulky, immense tiny, minute, compact capsule کپسول a small case or covering

preserve محفظت کردن keep safe, protect, continue destroy, end denounce محکوم کردن express strong disapproval of, condemn support unique يکتا rare, having no like or equal ordinary, common, usual torrent سيل any violent, rushing stream, flood trickle resent رنجيدن feel injured and angered at (something) accept, like molest مزاحمت disturb, interfere with and trouble, bother

gloomy غمگين dark, dim, in low spirits bright, happy, cheerful unforeseen بيني نشدهپيش unexpected, not known beforehand

Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym

exaggerate اغراق کردن overstate understate amateur آماتور not professional professional, expert mediocre متوسط ordinary, average

variety گوناگون lack of sameness, a number of different things

valid درست sound, true, supported by facts or authority invalid, null, illegal survive زنده ماندن live longer than, remain alive after

weird مرموز mysterious, unearthly, very strange ordinary, conventional prominent مشهور well-known, celebrated, renowned inconspicuous, obscure security امن freedom from danger, care or fear

bulky حجيم taking up much space, large

reluctant نااميد unwilling, hesitant eager, willing, ready obvious واضح easily seen or understood, plain

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Lessons 7-8

Word Synonym Antonym attic اتاق زير شيرواني upper floor attorney وکيل lawyer, advocate clue مدرک،سرنخ evidence, sign condemn محکوم کردن denounce commend conqueror پيروز،فاتح defeater, victorious constitution قانون اساسي instrument of government couple وصل کردن‘زوج pair, combine separate cousin دايي و عمويا دختر پسر crew خدمه team, squad, troop district ناحيه،بخش region, area entertainment سرگرمي diversion, hobby, amusement feature لحاظ،هجنب aspect, characteristic flu آنفوالنزا influenza foreman سرکارگر give up از دست دادن، کردنرها quit, abandon continue grand باشکوه impressive, excellent poor haunted زدهجن ghostly, worried horrible مهيب،مخوف dreadful, terrible pleasant illness بيماري sickness, disease good health incurable ناپذيرعالج not curable, untreatable journey سفر trip, voyage, travel lumberjack برچوب measures اقدامات miss خطا کردن،از دست دادن lose take pleasure خوشي،لذت enjoyment, delight displeasure quit رها کردن give up take up rush يورش،حرکت شديد slaughter کشتار‘قتل kill, murder sound درست،سالم unfailing, good unsound spy جاسوس secret agent, emissary, mole squad تيم‘دسته group, team stamp نقش،مهر stomp strict اکيد، محکم،سخت severe, rigorous lenient truck واگن wagon, articulated vehicle violent صبعانه‘ شديد،سخت brutal, vicious friendly, peaceful violet بنفش bluish-purple

put off take on

Preserve: "In ancient times: man preserved woman from slaughter in order to work for the conqueror" Obvious: "Something that met you on the way"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym

vicinity همسايگي neighborhood, region near a place

century 100 قرن years

rage عصبانيت شديد violent anger

document پرونده text, manuscript

conclude پايان end, finish, decide start, commence, extend undeniable بدون شک not to be denied

resist نمقاومت کرد act against, strive against, oppose lack کمبود have not enough abundance, sufficiency ignore توجه نکردن pay no attention to, disregard pay attention to challenge چالش call to fight, dare

miniature مينياتور small scale gigantic, enormous source عمنب place from which something comes

Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym

excel بهتر بودن be better than, do better than

feminine زنانه of women or girls mannish, manly mount باال رفتن get up on descend compete رقابت کردن be a rival or contestant

dread ترسيدن fear greatly, causing great fear

masculine مردانه of man, male feminine menace تهديد threat, warning

tendency تمايل leaning, movement in a certain direction

underestimate دست کم گرفتن misjudge, miscalculate, see too low

victorious پيروز conquering unsuccessful, losing numerous متعدد very many, several few flexible منعطف easily bent, willing to yield rigid, stiff, inflexible

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Lessons 9-10

Word Synonym Antonym antic مسخره،مضحک arouse برانگيختن،تحريک کردن stimulate, rouse dampen attitude نگرش approach, manner banish تبعيد کردن deport, send away beat شکست دادن overcome, get the better of behave رفتار کردن act, perform, work boredom مالل،خستگي monotony, tediousness bother دردسر دادن go to the trouble of crisis بحران disaster, catastrophe critic منتقد detractor, evaluator crop برداشت محصول harvest, gather debater مذاکره کننده debtor بدهکار nonpayer, defaulter decree فرمان،حکم command, rule deserted متروک isolated, uninhabited doll وسکعر toy dungaree شلوار بند دار enthusiasm اشتياق eagerness, interest apathy eventually عاقبت finally, ultimately fair منصفانه،نمايشگاه کاال exhibition, just fake تقلبي‘نادرست false, phony genuine flabby شل،سست unfit, out of condition firm, fit frame هيکل body, physique giant الجثهعظيم enormous, gigantic, monster miniature guilty گناهکار blameworthy, at fault innocent honestly صادقانه truthfully, frankly, sincerely untruthfully interrupt قطع کردن break up, break off jockeys ايسوارکار حرفه juggling حرکت سريع‘تردستي jury هيات منصفه adjudicators, judges legend داستان،افسانه myth, fairy tale mayor شهردار mustache سبيل nephew پسر برادر،پسر خواهر onlooker ناظر viewer, observer opportunity مجال‘فرصت chance, occasion pastime سرگرمي amusement, hobby, diversion phony تقلبي trick, hoax genuine poke هل دادن push, thrust pony اسب کوتوله horse poodle سگ پشمالو quack شياد pretender, fraud, impostor remedy راه حل‘ عالج،دارو cure, solution residential مسکوني housing, inhabited, suburban business rival رقيب opponent, adversary sergeant گروهبان shy خجالتي،کمرو introvert extrovert slang عاميانه strive کوشيدن struggle, try hard stubborn شق کله،سرسخت immovable, tenacious flexible sundae ايبستني ميوه wise زيرک astute, clever foolish worthless ارزشبي valueless valuable

sent into a rage count on cry at

Century: "C-note stands for $100. fin ($5), sawbuck ($10) and grand ($1,000)" Mountebank: "Quack or fake"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym

evidence مدرک proof, affirmation

solitary تنها alone, single, only sociable, busy vision بينايي power of seeing, sense of sight

frequent مکرر easily broken, delicate sturdy glimpse نگاه گذرا a short, quick view; glance

recent حاضر current, new, latest old, former decade 10 دهه years

hesitate مردد بودن be doubtful, fail to act quickly

absurd مزخرف ridiculous, foolish

conflict نبرد disagreement, direct opposition agreement, peace, harmony minority اقليت less than half, smaller part majority fiction افسانه legend fact, truth

Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym

ignite آتش زدن set on fire extinguish abolish تمام کردن put an end to keep, retain, maintain urban شهري city, town rural

population جمعيت people of a city or country

frank رک truthful, not hiding what’s in one’s mind evasive pollute آلوده کردن make dirty clean, purify reveal نشان دادن make known, show, display hide

prohibit منع کردن forbid by law or authority, ban allow, authorize, facilitate urgent مهم important, necessary causal, trivial, unimportant adequate کافي sufficient, enough inadequate, insufficient decrease کاهش دادن make or become less increase audible قابل شنيدن heard, hearable inaudible, faint, indistinct

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Lessons 11-12

Word Synonym Antonym alien بيگانه unfamiliar, foreign barely به سختي‘به ندرت hardly, scarcely easily binoculars دوربين شکاري blaze نور يا رنگ درخشان shine, flash comet دارستاره دنباله command دستور،فرمان decree convict مقصر دانستن condemn acquit deaf ناشنوا،کر unable to hear hearing diet رژيم غذايي regime elderly سالخورده،مسن old, aged, mature fiery آتشين blazing, burning fume بخار،دود fund سرمايه finance, account gear لباس‘وسيله device, clothes harbor پناهگاه shelter, protect harsh خشن،سخت cruel, severe gentle, mild heal درمان کردن cure, make well worsen heaven آسمان،بهشت paradise hell igneous آتشين،آذرين inference نتيجه‘استنباط deduction juror عضو هيات منصفه knot متصل کردن‘بستن join, tie untie loaf ولگردي کردن،قرص نان be unoccupied luminous درخشان shining, brilliant dull mediation گريميانجي intervention provocation medieval قرون وسطايي merely ًفقط،صرفا just, only meteor سنگشهاب mitten انگشتدستکش بي monster هيوال huge, fiend small nearsighted بيننزديک short-sighted penalty مجازات،تنبيه punishment pill حب،قرص tablet, medication plainly ًصريحا clearly, evidently principal مدير chief, major property ملک،دارايي possessions proverb المثلضرب maxim, adage reliance اعتماد confidence, trust rent کرايه،اجاره hire, payment rough خشن،سخت coarse, uneven smooth, gentle scuba وسيله غواصي shelter حفاظ،پناهگاه harbor, protect shoreline خط ساحلي beach, seashore shrub بوته plant silly ابله،نادان stupid, ridiculous sensible spectacularly تماشايي amazingly, wonderfully mildly sublime بلندپايه magnificent, uplifting ridiculous swap مبادله،عوض کردن exchange, change tale افسانه،داستان story, legend treasurer مسئول امور مالي vote راي گرفتن ballot, poll whisper درگوشي ،نجوا soft voice, undertone

go into a rage cheat on like …better than … go on a diet hardly ever rather than turn out

Absurd: "Quite deaf", "silly or senseless" Double Duty Words 1. consent (v., n.) 2. security (n., adj.) 3. preserve (n., v.) 4. rage (v., n.) 5. document (v., n.) 6. challenge (v., n.) 7. menace (v., n.) 8. frequent (v., adj.) 9. conflict (v., n.) 10. dread (v., adj.)

Opposites 1. consent ≠ refuse 2. valid ≠ untrue 3. ignite ≠ get off 4. reveal ≠ hide 5. urgent ≠ not important 6. victorious ≠ beaten 7. survive ≠ die 8. mount ≠ put out 9. prohibit ≠ allow 10. miniature ≠ large

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym

journalist نگارروزنامه newspaperman

famine قحطي starvation, great shortage

revive احيا کردن bring back or come back to life

commence شروع begin, start finish, end, conclude observant هوشيار‘تيزبين quick to notice, watchful inattentive, dreamy identify تشخيص دادن recognize, distinguish

migrate مهاجرت کردن emigrate, relocate

vessel رگ‘کشتي a ship, vein

persist پافشاري continue firmly, preserve give up, desist, stop hazy آلودمه misty, fogy, unclear clear gleam بارقه a flash or beam of light

editor سردبير Lesson 14

Word Synonym Antonym unruly شکنقانون lawless well-behaved rival رقيب opponent, contestant

violent خشن done with strong, rough force

brutal وحشي savage, cruel gentle, human, civilized opponent رقيب rival, contestant ally, partner, colleague brawl درگيري a noisy quarrel or fight

duplicate کپي کردن an exact copy, repeat exactly

vicious شرور evil, wicked, savage gentle, kindly whirling چرخان spinning

underdog ستمديده loser

thrust فرو کردن push with force

bewildered مبهوت confused completely, puzzled

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Lessons 13-14

Word Synonym Antonym adaptation اصالح کردن alteration, modification affairs کارها،امور dealings, associations audience گان و بينندگاندشنون listeners and viewers bank ساحل،کنار side, shore banked track پيست مسابقه bill صورتحساب demand for payment bitter آميز طعنه،تلخ sour, resentful sweet, resigned brute صفتحيوان beast, animal burst از هم پاشيدن،قطع کردن rupture, fracture coarse درشت،خشن rough, stiff smooth completion اتمام conclusion, end consciousness آگاهي،هوشياري awareness, perception unconsciousness crime جنايت offence, sin cruel رحمبي unkind, brutal, vicious kind dozen دوازده عدد،دو جين elbowing هل دادن push fingernail ناخن ghost روح spirit, phantom graduation التحصيليفارغ handy قابل استفاده useful, usable hollow پوک،تهيميان void, empty solid manuscript نوشته document, text pit جنگ fight proud سربلند،مغرور overconfident humble, modest quarrel نبرد،نزاع dispute, fight ram قوچ،گوسفند نر rumour شايعه gossip fact saucer بشقاب کوچک plate, bowl savage وحشي skinny, slim پوست و استخوان،الغر thin, skeletal fat so-called به اصطالح،کذايي alleged spoil خراب شدن‘فاسد شدن ruin, destroy improve starvation گرسنگي hunger, malnourishment struggle تقال کردن make a great effort, strive swing نوسان کردن،چرخيدن fluctuate, oscillate thief سارق،دزد burglar, robber though اگرچه although, even if turf گيهمساي neighborhood twin دوقلو double, look-alike victim قرباني fatality, wounded wondered زدهشگفت surprised

come in interest in throw out get into thrust into

Commence: "Begin, start" Rival: "Probably comes from the Latin rivus (stream), who lives across the river"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym

expand گسترش دادن increase in size, enlarge, swell contract, condense alter اصالح کردن make different, change, vary

mature بالغ ripe, grown-up young, immature sacred مقدس holy, blessed, worthy of respect secular, temporal, profane revise تجديد نظر change, alter, bring up to date

pledge قول دادن promise

casual تصادفي happening by chance, not planned

pursue تعقيب کردن follow, proceed along flee, avoid unanimous موافق in complete agreement, consent

fortunate شانسخوش lucky, having good luck

pioneer پيشرو developer, innovator innovative خالق fresh, clever, having new idea

Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym

slender الغر long and thin, slim fat

surpass بهتر بودن do better than, go beyond follow vast عظيم enormous, huge small

doubt شک hesitation, uncertainty certainty

capacity ظرفيت volume, ability

penetrate نفوذ کردن pierce, go through

pierce رسوخ کردن penetrate, go through

accurate دقيق precise, exact inaccurate microscope ميکروسکوپ

grateful قدردان feeling gratitude, thankful ungrateful

cautious محتاط careful, wary reckless confident مئنمط certain, sure of oneself unsure

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Lessons 15-16

Word Synonym Antonym ad آگهي تبليغاتي advertisement, trailer

aboveboard درست‘رک و پوست کنده correct shady

bartender کافه(متصدي بار(

bleeding خونريزي blood loss

blind کور sightless, unsighted

confidentially محرمانه in secret, in private openly

dig up آشکار کردن reveal, find hide

eardrum پرده گوش

faithful وفادار loyal, reliable

gratitude قدرداني thanks, appreciation hall راهرو passageway

honor احترام respect, admiration dishonor inquiry تحقيق investigation invade حمله کردن attack, enter by force

lead سرب

loyalty صداقت faithfulness disloyalty

pound ضربه زدن hit, strike

quiet خاموش،ساکت calm, silent loud

quite ًکامال completely slightly

retina چشمشبکيه

ripe بالغ‘رسيده mature, fully grown unripe

salute درود،سالم greeting, acknowledgment

scar اثر زخم‘نشان mark, wound

slight اندک،کم small, unimportant considerable

strip نوار باريک،برهنه narrow piece, ribbon

tame اهلي‘رام domestic wild

tear down متالشي کردن و از هم دريدن demolish, destroy

temple شقيقه،معبد shrine, place of worship

usher راهنما يا کنترل سينما guide, attendant vex ناخوشايند کردن trouble, displease pacify, placate

dig up walk away come out so far move out clear up write on

Pioneer: "Origin: French word for a foot soldier, peonier" Confident: "Route: Fidere meant "trust" in

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym

appeal جاذبه attraction, interest, to urge repel

addict معتاد devotee

wary محتاط cautious, careful unwary, careless

aware آگاه knowing, realizing unconscious

misfortune بدشانسي bad luck luck

avoid جلوگيري کردن keep away from, avert encourage

wretched بيچاره miserable happy

keg سطل barrel

nourish تغذيه کردن feed, nurture

harsh شديد‘سخت cruel, severe gentle

quantity مقدار amount

opt انتخاب کردن choose or favor, select

Lesson 18 Word Synonym Antonym

tragedy تراژدي disaster, a sad play joy

pedestrian پياده walker, person on foot

glance نگاه اجمالي glimpse, a quick look perusal

budget بودجه financial plan

nimble چاالک agile, quick awkward

manipulate مديريت کردن direct, control

reckless دقتبي careless, hasty, rash cautious, careful

horrid ترسناک horrible, terrible, frightful pleasant

rave وار حرف زدنديوانه talk wildly

economical اقتصادي not wasting time or money wasteful

lubricate کاريروغن oil, grease

ingenious باهوش clever, inventive

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Lessons 17-18

Word Synonym Antonym

agent دار يک مسئوليت خاصعهده manager aware آگاه conscious unaware bakery نانوايي bitten گزيدگي sink its teeth into brawl درگيري ‘نزاع fight, clash brilliant درخشان‘باهوش luminous, talented dull, mediocre career دوره زندگي livelihood carpenter نجار carve قسمت کردن slice, cut in slices commonplace معمولي ordinary, usual extraordinary complementary تکميلي harmonizing convenience راحتي ease inconvenience counselor مشاور deduce استنتاج کردن infer denounce متهم کردن condemn, accuse support dull کودن stupid bright essay مقاله‘رساله thesis, treatise gambling قمار making a bet greedy حريص hungry, stingy generous heedless دقت بي‘فکربي neglectful, careless careful inhale دم ‘تنفس کردن breathe in exhale junk آشغال rubbish, garbage leap پريدن jump, rise drop lunge حمله کردن attack neat مرتب tidy, in order untidy, disorganized ought بايد must, should pedantic نظرانهکوته pep زاانرژي energy, activeness pledge قسم خوردن‘قول دادن promise, oath puppet دست نشانده‘ عروسک doll, marionette relieve آسان کردن‘آزاد کردن ease exacerbate revive احيا کردن revitalize, renew kill skinny, slim الغر thin, skeletal fat stare خيره شدن‘زل زدن look intently, gaze glance stranger غريبه unfamiliar person, alien strike برخورد کردن ‘تصادف attack suffering مشقت ‘رنج pain, torment, misery swift سريع fast, quick slow utensil ابزار ‘وسيله tool, appliance wary محتاط cautious unwary, careless wounded مصدوم‘مجروح injured, hurt wretched بيچاره‘بدبخت miserable, despondent happy

break away keep away/out get into opt for draw up set aside take off

Keg: "Came from the Icelandic word: kaggi" Pedestrian: "When it is use as adjective means very dull and commonplace"

Double Duty Words 1. brawl (v., n.) 2. rival (n., adj.) 3. thrust (v., n.) 4. duplicate (v., n.) 5. pledge (v., n.) 6. appeal (v., n.) 7. budget (v., n.) 8. rave (v., adj.) 9. mature (v., adj.) 10. pedestrian (n., adj.)

Opposites 1. ingenious ≠ stupid 2. nourish ≠ starve 3. commence ≠ finish 4. hazy ≠ clear 5. slender ≠ thick 6. expand ≠ make smaller 7. misfortune ≠ good luck 8. harsh ≠ smooth 9. migrate ≠ stay at home 10. pedestrian ≠ driver

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym

harvest آوري محصولجمع gather, collect

abundant اضافي very plentiful scarce

uneasy نگران‘احتنار restless, anxious untroubled

calculate حساب کردن estimate, figure

absorb جذب کردن take in or suck up, interest greatly exude

estimate تخمين زدن guess, estimation

morsel لقمه a small bite, mouthful chunk

quota سهم share

threat تهديد menace

ban منع کردن forbid, prohibit allow

panic آشفتگي unreasoning fear, dread calm

appropriate مناسب fit, proper inappropriate

Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym

emerge بيرون آمدن come out

jagged داردندانه uneven, toothed smooth

linger طول کشيدن stay on, delay leaving leave

ambush دام trap

crafty گرحيله trickery, sly

defiant مقاوم‘جسور open resisting, challenging

vigor قوي active strength or force

perish مردن die, be destroyed survive

fragile شکننده easily broken, frail sturdy, strong

captive زنداني prisoner free

prosper موفق be successful

devour با حرص خوردن eat greedily

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Lessons 19-20

Word Synonym Antonym abacus چرتکه

anxious مشتاق‘نگران nervous, eager unconcerned appeal جذب کردن‘درخواست petition, request, attract repel

arrest دستگير کردن seize, capture release

barn انبار علوفه‘طويله storage place, hangar

bison دارگاو کوهان

bite لقمه mouthful, morsel

bug ساس insect

charge جرم‘هزينه cost, accuse

commence شروع کردن begin, initiate terminate

complaint شکايت کردن criticism praise

conflict مبارزه clash, dispute, fight peace

crowd جمعيت group, assembly

deem تصور کردن think, believe, regard

evasive آميزطفره elusive, vague direct

exclude خارج کردن leave out include

foul ناخوشايند ‘ کثيف‘آلوده polluted, unpleasant clean, pleasant

hunt شکار کردن

indeed مطمئناً ‘گمانبي certainly, undeniably

lamb بره red meat, beef

lawn چمن grass

lobster چرخنگ دريايي

mystical عرفاني spiritual, supernatural

obey پيروي کردن follow disobey

odor بو

peach هلو

pebble شن stone, small rock

pesticide کشآفت insect killer

rancher گاوچران

reliable موثق‘قابل اطمينان loyal, trustworthy unreliable

reluctant نااميد unwilling, unenthusiastic eager

revive احيا کردن revitalize, renew kill

roam گردش journey, travel settle

ruin نابود کردن destroy, devastate

shrewd زيرک astute, crafty naive

sly گرحيله crafty, tricky, furtive honest

strive تقال کردن struggle, effort

sturdy نيرومند strong, powerful frail, weak

tax ماليات duty, tariff

terrier نوعي سگ کوچک

treasurer دارخزانه

vulgar بداخالق‘زشت bad, bad-mannered decent, polite

wither شدنخشک dry up

suck up take in grow up come up/out/into stay on linger on

Calculate: "Charge customers by figuring out" Ambush: "A place for protect a person made out of bushes or woods"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym

plea درخواست request, appeal

weary خسته tired refreshed collide برخورد کردن crash, come together with force

confirm تاييد کردن make certain, prove refute verify تاييد کردن confirm, prove to be true disprove anticipate بيني کردنپيش predict, expect

dilemma مشکل حاد problem, a difficult choice

detour راه فرعي a roundabout way

merit شايستگي goodness, worth, value disadvantage

transmit فرستادن send over, pass on

relieve آسان کردن make less, release, ease, replace exacerbate

baffle پيچيده puzzle, confuse

Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym

warden نگهبان keeper, guard

acknowledge اقرار کردن admit to be true deny

justice عادالنه fair dealing, impartiality injustice

delinquent مجرم an offender, criminal law-abiding

reject رد کردن refuse accept

deprive محروم کردن take away from by force

spouse زن يا شوهر wife or husband

vocation حرفه occupation, profession

unstable ناپايدار not firmly fixed steady

homicide قتل murder, slaughter

penalize تنبيه کردن punish, set a penalty for

beneficiary ذينفع recipient benefactor

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Lessons 21-22

Word Synonym Antonym abound به وفور داشتن be plentiful, thrive beneath زير under, below above benevolent بخشنده‘مهربان generous, kind malevolent benign خوش قلب‘مهربان benevolent, kind malignant bewildered مبهوت‘گيج confused, baffled brand دار کردنلکه ‘ گونه‘نوع kind, type bull گاو نر burglar سارق‘دزد thief, robber clerk کارمند collision برخورد‘تصادف crash, accident commit مرتکب شدن‘انجام دادن perform, carry out consent موافقت کردن approval, permit refusal defiant مقاوم‘جسور disobedient, rebellious obedient emerge بيرون آمدن come out face روبرو شدن stand in front of fair dealing رفتار منصفانه just conduct biased fright هراس‘ترس fear, terror, panic bravery guilty کناهکار blameworthy, at fault innocent harshly با خشونت unkindly, strictly gently horn شاخ inmate زنداني prisoner, convict insurance بيمه assurance jail زندان prison just conducting عادالنه رفتار کردن fair dealing liberty آزادي freedom, autonomy suppression mayor شهردار multitude تعداد زياد large number nephew پسر خواهر يا برادر niece دختر خواهر يا برادر policy استراتژي‘خط مشي plan, strategy promotion پشتيباني‘حمايت endorsement, help pursue دنبال کردن follow rural حومه شهر country, rustic urban sentence تعيين مجازات judgment, punishment strange غريب ‘عجيب odd, bizarre, peculiar normal thorough کامل‘عميق complete, deep partial unpleasant ناخوشايند unlikable pleasant villain شرور criminal, outlaw vivid ملون‘رنگارنگ colorful dull weird مرموز strange normal wound جراحت‘آسيب injury, cut yell فرياد زدن shout, shriek

turn in weary of take off pass on/along deprive of set up

Dilemma: "Facing with two choices, each equally unpleasant" Beneficiary: "All words beginning with bene speak only of good, for that is what this prefix means"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym

reptile خزنده snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators,…

rarely به ندرت hardly ever, seldom, not often not often forbid منع کردن prohibit, ban, make a rule against allow logical منطقي reasonable, rational illogical exhibit نشان دادن show, display

proceed پيش رفتن go on, move forward, progress recede precaution اقدامات حفاظتي preventative measure, foresight

extract استخراج کردن pull out, elicit, draw out

prior مقدم earlier, former

embrace در آغوش گرفتن hug, hold in your arms

valiant شجاع brave, courageous cowardly partial جزئي incomplete, fractional complete

Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym

fierce وحشي savage, wild gentle detest نفرت داشتن hate, dislike intensely love sneer مسخره کردن scorn, contempt admiration scowl اخم کردن frown, look angry by lowering eyebrows frown

encourage تشويق کردن give confidence, inspire

consider در نظر گرفتن think about, regard as, take into account

vermin حشرات موذي small animal such as rats, bugs,…

wail گريه کردن با صداي بلند cry loud and long because of pain or grief

symbol نشانه‘سمبل sign, icon

authority قدرت power, right powerlessness neutral طرفبي unbiased, impartial, not taking sides biased trifle ناچيز‘کم little bit

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Lessons 23-24

Word Synonym Antonym afford قدرت مالي داشتن‘دادن give, have the funds for agile فرز و چاالک nimble, swift clumsy arise رخ دادن occur, take place attend حضور يافتن be present at miss audacious شجاع brave cowardly bargain چانه زدن‘معامله good buy beef شکايت کردن‘گوشت گاو complain chivalrous شجاع gallant boorish claw چنگ زدن scratch, tear contempt اهانت scorn, dislike admiration crawl خزيدن creep cuddle بغل کردن embrace curious کنجکاو probing apathetic dauntless باکبي fearless timid delegate وکالت دادن‘نماينده representative, entrust retain delinquent مجرم criminal, offending law-abiding deprive محروم کردن take away provide dime سکه ده سنتي drab دلگير‘روحبي dull, uninteresting interesting dweller ساکن inhabitant, resident entrust واگذار کردن hand over, delegate fang نيش مار flea کک fond مايل tender, caring uncaring frown اخم کردن scowl smile grief غصه sorrow, misery joy groom داماد hug بغل کردن embrace, cuddle indomitable قوي strong, stubborn feeble intrepid باک بي‘شجاع fearless, brave cowardly invasion تهاجم attack muddle نظمبي disorder, chaos order objection مخالفت opposition, protestation approval obedience پيروي ‘اطاعت agreement disobedience olive زيتون owe بدهکار be in debt repay perplex پيچيده puzzle, baffle poisonous سمي toxic, fatal slip out خارج شدن exit, leave stay spitting اختنتف اند splinter تکه ‘ذره particle, piece statue مجسمه figurine supreme عالي highest, top worst surpass جا گذاشتن go beyond follow thread ريسمان filament, yarn, strand tip انعام toil فعاليت‘کار work turtle پشتالک

Valliant: "Refers to famous Prince Valiant who appeared in the comics for many years as the ideal knight" Symbol: "Symbols are used in language, writing, logic, mathematics, science, religion, trade and sports"

Double Duty Words 1. exhibit (v., n.) 2. harvest (v., n.) 3. panic (v., n.) 4. ambush (v., n.) 5. plea (v., n.) 6. delinquent (n., adj.) 7. reject (v., n.) 8. detour (v., n.) 9. sneer (v., n.) 10. scowl (v., n.)

Opposites 1. detest ≠ be fond of 2. perish ≠ live 3. valiant ≠ afraid 4. emerge ≠ hide 5. unstable ≠ steady 6. weary ≠ wide awake 7. scowl ≠ smile 8. prior ≠ afterwards 9. morsel ≠ huge piece 10. rarely ≠ often

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym

architect معمار designer, a maker, creator matrimony زندگي زناشويي marriage life baggage چمدان bags, suitcases, gear squander ولخرجي waste, spend foolishly save

abroad خارج از کشور overseas, out of the country

fugitive فراري a runaway, escapee

calamity بال و بدبختي a great misfortune, serious trouble

pauper فقير a very poor person rich

envy حسادت jealousy, be jealous of collapse فرو ريختن fall down, breakdown, ruin prosecute کردنتعقيب bring to court, follow up, carry on bigamy داشتن دو همسر having two wives or two husbands at same time

Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym

possible ممکن able to be, be done, or happen, feasible impossible compel مجبور کردن force, get by force, oblige

awkward نامطلوب clumsy, embarrassing, not easily managed graceful, relaxed venture خطر کردن dare, undertake, expose to risk

awesome انگيزشگفت astounding, amazing, breath-taking

guide راهنمايي کردن direct, manage

quench پايان دادن put an end to, drawn or put out

betray تسليم کردن give up, deceive, mislead, show protect, withhold utter کامل ‘گفتن say, speak, make known; complete partial pacify آرام کردن calm down, placate aggravate respond پاسخ دادن react, answer, take action ignore beckon اشاره کردن signal, make a gesture, attract dismiss

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Lessons 25-26

Word Synonym Antonym acquaintances آشنايان friends befall رخ دادن happen, occur blink چشمک زدن open and close the eye compartment کوپه‘قسمت section, partition embarrassing نامطلوب awkward, uncomfortable relaxed fate سرنوشت destiny, fortune fine جريمه کردن penalize, punish fold گردآوري gather fort قلعه نظامي‘دژ castle fur پوست‘خز glazier برشيشه graceful دوست داشتني‘جذاب attractive, lovely awkward heel پاشنه ignorant جاهل‘مودب impolite, unaware polite infant نوزاد baby, newborn inheritance ميراث heritage jaywalking مباالتعابر بي lather تراشکار mason سنگتراش medic دانشجوي پزشکي mob جمعيت crowd

needy نيازمند poor, in need rich plasterer اندودگر plumber کشلوله realm کشور‘قلمرو territory, country serpent خزنده reptile sigh نفس عميق exhale noisily sour ترش resentful sweet suspicious بدگمان‘شکاک dubious, suspect trustworthy thirst تشنگي need for liquids trunk چمدان بزرگ box tyranny ستمگري cruelty, totalitarianism wealth ثروت possessions, funds poverty will نامهوصيت

give up slow up catch up in favor of turn out

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 27

Word Synonym Antonym despite رغمعلي in spite of, regardless of

disrupt گسيختن upset, cause to break down, disturb

rash شتابزده‘جوش hasty, careless careful

rapid سريع very quick, swift slow

exhaust کامالً خالي empty completely, use up, tire out refresh

severity وضوح‘سختي strictness, plainness, violence gentleness, warmth

feeble ضعيف weak, frail strong

unite متحد شدن join together, become one separate

cease متوقف کردن stop, end, finish commence

thrifty جوصرفه economical, saving, thriving spendthrift

miserly خسيس stingy, like a miser generous

monarch اهملکه يا پادش king, queen, ruler

Lesson 28 Word Synonym Antonym

outlaw ياغي‘منع کردن an exile, an outcast, a criminal, to declare unlawful promote ترقي دادن help to grow and develop, advance

undernourished داراي سوء تغذيه not sufficiently fed, starved healthy illustrate نشان دادن show, demonstrate hide, conceal

disclose نشان دادن reveal, uncover, make known conceal

excessive خيلي زياد too much, extreme moderate

disaster بدبختي‘بال calamity, great misfortune, tragedy success

censor سانسور edit culprit مجرم offender, criminal, delinquent innocent juvenile نابالغ‘جوان young, youthful mature, adult bait طعمه temptation insist پافشاري کردن be resolute, be firm

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28

Lessons 27-28

Word Synonym Antonym annoy at stake در خطر at risk, in danger bother آزار دادن annoy cereal حبوبات‘غله clown دلقک joker, comic coastal ساحلي common مشترک shared private curtain پرده decay از بين رفتن decompose, perish delivery فرستادن‘توزيع distribution, sending descendant نسل‘وارث heir, inheritor exhausted خسته و وامانده tired refreshed exile تبعيدي banishment, deportation frugal جوصرفه thrifty spendthrift good will حسن نيت kindness malice greedy حريص stingy generous harshness خشونت severity gentleness hasty شتابزده speedy, swift fast ivy پيچک miserly خرجکم miserable, stingy generous ought بايستي have to, must outcast مطرود exile, pariah Plague طاعون plainness وضوح nakedness principal مدير chief, major regret اظهار تاسف کردن be sorry retreat يعقب نشين back away advance ruler حکمران monarch take for granted مسلم و بديهي دانستن presuppose, assume appreciate torment عذاب pain, suffering pleasure trait کيفيت‘ روال‘شيوه mannerism, quality trifles گرفتنبازي به ‘کم little, bit

use up tire out

Disaster: "Under the influence of an evil star (dis-aster)"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 29

Word Synonym Antonym toil به سختي حرکت کردن‘کار سخت hard work, move with difficulty relaxation

blunder تلوتلو خوران رفتن‘اشتباه احمقانه stupid mistake, stumble, say clumsily

daze مغشوش کردن ‘گيج کردن confuse

mourn اظهار تأسف کردن grieve, feel or show sorrow for rejoice

subside فروکش کردن become less, decrease build up

maim ناتوان‘معلول disable, cripple heal

comprehend درک کردن understand, know

commend تشويق و توصيه کردن praise, acclaim, hand over for safekeeping denigrate

final پاياني coming last, deciding first

exempt آزاد کردن make free from, freed from

vain غرور بيجا‘ناموفق unsuccessful successful

repetition تکرار reiteration, doing or saying again

Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym

depict ان دادننش portray, show, describe mortal مردني ‘فاني deadly, earthly immortal

novel رمان‘جديد new, long story occupant مالک tenant, dweller

appoint منصوب کردن choose for a position, equip or furnish reject

quarter ناحيه‘بخش district, region

site مکان position, location

quote گذاريقيمت ‘روخواني کردن repeat, quotation verse قطعه شعر poems prose morality خوبي‘اخالق goodness, honesty wickedness roam گردش بدون برنامه wander, go about with no special plan settle attract جذب کردن draw to oneself, magnetize repel

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Lessons 29-30

Word Synonym Antonym ape ميمون monkey beckon اشاره کردن signal dismiss bill پشنهاد proposed law blow ضربه knock campaign مبارزه fight, struggle clumsy زشت و شلخته awkward conscience شعور‘وجدان sense of right and wrong cram پر کردن‘جا دادن fill up cripple معلول maim defeat مغلوب conquest, loss victory depositor گذارسرمايه saver, investor drown مردن die estate ملک ‘زمين land ethnic فرهنگي‘ملي national, cultural fever تب foe دشمن enemy friend freed آزاد free secure Grapes of Wrath هاي خشمخوشه grief غصه sorrow, sadness joy hill بلندي mount valley hunger گرسنگي starvation ladder پله steps lodge خانه کوچک small house monument بناي يادبود memorial, tribute mugger سارق robber mutilate مجروح کردن maim penniless فقير impoverished rich pertain مربوط بودن relate, be relevant ponderous سنگين heavy light

portray نشان دادن show, depict hide pride غرور self-respect rash دقتبي careless careful razor تيغ اصالح shaver sink غرق شدن be submerged float sorrow تاسف grief joy stumble تلوتلو خوردن slip testament مدرک evidence, verification thrill هيجان excitement bore thyself خودت yourself virtue حسن good feature vice volley رگبار torrent, shower wander تاخت و تاز‘گردانيسر lose concentration

Double Duty Words 1. outlaw (v., n.) 2. venture (v., n.) 3. guide (v., n.) 4. censor (v., n.) 5. bait (v., n.) 6. toil (v., n.) 7. blunder (v., n.) 8. rash (n., adj.) 9. novel (n., adj.) 10. quarter (v., n.)

Opposites 1. roam ≠ stay at home 2. undernourished ≠ well-fed 3. disclose ≠ hide 4. rapid ≠ slow 5. pauper ≠ rich person 6. possible ≠ could not happen 7. feeble ≠ strong 8. cease ≠ start 9. excessive ≠ not enough 10. rash ≠ careful

Maim: "Suggests the loss or destruction of an arm or leg or both" Mortal: "mort comes from Latin and means "to die" "

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 31 Word Synonym Antonym

commuter مسافر traveler, person along for the ride confine محبوس کردن keep in, hold in release

idle اساس بي‘غيرفعال inactive, lazy, without any good reason working, diligent

idol قهرمان‘بت statue, hero

jest خنداندن‘مضحک joke, fun

patriotic پرستميهن loyal, loving one's country disloyal

dispute مقاومت کردن‘ نزاع‘مخالفت disagreement, quarrel agreement

valor شجاعت bravery, courage

lunatic ديوانه crazy, foolish, insane sensible

vein رگه‘ سياهرگ‘حالت روحي mood, blood vessel

uneventful بدون اتفاق برجسته و مهم without important or striking happening eventful

fertile غني productive, rich, fruitful infertile Lesson 32

Word Synonym Antonym refer ارجاع دادن hand over, direct for information, help or action distress موقعيت خطرناک‘بدشانسي misfortune, dangerous or difficult situation fortune

diminish يافتنکاهش reduce, decrease increase maximum بيشينه greatest possible or amount minimum

flee فرار کردن run away, go quickly, escape

vulnerable پذيرآسيب capable of being injured impervious

signify با اهميت‘معني کردن mean, be a sign of, have importance

mythology شناسياسطوره myths, folklore, tradition colleague همکار co-worker, associate torment عذاب cause very great pain to, annoy pleasure, comfort provide فراهم کردن supply, give withhold loyalty وفاداري‘صداقت faithfulness, honesty disloyalty, dishonesty

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Lessons 31-32

Word Synonym Antonym alibi دفاعيه‘ توضيح‘دليل reason, explanation, defense argue دليل آوردن reason, make a case attendance حضور presence, attending attitude نگرش viewpoint bleed خونريزي blood loss bunk آشغال rubbish bury دفن کردن inter commendation تحسين‘تشويق praise, recommendation

contest مخالفت کردن‘رقابت competition, accept cooperate همکاري کردن collaborate curriculum برنامه درسي syllabus, set of courses dean رييس defendant مدعي عليه‘خوانده deserve سزاوار بودن merit, be worthy of dull تاريک‘هگرفت dark, dim bright fate سرنوشت destiny frontier مرز border generation نسل age group hatch بيرون آمدن ‘توليد کردن produce, emerge mockery استهزا‘ريشخند ridicule, scorn respect outing تور day trip, tour pitch زمين بازي playing field primitive نخستين‘باستاني prehistoric, ancient modern rescue نجات دادن free, liberate abandon rumor شايعه gossip rush يورش schedule برنامه timetable seam اليه‘رگه layer, vein soil خاک earth spot جا‘نقطه place, site striking برجسته noticeable inconspicuous veteran ايحرفه experienced, expert novice warrior جنگجو‘سرباز soldier, fighter willingly داوطلبانه voluntarily reluctantly worship عبادت کردن adoration, veneration wrap بندي کردنبسته package unwrap wrist مچ دست

Lunatic: "The Romans believed that our minds are affected by the moon- luna means "moon" in Latin- and that lunatics grew more crazy as the moon become fuller"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 33

Word Synonym Antonym volunteer داوطلب unpaid helper

prejudice لطمه زدن‘داوريپيش bias, prejudgment, to harm or injure impartiality

shrill نافذ‘صداي بلند piercing, high and sharp in sound low

jolly سرخوش merry, full of fun sad

witty گو بذله‘شوخ amusing, humorous dull

hinder ممانعت کردن hold back, obstruct

lecture سخنراني speech, scold

abuse سوء استفاده misuse

mumble من من کردن speak unclearly (indistinctly)

mute الل‘خاموش silent, unable to speak

wad جرم کوچک و نرم small and soft mass

retain استخدام کردن‘نگهداشتن keep, employ let go

Lesson 34 Word Synonym Antonym

candidate کانديدا applicant precede پيشي گرفتن head, go before, come first follow

adolescent نوجوان youthful, between 13 to 22 years of age adult coeducational مدرسه مختلط educating both sexes in the same school

radical بنيادي‘اساسي fundamental, extreme minor, conservative

spontaneous اختيار بي‘خود به خود unplanned, natural

skim سر چيزي را گرفتن‘ نگاه سرسري و سطحي

remove from the top, read quickly, glide along

vaccinate واکسينه کردن inoculate, immunize untidy نامرتب messy, not neat, not in order neat utensil ابزار‘وسيله instrument, appliance sensitive حساس easily affected or influenced indifferent temperate دلمعت moderate intemperate

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Lessons 33-34

Word Synonym Antonym banquet مهماني feast, formal meal burst منفجر شدن erupt campaign مبارزه‘جنبش movement, fight

chimney لوله دودکش vent, smokestack chuckle با دهان بسته خنديدن laugh quietly consent رضايت داشتن agree refuse cruel رحمبي brutal kind desperate خطير ‘مايوس hopeless, serious hopeful, harmless distinct مشخص clear unclear fierce وحشي savage, wild gentle hazy مبهم unclear distinct horror ترس terror inoculate دنواکسينه کر vaccinate insult فحش‘توهين mayor شهرداري merry شاد happy, cheery miserable mud گل sludge, dirt on the spur of the moment

suddenly deliberately ناگهاني‘بدون مقدمه

orphanage پرورشگاه يتيمان pan انتقاد کردن‘ماهي تاوه pot, criticize praise, applaud pirate دزد دريايي bandit, thief pitch صدا sound polio فلج اطفال privilege امتياز ويژه right rehearsal تمرين practice performance resign واگذار کردن‘استعفا دادن leave your job scold ايراد گرفتن‘انتقاد tell off praise soothe ام کردنآر calm, pacify excite stuff چپاندن‘پر کردن fill tune لحن melody, song twinkle برق نگاه‘چشمک زدن gleam, shine vicious شرور cruel good-natured whistle فرياد‘سوت shriek

linger on grow up

Prejudice: "A person who decides before thinking-out a problem is prejudiced"

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 35 Word Synonym Antonym

vague مبهم ambiguous definite

elevate باال بردن raise, lift up

lottery آزماييبخت gamble, game of chance certainty

finance سرمايه money

obtain مورد استفاده بودن‘بدست آوردن gain, attain, be in use lose

cinema سينما moving picture

event رخداد happening, result or outcome

discard دور ريختن throw away, shed keep

soar اوج گرفتن aspire, fly upward or at a great height drop

subsequent بعدي following, later preceding

relate ربط داشتن‘نقل کردن tell, connect in thought or meaning

stationary ثابت motionless, still moving

Lesson 36 Word Synonym Antonym

prompt وادار کردن ‘ سريع ‘به موقع quick, on time slow, late hasty شتابزدهسريع و quick, hurried slow

scorch سطح چيزي را سوزاندن burn slightly, dry up, criticize sharply tempest مزاحمت‘طوفان storm, disturbance serenity

soothe آرام کردن calm, pacify excite

sympathetic دلسوز‘همدرد kind, kind-hearted unfeeling

redeem بازخريد‘ انجام شدن‘آزاد کردن release, carry out, pay off

resume دوباره آغاز کردن recommence, take up again stop harmony هماهنگي synchronization discord refrain خودداري کردن hold back persist illegal غير قانوني unlawful, against the law legal narcotic مخدر tranquillizer

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Lessons 35-36

Word Synonym Antonym ache درد pain acquisition خريد‘بدست آوردن attainment, purchase loss ambition بلندپروازي‘هدف goal, aspiration avail فايده benefit boast ادعا کردن‘الف زدن claim brew آماده کردن prepare curse آزار و اذيت annoyance, bother discount تخفيف money off drowse چرت زدن be sleepy wake embrace در آغوش گرفتن hug erosion سايش corrosion, wearing down

excuse بهانه‘عذر reason firearm اسلحه gun, weapon frustration بدتر کردن aggravation satisfaction hum صداي زير low sound hurried سريع و شتابزده hasty leisurely incident تصادف‘درگيري fight, clash insane ديوانه lunatic intermission استراحت‘وقفه rest jest شوخي joke lessen کم کردن diminish, reduce increase mercy بخشش forgiveness mortgage سرمايه‘گرو finance opium ترياک platform سکو stage precious با ارزش valuable worthless prescribe تجويز کردن recommend prompting اصرار‘پافشاري property دارايي‘ملک land, belongings resort راه چاره‘انتخاب option, remedy sentence محکوم کردن‘حکم condemn, decree shed دور انداختن discard vain فايده بي‘غيرمؤثر ineffective successful wheat گندم

Double Duty Words 1. jest (v., n.) 2. volunteer (v., n.) 3. refrain (v., n.) 4. finance (v., n.) 5. mute (v., n.) 6. torment (v., n.) 7. abuse (v., n.) 8. idle (n., adj., v.) 9. lunatic (n., adj.) 10. prompt (v., adj.)

Opposites 1. hasty ≠ slow 2. idle ≠ busy 3. flee ≠ remain 4. mumble ≠ speak clearly 5. jolly ≠ sad 6. elevate ≠ lower 7. discard ≠ keep 8. mute ≠ talkative 9. diminish ≠ grow larger 10. untidy ≠ neat

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 37 Word Synonym Antonym

heir وارث inheritor

majestic با شکوه grand, noble, dignified, kingly humble

dwindle کوچک يا کم شدن decrease, shrink increase

surplus اضافي excess, extra

traitor سازشکار betrayer loyalist

deliberate هدفمند intentional, to consider carefully accidental

vandal خرابکار delinquent

drought خشکسالي lack of rain, dryness wetness

abide وفادار ماندن‘قبول کردن accept, remain faithful to, dwell, endure

unify متحد و يکي کردن unite, make or form into one separate

summit جلسه ‘باالترين نقطه apex, zenith, meeting bottom

heed توجه دقيق attention, notice disregard

Lesson 38 Word Synonym Antonym

biography بيوگرافي life story drench خيس شدن soak, wet thoroughly dry out

swarm تعداد زياد crowd or great number wobble تلوتلو خوردن move unsteadily from side to side

tumult نويز‘صداي بلند uproar, noise, violent disturbance or disorder

kneel تعظيم کردن go down on your knees

dejected غمگين in low spirit, sad cheerful

obedient مطيع willing to obey disobedient recede عقب رفتن go back, withdraw advance tyrant ستمگرحاکم cruel ruler charity موسسه خيريه aid organization verdict قضاوت کردن judgment, decision of a jury

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Lessons 37-38

Word Synonym Antonym accuse متهم کردن blame, charge appoint منصوب کردن assign, choose dismiss, reject arsonist افروزآتش betray خيانت کردن be disloyal to, give up protect charge هزينه‘جريمه cost, accusation chin چانه clown دلقک joker comment انتقاد criticism courteous مؤدب polite rude dignified شاخص distinguished undignified downpour بارندگي زياد heavy shower dwell سکني گزيدن reside, inhabit flag پرچم mark fleet ناوگان navy fraternity برادري furious آتشين‘سخت و شديد irate calm generous بخشنده kind, giving tight-fisted grumble مخالفت‘شکايت complaint, protest hand کارگر worker handful چندتا‘مشت howl فرياد‘گريه wail, scream, cry ignorant نا آگاه unaware, uninformed informer خبررسان informant intend داشتنقصد aim, mean knee زانو lenient با مدارا easy-going, moderate severe march into هجوم آوردن attack, invade miser اندوز مال‘خسيس stingy, collector generous overlook اغماض‘پوشيچشم ignore, neglect parachute چتر نجات peg وصل کردن‘ميخ nail, attach detach precious ارزشمند valuable worthless reassure دلگرم کردن encourage rebel ياغي radical recruit کارگر‘استخدام کردن employ, employee lay off regiment لشکر troop reminder يادداشت remembrance rip پاره کردن tear

shrink شدنترکوچک get smaller grow summon احضار‘دعوت کردن call dismiss surrender واگذاري‘تسليم کردن give up retain swamp باتالق throne سرير‘تخت uproar آشوب‘غوغا chaos, tumult peace

get on go on pay off make up

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 39

Word Synonym Antonym unearth کشف کردن dig up, discover, find out cover up, bury

depart تغيير دادن ‘ترک کردن leave, go away, change, die arrive

coincide منطبق شدن ‘موافقت کردن agree, correspond exactly, overlap

cancel کنسل کردن call off, withdraw, wipe out

debtor کاربده person who owes something to another

legible واضح و شفاف‘خوانا able to be read, plain and clear illegible

placard پالکارد poster, advertisement

contagious واگيردار‘مسري infectious, transmittable

clergy روحاني‘مبلغان مذهبي persons prepared for religious work

customary معمول usual exceptional

transparent واضح‘شفاف see-through, clear opaque, unclear

scald سوختن با آب ‘شتشو با آب گرم burn with hot liquid or steam داغ‘جوش يا بخار

Lesson 40 Word Synonym Antonym

epidemic گيرهمه widespread obesity چاقي بيش از حد extreme fatness slenderness

magnify بزرگنمايي کردن cause to make larger than it really is, enlarge shrink chiropractor ماساژور massager

obstacle مانع obstruction, impediment

ventilate برمال کردن‘تهويه کردن change the air in, discuss openly

jeopardize به خطر انداختن risk, endanger

negative منفي saying no, minus, showing the lights and shadows reversed

pension حقوق بازنشستگي retirement fund vital مهلک‘ بسيار مهم‘حياتي very important, necessary to life unimportant municipal شهري of a city or state, urban country, rural oral شفاهي spoken, by word of mouth, verbal written

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Lessons 39-40

Word Synonym Antonym absenteeism غيبت absence attendance applicant متقاضي candidate, interviewee arthritis آرتروز assassinate ترور kill, murder assist کمک کردن help hinder barbed مضر‘خاردار pointed, hurtful blindfold چشم بستن borrow قرض کردن have a loan of lend buried مخفي hidden, concealed overt chubby چاق fat slim convention انجمن meeting corpulent چاق fat slim ditch کانال‘گودال channel drowning غرق شده going under floating embarrassment ناراحتي unease calm envoy نماينده representative execution اعدام killing fate سرنوشت destiny fever تب ignorance نا آگاهي unawareness knowledge interview مصاحبه put questions to ladder نردبان land بدست آوردن gain, acquire lose lava گدازه molten rock, magma literal حقيقي factual fictional loan قرض دادن‘قرض lend borrow lung شش mutton گوشت گوسفند beef, lamb obese چاق fat, stout, corpulent slim parade ميدان سان‘سان ديدن show off, exhibit possession مالکيت put down فرو نشاندن rid پاک کردن clear, do away with riot آشوب disturbance roast کباب کردن bake rye چاودار‘گندم سياه scald tears اشک حسرت scroll طومار roll shipment محموله batch, load slim الغر slender fat stamp نقش‘مهر stoutness تنومندي firmness, strength superstition پرستيخرافه false notion swelter خيس عرق شدن overheat, roast, boil testify گواهي دادن give evidence, confirm turnout دهندکان رأي‘جمعيت crowd, voters vase گلدان vertebrae هاي ستون فقراتمهره backbone vital wound جراحت مهلک weight watcher داراي رژيم غذايي dieter, slimmer yawning کشيدنخميازه

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504 Absolutely Essential Words

Lesson 41 Word Synonym Antonym

complacent مغرور ‘خودخواه self-satisfied

wasp زنبور

rehabilitate احيا كردن restore to good condition, revitalize

parole آزادي مشروط‘قول شرف conditional freedom, word of honor

vertical عمودي straight up and down with reference to horizon horizontal

multitude تعداد زياد‘جمعيت a great number, a crowd

nominate منصوب کردن appoint to an office

potential پتانسيل capability of coming into being or action

morgue بايگاني‘سردخانه

preoccupied مشغول‘مجذوب took up all attention

upholstery روکش مبل coverings and cushion for furniture

indifference اعتناييبي

Lesson 42 Word Synonym Antonym

maintain باقي ماندن‘نگهداشتن keep, keep up, uphold snub تحقير كردن treat coldly, scornfully or with contempt

endure تحمل کردن bear, last, keep on, stand wrath عصبانيت شديد very great anger, rage

expose در معرض چيزي قرار گرفتن lay open, uncover, show openly

legend يادداشت‘داستان tale, myth

ponder توجه دقيق consider carefully

resign استعفا دادن‘واگذار کردن give up, yield, submit drastic قوي ‘مؤثر acting with force or violence wharf لنگرگاه‘بارانداز pier, dock amend اصالح کردن alter, modify, change worsen ballot برگه رأي vote, secret ballot

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42

Lessons 41-42

Word Synonym Antonym afresh ًمجددا again ally دوست friend enemy annihilation انهدام total destruction protection assign اختصاص دادن allocate beset طه کردناحا blame و متهم کردنزنشسر accuse brainchild محصول فکري idea cattle الناس عوام‘حيوان اهلي domestic animals contempt توهين scorn admiration cushion پوشش‘بالش pillow, shield deed عمل‘داركر action donate اهدا کردن give embarrassing ناراحت کننده upsetting exhausted وامانده‘خسته tired refreshed flame زبانه کشيدن burn, light up forgery جعلي imitation original grave گور tomb heave آه کشيدن haul henchman ايآدمکش حرفه in the interest of به نفع incredible انگيزشگفت astonishing unremarkable inmate زنداني prisoner, convict lever اهرم handle literal حقيقي factual fictional measures اقدامات mound بلندي hill notorious گمنام infamous famous parasol چتر umbrella pig خوك porch بالکن‘ايوان terrace, balcony poverty کمبود scarcity surplus put up آشنا کردن rhyme شعر poem roundup جمع کردن collect disperse rude ادببي impolite polite scornfully تمسخرآميز contemptuously respectfully sentence محکوم کردن condemn sigh آه کشيدن exhale noisily skeptic شک انگيز‘شکاک dubious slayer قاتل killer sofa مبل settee sprinkler آبفشان stain لک انداختن blemish sting نيش torture عذاب torment tremble ادنتکان د shake tribe قبيله family, ethnic group urge تمايل شديد ‘درخواست يا اصرار کردن insist on velvet مخمل weakling ضعيف ‘کم بنيه

Double Duty Words 1. surplus (n., adj.) 2. deliberate (v., adj.) 3. summit (adj., n.) 4. swarm (v., n.) 5. wobble (v., n.) 6. pension (v., n.) 7. parole (v., n.) 8. ballot (n., v.) 9. negative (n., adj.) 10. snub (v., n.)

Opposites 1. surplus ≠ shortage 2. heed ≠ refuse to listen 3. unearth ≠ bury 4. magnify ≠ make smaller 5. amend ≠ leave the same 6. oral ≠ written 7. depart ≠ arrive 8. unify ≠ split up 9. wrath ≠ happiness 10. kneel ≠ stand up straight

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1

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

abroad overseas ☺ abrupt sudden gradual abruptness ☺ abruptly

acceptable permissible unacceptable accept acceptability ☺ acceptably

acclaim praise criticize ☺ acclamation acclaimed

actually truly actual ☺ adverse unfavorable favorable ☺ adversely

advice suggestion warning advise ☺ advisable

attractive appealing repellent attract attraction ☺ attractively

autonomous independent dependent ☺ autonomously

disapproval objection approval disapprove ☺ disapprovingly

disruptive disturbing disrupt disruption ☺ disruptively

haphazardly arbitrarily systematically haphazardness haphazard ☺ ideal perfect ideal ☺ ideally

persistent constant feeble persist persistence ☺ persistently

wide broad narrow wideness ☺ widely

Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

advanced progressive traditional advance advancement ☺

advantage benefit disadvantage ☺ advantageous advantageously

advent arrival departure ☺

agile nimble clumsy agility, agileness ☺ agilely

albeit although

allow permit forbid ☺ allowance allowable allowably

appealing alluring repulsive appeal appeal ☺ appealingly

celebrated renowned unknown ☺

contemporary current old ☺

distribute dispense ☺ distribution ☺

encourage inspire ☺ encouragement encouraging encouragingly

energetic vigorous energy ☺ energetically

frail fragile strong frailty ☺

refine perfect contaminate ☺ refinement refined

worthwhile rewarding worthless ☺

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2

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym

allotted اختصاص يافته selected aphrodisiac برانگيزاننده جنسي applause تشويق clapping jeering applicant متقاضي candidate artistic هنري arty assignment قرارداد project attire لباس dress authority قدرت‘سئوليتم power powerlessness cognitive شناختي colony مستعمره conceive تصور کردن imagine cryptic مرموز mysterious straightforward devastating کنندهويران destructive displeasing ناخوشايند distressing pleasing distract اغفال کردن sidetrack enthusiastic مشتاق eager factual حقيقي realistic fictional gland غده incident رويداد‘تصادف clash, event irrational نامعقول illogical rational native بومي‘اهلي inhabitant foreigner negotiate مذاکره کردن talk perception ادراک insight perfume عطر aroma plain واضح clear ambiguous psychotherapy درمانيروان recognition شناخت identification recruit استخدام کردن employ relinquish رها کردن abandon retain rewarding با ارزش worthwhile disappointing tariff تعرفه tax territory قلمرو region, terrain therapy درمان cure, treatment virtually ًواقعا vulnerable پذيرآسيب in danger

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3

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym

abominable زشت awful carnivorous گوشتخوار consequence اهميت‘نتيجه result, importance contemptuous آميزهانتا scornful admiring convince متقاعد کردن persuade dissuade curious عجيب peculiar ordinary diet رژيم غذايي regime dweller ساکن يک محل inhabitant entertainment سرگرمي hobby evolve کامل شدن develop, progress facilitate تسهيل کردن ease impede interfere مداخله کردن get in the way involvement گرفتاري‘درگيري contribution jogging آهسته دويدن run laziness تنبلي idleness energy poll رأي ballot remote دور از دسترس inaccessible nearby shrimp ميگو spectacular تماشايي wonderful humdrum splendor زيبايي swallow پرستو tadpole نوزاد قورباغه theme موضوع topic tidal جزر و مدي trait مشخصه‘ويژگي attribute, feature valley دره vegetarian گياهخوار wilderness بيابان wasteland

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4

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

alter modify maintain ☺ alteration alterable alterably

analyze examine ☺ analysis

ancient old contemporary ☺

annoying bothersome pleasing annoy annoyance ☺ annoyingly

anticipate predict ☺ anticipation anticipatory

conform adapt contradict ☺ conformity

detect notice ☺ detection

enrich enhance ☺ enrichment enriching

intensify heighten weaken ☺ intensity intensive intensively

intolerable unbearable bearable intolerance ☺ intolerantly

observe notice ☺ observer observant

ongoing current finished ☺

propose suggest ☺ proposal proposed

restore revitalize ☺ restoration restored

vital indispensable unimportant vitality ☺ vitally

Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

ambiguous vague clear ambiguity ☺ ambiguously

apparent visible unclear ☺ apparently

arbitrary haphazard logical arbitrariness ☺ arbitrarily

assert declare deny ☺ assertiveness assertive assertively

astounding astonishing astound ☺ astoundingly

astute perceptive stupid astuteness ☺ astutely

authorize empower forbid ☺ authority authorized

deceptively misleadingly honestly deceive deception deceptive ☺ determined resolute irresolute determine determination

elicit extract ☺ elicitation

forbid ban allow ☺ forbidden forbiddingly

petition appeal ☺ petition

relinquish abdicate retain ☺ relinquishment

resilient tenacious weak resilience ☺ resiliently

tempt entice ☺ temptation tempting temptingly

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5

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym

archaeologist شناسباستان attribute مشخصه trait, characteristic celestial آسماني heavenly earthly compensation بازپرداخت repayment course الگو‘جهت direction, pattern dairy لبني deficiency کمبود‘نقص defect, shortage perfection, excess diverse فاوتمت different similar dubious مشکوک uncertain certain generation نسل age group interstellar ايستارهبين mask پوشاندن cover miss نرسيدن fail to attend attend momentous مهم ‘خطير important trivial mosquito پشه nutritional مغذي dietary promotional تبليغاتي restoration ترميم repair seriousness خطير‘اهميت importance triviality stoical بردبار enduring strict ثابت‘محکم firm lenient tardiness تأخير delay punctuality threshold آستانه limit tutoring تدريس خصوصي teaching

Lesson 4

Word Synonym Antonym forbid احساس بد داشتن bad feeling grace زيبايي beauty awkwardness herd جمعيت group juxtaposition الحاق combination on behalf of از طرف in support of provision شرايط condition resolution قطعنامه‘عزم decision, declaration seek طلب کردن ask for subsidize حمايت مالي support financially suffrage حق رأي vote tenure مدت تصدي occupancy, permanent status trample لگد کردن walk on treaty معاهده pact wander گير کردن‘سرگرداني lose concentration withdraw حذف کردن remove put in witty شوخ humorous dull

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6

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

amaze astonish ☺ amazement amazing amazingly

baffle puzzle ☺ bafflement baffling

bear yield ☺ bearable bearably

block obstruct ☺ blockage blocked

blur cloud clear ☺ blur blurred

brilliant radiant dull, mediocre brilliance ☺ brilliantly

caution warn ☺ caution cautious cautiously

challenge dare challenge ☺ challenging

delicate fragile robust ☺ delicately

enhance strengthen ☺ enhancement enhanced

intrigue fascinate ☺ intrigue intriguing intriguingly

persuade convince discourage ☺ persuasion persuasive persuasively

replace substitute ☺ replacement replaceable

shed discard ☺

unique rare common uniqueness ☺ uniquely

Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

chiefly mostly chief ☺ coarse rough smooth coarseness ☺ coarsely

commonplace frequent, standard

extraordinary ☺

comparatively relatively absolutely compare comparison comparative ☺ complex complicated simple complexity ☺

conventional traditional unconventional convention ☺ conventionally

curious peculiar ordinary curiosity ☺ curiously

exceedingly extremely exceed excess excessive ☺ exclusively restrictively partially exclude exclusion exclusive ☺ immense massive tiny immensity ☺ immensely

indeed truly ☺ rigid stiff floppy ☺ rigidly

routinely ordinarily unusually routine routine ☺ sufficiently adequately inadequately suffice sufficiency sufficient ☺ Visibly noticeably view vision visionary, visible ☺

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7

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym

orchard باغ ميوه advocacy طرفداري support, promotion constellation صورت فلکي controversial انگيزبحث debatable crab خرچنگ critic منتقد detractor, opponent fan, supporter denture دندان مصنوعي flint سنگ چخماق hatching کشيجوجه imitation بدلي‘تقلبي mock, artificial real meandering مارپيچ twisty direct ornamental تزييني‘آرايشي decorative, attractive outsider خارجي foreigner native perennial گياه چندساله‘دائمي permanent, lasting occasional Perseus برساوش porcelain خاک چيني ceramic shipwrecked کشتي شکسته solicit تقاضا کردن ask for, petition for grant status جايگاه rank, level tattooing خالکوبي tropical گرمسير hot temperate underestimate دست کم گرفتن undervalue, miscalculate overestimate

Lesson 6

Word Synonym Antonym adhere هواخواهي ‘چسبيدن stick attendance حضور presence bias تعصب‘تمايل partiality, favoritism impartiality comprehend فهميدن understand contest مسابقه competition convention جلسه‘سمر tradition, meeting covet طمع کردن domestic اهلي‘خانگي home public durable بادوام robust, resilient flimsy gravel سنگريزه stony, pebbly homesick دلتنگ nostalgic infirmary بيمارستان hospital ingenious خالق inventive juggling تردستي modest فروتن‘نسبتاً کم fairly small excessive peculiar عجيب strange normal preconception تصور قبلي bias rival رقابت کردن match, compete with trigonometry مثلثات tumbling معلق زدن dropping rising vine گياه باالرونده climbing plant

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8

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

appropriate proper inappropriate appropriateness ☺ appropriately

clarify explain confuse ☺ clarification

conceal hide reveal ☺ concealment

confirm prove refute ☺ confirmation confirmed

constantly continually intermittently constant ☺ convenient practical,

suitable, near inconvenient ☺ convenience conveniently

core chief core ☺

critical dangerous stable critique critic, criticism ☺ critically

distort deform straighten ☺ distortion distorted

diverse different similar diversify diversity ☺ diversely

prosperous thriving, wealthy poor prosper prosperity ☺ prosperously

purposefully deliberately purpose purposeful ☺ reveal disclose conceal ☺ revelation revealing revealingly

scarcely hardly scarcity scarce ☺ theoretically hypothetically theorize theory theoretical ☺

Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

accelerate hasten slow down ☺ acceleration

crack fracture crack ☺

create produce destroy ☺ creativeness creative creatively

creep crawl ☺ creeping

crush grind ☺ crush crushing

cultivate grow ☺ cultivation cultivated

dictate impose ☺ dictator dictatorial

distinguish discriminate ☺ distinguishing

flaw defect ☺ flawed

harvest gather harvest ☺ harvested

mirror reflect ☺ mirror

obtain gain lose ☺ obtainable

particle fragment ☺

settle colonize take off ☺ settlement settled

transport carry ☺ transportation transportable

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9

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym

accuse کردنمتهم charge, blame adopt قبول کردن accept reject continent قاره convenient مناسب‘نزديک suitable, near inconvenient curriculum سيالبس syllabus cuttlefish ماهي مرکب deliberately هدفمندانه intentionally, purposely accidentally deserve دنسزاوار بو merit, be worthy of dugout سوراخ hollow embryonic جنيني eventually سرانجام finally, ultimately evolution تکامل تدريجي development gill آبشش glare درخشندگي shine, brightness dullness husbandry پرورش دام farming illumination روشنايي lighting kidney کليه leap پرش jump drop mollusk حلزون rationing بنديسهميه share out, distribute sever شکسته شدن cut, separate unite sod قلمرو‘چمن grass,

Lesson 8

Word Synonym Antonym abide by پيروي کردن‘وفادار ماندن به obey defy accomplish انجام شدن do advocate طرفدار supporter opponent anteater خوارمورچه blemish آسيب رساندن damage enlist (enroll) نويسي کردننام sign up hobby سرگرمي pastime, diversion iridescent درخشان shining legislation قانونگذاري lineage نامهشجره family tree opal عقيق plague آزار دادن‘بال trouble, bother precedent روال‘مقدم pattern resemble شباهت داشتن look like differ settle حل اختالف become calm slump کاهش‘سقوط fall, drop rise

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10

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

accurate precise inaccurate accuracy ☺ accurately

classify arrange ☺ classification classified

currency money ☺

deep thorough shallow deepen depth ☺ deeply

dense thick density ☺ densely

depend on trust mistrust ☺ dependent dependable dependably

dim faint light dim dimness ☺ dimly

display exhibit conceal ☺ display

exports foreign sales import export ☺ exported

gigantic enormous tiny ☺ gigantically

impressive imposing unimpressive impress impression ☺ impressively

lasting enduring temporary last ☺

treasury bank treasure ☺ treasured

uniform consistent inconsistent uniformity ☺ uniformly

vibrant brilliant dull vibrance ☺ vibrantly

Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

distinct definite indistinct distinction ☺ distinctly

dominant major minor dominate domination ☺ dominantly

dormant inactive active dormitory ☺

drab colorless interesting drabness ☺ drably

dramatic emotional dull dramatize drama ☺ dramatically

elaborate complex straightforward elaborate elaboration ☺ elaborately

exceptional phenomenal ordinary ☺ exceptionally

hazardous dangerous safe hazard ☺ hazardously

minuscule tiny gigantic minutia minute☺

prime prepare ☺ prime prime, primed

rudimentary basic rudiment ☺

sensitive delicate impervious sensitivity ☺ sensitively

superficial shallow deep ☺ superficially

terrifying frightening terrify ☺ terrifyingly

vigorous strong sluggish vigor ☺ vigorously

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11

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym

address خطابه speak to addressee گيرنده‘مخاطب receiver donor aspiration هدف ‘تنفس goal chasm شکاف opening conservative کارمحافظه cautious speculative context زمينه background featured مشخصه‘برجسته characteristic genius نبوغ brilliance glowing تابان bright dull inaugural گشايشي‘افتتاحي opening interest بهره benefit intuitive شهودي perceptive obtuse modality وجه monopoly انحصار domination nebulae سحابي outstanding استثنايي exceptional ordinary pact پيمان treaty persuasion متقاعد کردن point of view postulate فرض کردن assume prevailing متداول popular, general prevalent متداول‘غالب common rare privileged طبقه ممتاز‘داراي امتياز ravine دره تنگ narrow valley scope وسعت‘حوزه range, scale Scotch اسکاتلندي thistle بوته خار

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12

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym

adapt وفق دادن become accustomed adopt اقتباس کردن‘قبول کردن accept reject adopted son پسرخوانده aroma بوي خوش perfume bilateral دو طرفه two-sided unilateral dart away حرکت تند و سريع demise مرگ‘واگذاري death birth dormitory خوابگاه student house elaboration سازيشفاف clarification elapse منقضي شدن pass entrepreneurs کارفرمايانه eruption فوران explosion evolve پيشرفت کردن develop, progress facet رويه side feather پر plume hull بدنه کشتي involvement گرفتاري‘درگيري taking part majestic شکوها ب grand, splendid humble mythology شناسياسطوره folklore pass away مردن die plumage پر و بال plunge شيرجه رفتن sink, dive rear عقب back front skyline خط افق skyscraper آسمانخراش slither سر خوردن slide terrifying ترسناک frightening trust مسئوليت‘داريعهده responsibility turnpike عوارضي

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13

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

amenity convenience inconvenience ☺

destroy ruin build ☺ destruction destructive destructively

disperse circulate ☺ dispersed

dwelling house dwell dweller☺

element component, environment

☺ elemental

elementary primary ☺

eliminate delete ☺ elimination eliminated

emphasize highlight ☺ emphasis emphatic emphatically

encircle surround ☺ encircled

erratic inconsistent consistent ☺ erratically

exaggerate overstate understate ☺ exaggeration exaggerated

mention remark conceal ☺ mention mentioned

pier dock ☺

prevalent common rare prevalence ☺

release free hold ☺ release

Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

benefit assist suffer ☺ beneficiary beneficial beneficially

blind unaware aware blindness ☺ blindly

broaden enlarge narrow ☺ breadth broad broadly

burgeon thrive dwindle ☺ burgeoning

conspicuously noticeably inconspicuously conspicuous ☺ demand insist request ☺ demand demanding demandingly

endorse support ☺ endorsement

enormous tremendous tiny enormity ☺ enormously

entirely thoroughly partly entirety entire ☺ erode deteriorate ☺ erosion evaporate disappear ☺ evaporation recover retrieve lose ☺ recovery recoverable,

recovered

reportedly rumored report report reported ☺ shift switch shift ☺ shifting shifty

suffer endure ☺ suffering, sufferer

suffering

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14

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym

abode مسکن home belonging دارايي burrow سوراخ hole clutter نظم بي disorder conifers مخروطيان expedition سفر‘هيئت اعزامي team, journey grocery بقالي hand-out اطالعيه brochure humorous شوخ witty hurricane تندباد tornado intended نامزد proposed intent نيت‘قصد intention, aim latter آخري‘دومي last, second former mat حصير pad, wad mediocre متوسط average, ordinary excellent objective هدف goal pad گرفتن درز fill perseverance پشتکار determination feebleness pier اسکله dock, wharf prairie زارچمن grassland, plain ridicule مسخره scorn rugged زمخت rough smooth sanitation پاکيزگي‘امکانات بهداشتي cleanliness dirtiness satirical طنز humorous ward حيه نا‘بخش region waterspout گردباد دريايي whirlwind گردباد hurricane, tornado

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15

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym

aggressive خشن‘تجاوزکارانه forceful, violent allege ادعا کردن assert, declare deny bitter ناخوشايند‘لخت unpleasant sweet, pleasant charity خيريه aid organization defy مقاومت کردن resist obey disband منحل کردن break up fault جابجا شدگي former اولي‘قبلي previous fund سرمايه finance harbor بندر infectious مسري‘عفوني transmittable inland دور از‘داخلي inner exterior intrusion تهاجم‘تجاوز invasion invade هجوم بردن attack loose گشاد floppy tight motif طراحي design oblivious فراموشکار‘خبربي unaware, unconscious conscious pace گام retrieve بازگرداندن recover lose sailor ملوان train تربيت کردن educate wear سايش abrasion, deterioration

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16

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

dignitary notable nobody ☺

crucial critical trivial ☺ critically

elude evade ☺ elusiveness elusive

evident apparent unclear evidence ☺ evidently

exhaust deplete, thorough renew ☺ exhaustion exhaustive exhaustively

extensive comprehensive, to offer, make longer

narrow extend extension ☺ extensively

extremely highly somewhat extreme extreme ☺ face confront ☺

facet aspect ☺ faceted

hero idol heroic, heroine heroic☺ heroically

inaccessible remote accessible inaccessibility ☺ inaccessibly

obviously evidently ambiguously obvious ☺ predictably expectedly surprisingly predict prediction predictable ☺ solve resolve ☺ solution

suitable appropriate inappropriate suit ☺ suitably

Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

ample sufficient insufficient ☺ amply

arid dry humid ☺

avoid avert encourage ☺ avoidance avoidable

defy resist obey ☺ defying defyingly

enact legislate ☺ enactment enacted

even equitable uneven evenness ☺ evenly

feign simulate ☺ feigned

fertile rich infertile fertilize fertility, fertilizer

freshly recently freshen freshness fresh ☺ function role function ☺ functional functionally

fundamental essential secondary ☺ fundamentally

indiscriminate arbitrary ☺ indiscriminately

selective discriminating select selection, selectivity

☺ selectively

spacious expansive cramped space, spaciousness

☺ spaciously

withstand survive perish ☺

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17

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym

cherish پروردن‘خوب توجه کردن appreciate, nourish cliff صخره rock commemorative به ياد ماندني memorial, celebratory construe تفسير کردن interpret criminal مجرم convict, villain deed انجام ‘واکنش action, accomplishment exemplary تحسين برانگيز admirable exhaustive عميق thorough shallow frivolous احمقانه‘فکرانهبي thoughtless, silly responsible frustrate جلوگيري کردن‘آزار دادن annoy, prevent encourage, promote grave شديد ‘سخت serious, severe minor implement انجام دادن perform inconceivable غير قابل تصور unthinkable, unbelievable mood خشم‘خلق و خو frame of mind, anger equanimity avail هدف ‘فايده advantage, purpose offensive تهاجمي attacking peaceful offer تعارف ‘عرضه suggestion ore کاني portray نشان دادن depict rearing تربيت کردن train, education rigorous شديد ‘سخت hard, severe ritual رسمي‘سنتي traditional, formal innovative sprawl بي حساب و کتاب رشد کردن suit وفق دادن be fitting clash summit جلسه meeting transitory موقتي temporary permanent tricky گرانهحيله crafty straight tyrant حاکم ستمگر dictator

Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym

catastrophe بال و بدبختي disaster, calamity cave غار detractor منتقد‘مخالف critic, enemy supporter fatal مهم‘ مخرب‘کشنده deadly, important flourish رشد کردن thrive, grow deteriorate glacier توده يخ غلتان inalienable غير قابل انکار undeniable infestation هجوم invasion, swarm opossum دارنوعي جانور کيسه penance توبه self-punishment, apology penitential آميزندامت rot خراب شدن‘پوسيدن decay, deteriorate sustain تغذيه کردن‘ادامه دادن continue, nourish quit, sap terrain قلمرو territory tribe قبيله family

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18

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

durable sturdy flimsy durability, duration

favor support, advantageous

☺ favor favorable, favorite

favorably

gain attain, increase lose ☺ gain gainful

generate create ☺ generation, generator

generated

halt stop begin ☺ halt halting haltingly

handle manage ☺ handling

harbor shelter ☺

harmful unhealthy harmless harm harm ☺ harmfully

insignificant meaningless significant insignificance ☺ insignificantly

mysterious baffling clear mystery, mysteriousness

☺ mysteriously

perilous dangerous safe peril ☺ perilously

postpone delay ☺ postponement

promote boost ☺ promoter, promotion

reject refuse accept ☺ rejection

substantial significant insignificant substantive☺ substantially

Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

conscientious meticulous careless ☺ conscientiously

convey communicate ☺

encompass include ☺

expansion growth contraction expand expansion☺ expandable

heighten intensify lessen ☺ height heightened

highlight emphasize ☺ highlight

inadvertently carelessly purposely inadvertent ☺ inevitable unavoidable avoidable inevitability ☺ inevitably

infancy beginning infant☺ infantile

miraculously astonishingly unremarkably miracle miraculous ☺ retrieve recover lose ☺ retrieval retrieved

systematically methodically haphazardly system systematic ☺ unlikely doubtful likely ☺

unwarranted unjustified justified ☺

zenith apex nadir ☺

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19

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym

arbitration داوري ‘حکميت adjudication, mediation reassure دلگرم کردن encourage undermine blackout خاموش کردن shutdown bleach کردن) رنگو بي(سفيد remove the color, lighten dye respirator ماسک اکسيژن oxygen mask circumstance شرايط‘وضعيت condition, situation cosmos کيهان universe cue سيگنال‘نشانه signal, sign eloquent گويا‘شيوا well-expressed, articulate inarticulate extinction انقراض‘مرگ death survival lure اغفال كردن tempt, entice refugee پناهنده سياسي‘تبعيدي person in exile reschedule تأخير کردن postpone bring forward sewage فاضالب manure, dirt smallpox آبله speculate فکر کردن‘حدس زدن guess, think struggle کوشيدن‘تقال کردن make a great effort tardiness تأخير lateness, delay punctuality troupe دسته‘گروه group, band volunteer داوطلب unpaid helper

Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym

accomplishment پيروزي‘عمل deed, triumph assess گيري کردناندازه measure career دوره زندگي livelihood cattle حيوانات اهلي domestic animals certified رسمي formal informal congestion ازدحام‘انسداد overcrowding, blocking emptiness conscious آکاه aware unaware displeasure ناخرسندي unhappiness pleasure disposal دور انداختن throwing away retention envelope پوشش cover hurricane تندباد tempest, tornado impersonal برخورد سرد و رسمي cold, formal, unfriendly friendly inadvertently تصادفي accidentally purposely indoor داخلي interior outdoor inevitable غير قابل پيشگيري unavoidable avoidable infraction قانون(نقض( breaking (law) pace سرعت‘گام step, swiftness pharmaceutical داروسازي slavery داريبرده unsettled نا أرام disquiet soothed

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20

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

agitate disturb calm ☺

confidential secret unrestricted confide confidant ☺ confidentially

delighted elated unhappy delight delightful☺ delightfully

discreetly cautiously indiscreetly discreet ☺ documented proven unknown document documentation documentary☺

gradually steadily rapidly gradual ☺ influence affect ☺ influence influential

inordinate excessive moderate ☺ inordinately

instantly immediately instant instantaneous, instant

☺ intentionally deliberately accidentally intention, intent intentional ☺ intrinsic inherent ☺ intrinsically

inundate overwhelm ☺ inundation

involve include exclude ☺ involvement involved

nominal moderate great ☺ nominally

presumably supposedly presume presumption presumable ☺ Lesson 18

Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb absurd ridiculous reasonable absurdity ☺ absurdly

abuse misuse abuse ☺ abusive abusively

allocation distribution allocate ☺ allocated

balanced equalized balance balance ☺

conservation preservation

destruction conserve Conservationist, conservative,

conservatism☺

fallacious incorrect correct fallacy ☺ fallaciously

feasible possible impossible feasibility ☺ feasibly

lack shortage have lack ☺ lacking

limber flexible stiff ☺

means methods ☺

narrow thin wide narrowness ☺ narrowly

preconception bias impartiality preconceive ☺ preconceived

robust energetic weak robustness ☺ robustly

steady constant intermittent steady steadiness ☺ steadily

swift fast slow swiftness ☺ swiftly

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21

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 17

Word Synonym Antonym alleviate ردنک بکس ‘دنكرتسهيل ease, lighten aggravate ambition بلندپروازي aspiration cite کردنذکر mention, refer to commerce بازرگاني trade decline کردنامتناع refuse accept documentation مدرک‘سند certification, documents foundation خيريهموسسه charity impression اثر‘ عقيده‘احساس feeling, notion, effect in order درست‘رتبم tidy, correct untidy ingot شمش intuitive شهودي sensitive, insightful obtuse inundated with reports خبرغرق left on their own د رها کردنامان خوبه nomination انتصاب ‘يشنهادپ proposal, appointment panic وحشتزدگي‘سراسيمگي fright, horror calm permissiveness مسامحه liberalism projective شدهطراحي ratification ييد تأ‘تصويب confirmation, agreement stimuli, stimulate برانگيختن‘محرک arouse suggestion نظريه‘ اشاره ‘پيشنهاد proposal, hint, plan underlie چيزي بودنزمينه be the cause of unduly جهت بي‘اندازهبي excessively justifiably vanity غرور‘تکبر pride humility verbal شفاهي oral written weaning شير گرفتناز

Lesson 18

Word Synonym Antonym assignment تخصيص‘تعيين appointment beneath زير below above clamp زدنبند fasten conservative سنتي traditional avant-garde contrary معکوس‘مخالف opposing, reverse similar convene جلسه دادنتشکيل call together corruption عدم صداقت‘تحريف dishonesty honesty grave خطبر‘وخيم serious, important minor irate خشمگينبسيار very angry, furious calm leather چرم legitimate منطقي‘قانوني lawful, reasonable unlawful, unreasonable misconception غلطتصور fallacy, mistaken belief fact momentarily موقتي‘طور آنيبه for a moment, temporarily permanently notion عقيده idea obligation تعهد responsibility outcome نتيجه result, conclusion plank الوار piece of wood reliable پايا steady unreliable stalk ساقه straw حصير strut گيره‘بست

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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

antiquated old-fashioned modern antique ☺

coherent logical, sticking together

illogical cohere coherence, cohesion

cohesive☺ coherently

develop evolve contract ☺ development, developer

developing

fabricate invent ☺ fabrication fabricated

investigation probe investigate investigator☺ investigative

normally typically rarely normalize normalization, norm

normal ☺ notice observe ☺ notice noticeable noticeably

notion concept ☺

novel original unoriginal ☺

opposition resistance friendliness oppose ☺ opposed

record register ☺ record, recording, recorder

recorded

relate communicate ☺ relation, relationship

related

suspect speculate trust ☺ suspect, suspicion

suspected

unbiased objective partial ☺

varied diverse

similar vary variety, variation, variant

various, variable☺

variably

Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

accentuate emphasize play down ☺ accentuation accentuated

disguise conceal reveal ☺ disguise disguised

finance fund ☺ finance, finances

financial, financed

financially

initiate launch finish ☺ initiation, initiative

initiated

innovative creative innovator, innovation

narrate relate ☺ narrative, narration

narrative

nevertheless nonetheless

occasionally sometimes frequently occasion occasional ☺ omit neglect care for ☺ omission omitted

outlandish bizarre ordinary ☺ outlandishly

overcome conquer surrender ☺

partially somewhat completely part partial partly☺ pass approve ☺ passage passable

portray depict ☺ portrayal

submit propose ☺ submission

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23

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym

abbreviation اختصار acronym, contraction alibi دليل reason appendage ضميمه attachment catastrophe بال disaster, calamity clenched fist مشت گره کرده compensate جبران كردن fabricated دروغين untrue hereditary موروثي inherited, genetic implement به کار بستن‘انجام دادن apply inanimate جانبي lifeless, dead animate intimate بنيادي‘اساسي malfunction بد کار کردن go wrong marginal اهميت بي‘ايحاشيه trivial, unimportant crucial merger يکپارچگي‘ادغام combination separation oar پارو primitive بدوي ancient, prehistoric modern prospect انداز چشم‘دورنما view, vision sentiment احساس feeling, emotion spawn ريزيتخم release eggs treaty معاهده pact tuition تعليم‘آموزش teaching, training unmanned غيرعادي vertebrate دارمهره

Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym

amendment اصالح alteration, modification application تقاضا request appraisal برآورد evaluation, assessment assertion ادعا declaration, claim denial charter اساسنامه‘منشور license competence الحيت ص‘تبحر skill, ability inability craze شور و شوق enthusiasm apathy disguise لباس مبدل costume dissect تشريح کردن ‘كالبد شکافي documentary مستند documented festive جشن(شاد( happy, jolly sad fuse ترکيب کردن combine inadvertently ي تصادف‘دقتيبا بي accidentally, carelessly purposely initiative ابتکار inventiveness, ingenuity mutual متقابل omission از قلم افتادن non-inclusion inclusion orphan يتيم pharynx حلق pop غفلتاً طرح کردن prank فريب‘شوخي joke, trick preference سليقه‘ ميل‘رحجان favorite, partiality indifference proficient ماهر skilful, expert incompetent provincial محلي local central rebellious ياغي disobedient, unruly loyal resent رنجيدن resolution قطعنامه declaration seize گرفتن capture, take showmanship جلب توجهقدرت throat گلو unanimously به اتفاق آراء virtue حسن‘هنر goodness wickedness voluntary داوطلبانه intended involuntary

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24

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

* the state of changing one's position, to direct by moving

Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

decline decrease, refuse

increase, accept

☺ decline

gather collect disperse ☺ gathering

motion* movement stillness ☺

partisan biased unbiased ☺

pattern habit pattern ☺ patterned

phenomena events phenomenon☺ phenomenal phenomenally

philanthropic humanitarian nasty philanthropy philanthropist ☺

placid clam agitated ☺ placidly

plentiful abundant scarce plenty ☺ plentifully

reaction response react ☺ reactive, reactionary

reactively

rhythm pulse rhythmic rhythmically

scenic picturesque scenery, scene ☺ scenically

shallow superficial deep shallowness ☺ shallowly

sheltered protected shelter shelter ☺

vanishing disappearing increasing vanish ☺

Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

account story

account accounting, accountant☺

accountable

archaic ancient modern ☺

hasten accelerate slow down ☺ hastiness hasty hastily

hue color ☺

illustration picture illustrate illustrator☺ illustrated, illustrative

inactive idle active inaction, inactivity

intricate complex simple intricacy ☺ intricately

magnitude dimension magnify magnification☺ magnificent magnificently

oblige require request ☺ obligation obliging, obligatory

obligingly

overlook disregard keep in mind ☺ overlooked

poll survey

polling, pollster☺

position location ☺

practical functional impractical practicality practicable☺ practically

predominant principal minor predominate, predominance

☺ predominantly

prompt induce late, slow ☺ promptness promptly

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25

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym

abound فراوان بودن be plentiful argue دليل آوردن‘بحث کردن reason armor پوشش محافظ protective covering ballpark تقريبي approximate exact bladder مثانه‘آبدان blaze سوزاندن burn comprise شامل بودن include exclude conjuring بازيشعبده sleight of hand crevice شکاف gap, crack distract منحرف کردن sidetrack, divert endowment وقف donation, gift estuary مصب رودخانه heartbeat ضربان قلب hemisphere نيمكره heritage ميراث inheritance, tradition honeybee سلزنبور ع impressive جذاب‘العادهخارق imposing unimpressive inhale در عمل تنفس(دم( breathe in exhale interview مصاحبه کردن talk to irritation حساسيت jaw آرواره chin, jawbone lichen گل سنگ lung شش monarch پادشاه‘ملکه queen, king nest النه shield nodule غده کوچک‘گره کوچک nutrient مغذي offering pension حقوق بازنشستگي retirement fund pollen گرده predatory درنده recreational تفريحي entertaining respiratory tract دستگاه تنفسي retired بازنشسته rural حومه شهر country, rustic urban set aside حفظ کردن save, reserve use up sleight of hand تردستي trickery, conjuring slender باريک و الغر slim fat squirrel اندوز مال‘سنجاب accumulator stick down متوقف کردن‘بستن close, stop open summit قله zenith, apex nadir toxin سم poison vascular عروقي‘آوندي vinegar سرکه widespread گسترده‘رايج extensive, prevalent limited

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26

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym

acquire بدست آوردن obtain lose align رديف کردن ‘به صف درآوردن arrange in a line altar قربانگاه‘مذبح ambitious طلبانهجاه grand, impressive unimpressive brazen جسور‘شرمبي shameless, bold discreet bud غنچه blossom, flower clerical دفتري office confine کردندودمح restrict, limit contempt اهانت کردن scorn admire convenient مناسب suitable inconvenient convention قرارداد‘ pact, resolution curtail محدود کردن limit extend earthquake لرزهزمين emotional احساسي sensitive endure دوام آوردن last exploitation سوء استفاده‘برداريبهره utilization, misuse firm شركت company flourish نرشد کرد thrive, grow deteriorate foster ترويج و ترغيب کردن promote, encourage discourage frontier مرز border glory شکوه grandeur handicap نارسايي‘نقص Hispanic اسپانيايي intellectual منطقي‘متفکر thinker, logical mammal پستاندار mystify مبهوت کردنگيج و bewilder, baffle navigation مسيريابي direction-finding notify اطالع دادن give notice obligation تعهد responsibility obligatory اجباري required, requisite voluntary pesticide كشأفت insect killer plea درخواست petition, request pollster محقق‘نظرسنج researcher promptness سرعت‘شناسيوقت speed slowness pursuit فعاليت activity questionnaire بررسي‘نظرسنجي survey, opinion poll raise افزايش دادن‘باال بردن elevate, increase drop, lower raucous خشن rough, wild soft reckoning تخمين‘محاسبه calculation, estimate require كردنمجبور oblige, compel retain به کار گرفتن employ rude ادببي impolite polite script نوشته writing seal مهر و موم signify نشان دادن indicate, show steer راهنمايي کردن‘مانور maneuver, guide survey مرور و بررسي کردن review, investigation temple معبد place of worship, sanctuary theme موضوع subject, topic vase گلدان bud vase wealth ثروت riches poverty

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27

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

analogous similar to different analogy ☺

approximately around exactly approximate approximation approximate ☺ compel oblige ☺ compelling compellingly

formidable overwhelming ☺ formidably

intrusive annoying intrude intrusion, intruder

☺ intrusively

periodically sometimes frequently periodical periodic, periodical

☺ prone inclined to ☺

prophetic predictive prophesy prophecy, prophet

☺ prophetically

proportions dimensions ☺ proportional, proportionate

proportionally, proportionately

readily freely reluctantly ready readiness ready ☺ reliably dependably unreliably rely reliability,

reliance reliable, reliant

☺ reluctantly hesitatingly willingly reluctance reluctant ☺ renown prominence ☺ renowned

sacrifice concession ☺ sacrifice sacrificial

triumph achievement failure triumph ☺ triumphant, triumphal

triumphantly

Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

affordable economical prohibitive afford ☺ affordably

contaminated pollute pure contaminate contamination ☺

discernible detectable discern discernment ☺ discernibly

flourishing thriving flourish ☺

maintain preserve destroy ☺ maintenance

mediocre average excellent mediocrity ☺

negligible insignificant significant neglect neglect, negligence

neglected, neglectful,

negligent ☺

negligibly

parallel similar dissimilar parallel ☺

peculiar strange normal peculiarity ☺ peculiarly

potent powerful weak ☺

remarkable exceptional ordinary ☺ remarkably

scattered dispersed scatter ☺

solid steady solidify solidification ☺ solidly

somewhat slight ☺

tedious monotonous interesting tedium ☺ tediously

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28

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym

alliance معاهده‘ توافق‘اعتماد agreement, treaty appliance ابزار‘وسيله machine binding اجباري‘الزم necessary, obligatory voluntary buoy شناور float ceremonially يينيآ deploy أراييصف arrange extravagant نامعقول exaggerated restrained fraud كالهبرداري deception fulfill ورده کردنآبر satisfy girth اندازه کمر‘محيط thickness, breadth length mermaid پري دريايي mortal مردني‘فاني deadly, earthly immortal moss خزه offend آزردن hurt somebody's feelings omen نشانه‘فال sign, prophecy ornately آراسته handsomely readiness آمادگي scale پولک‘فلس sprite پري‘جن truce بسآتش ceasefire, peace trunk نهت undertake به عهده گرفتن‘تعهد کردن accept relinquish voyage سفر journey, trip

Lesson 24

Word Synonym Antonym afford از عهده برآمدن anxiety نگراني nervousness reassurance ascertain تشخيص دادن determine, find out beast حيوان ‘چهارپا animal belt كمربند burden بار load clawed پنجه coral snake مرجان مار culture محيط کشت debris نخاله‘آشغال rubbish, waste delirious هيجان زده excited disappointing کنندهمأيوس unsatisfactory satisfactory dromedary دارشتر كوهان equator استواخط frustrate ناكام ماندن genus گونه‘نوع type, kind horn شاخ hump کوهان integrity عيبي بي‘درستي honesty dishonesty interest بهره benefit peculiar منحصر به فرد special universal renovate تجديد کردن restore, remodel ruminant نندهنشخوار ک salmon ماهي آزاد sluggish کند slow-moving snout پوزه nose sparse پراکنده thin dense throng ازدحام multitude, swarm few trek سفر دور و دراز journey venom سم poison, toxin antidote wage دستمزد salary

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29

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

briefly concisely at length brevity brief ☺ circulate distribute ☺ circulation circulatory

consistently dependably inconsistently consist consistency consistent ☺ exhibit display conceal ☺ exhibit,

exhibition, exhibitor

found establish ☺ foundation, founder

improperly inappropriately properly impropriety improper ☺ infrequently rarely frequently infrequency infrequent ☺ impulsively capriciously deliberately impulse,

impulsiveness impulsive ☺

isolated secluded nearby isolate isolation ☺

overtly openly covertly overt ☺ profoundly significantly insignificantly profundity profound ☺ sharply quickly slowly sharpen sharpness sharp ☺ situated located situate situation ☺

subsequently afterwards subsequent ☺ unmistakable indispensable debatable ☺ unmistakably

Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

chaotic disorganized organized chaos ☺

characteristic typical uncharacteristic characterize Characteristic, characterization

☺ characteristically

controversial debatable indisputable controversy ☺ controversially

exemplify symbolize ☺ exemplary

gratifying satisfying disappointing gratify gratification, gratefulness

☺ gratefully

interpret clarify confuse ☺ interpreter, interpretation, interpreting

launch initiate finish ☺ launch, launching

legitimate authentic unlawful legitimacy ☺ legitimately

particular specific vague ☺ particularly

radiant bright dull

radiance, radiation, radiator

☺ radiantly

ridge crest ☺

span cover ☺ span

spontaneous instinctive spontaneity ☺ spontaneously

stream river stream ☺

striking remarkable ordinary ☺ strikingly

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30

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym

acquaintance آشنايي familiarity, friendship ignorance assimilate ر کردنهمگون و براب adjust, fit in astrology بينيطالع bat خفاش cedar wood سرو colossal الجثهعظيم gigantic tiny concerning راجع به relating to, about contend معتقد بودن assert, declare crown تاج eclipses کسوف outshine engage جلب کردن absorb erect برپا کردن build, create extinct همنقرض شد died out living fleeting سريع و گذرا transitory permanent frog وزغ fund سرمايه finance indisputable مسلم و غير قابل بحث unmistakable debatable lingua franca زبان ميانجي malicious بدخواه malevolent kind, benevolent monologue نفرهنمايش تک soliloquy outlying دور از مرکز‘پرت remote outstanding برجسته exceptional abysmal pidgin دست و پا شکسته presumed فرضي‘احتمالي supposed proclaiming بيانيه announcement provided for مشروط بر آنکه recognition تصديق credit resort چاره‘ پاتوق‘تفريحگاه remedy satirical مسخره‘هجو mocking, humorous societal جمعي group, public soliloquy گوييتک monologue timber تير‘چوب wood tongue زبان language torch مشعل

Lesson 26

Word Synonym Antonym accomplishment دستاورد ‘امتما finishing, achievement bald طاس hairless bankruptcy ورشكستگي economic failure belong متعلق بودن captivate مجذوب کردن charm civic عمومي‘شهري civil, public private diligent ساعي‘كوشا hard-working lazy ethnic نژادي‘قومي tribal, racial exemplary الگو‘سرمشق model, representative flavor طعم taste intellectualization عقالني brain power emotion itinerant در به در‘سيار traveling mount باال رفتن climb, ascend descend obscure نامعلوم‘مبهم vague obvious prolific مولد‘داراي تأليفات بسيار productive unproductive quarry از معدن کندن mine, extract relief نقش برجسته‘تسکين trucking مبادله

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31

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

aptly appropriately inappropriately aptness apt ☺ involuntarily automatically willingly involuntary ☺ demonstration display concealment demonstrate ☺ demonstrative,

demonstrable demonstrably

ingredients elements ☺

marvel wonder ☺ marvelous marvelously

measurable assessable indeterminate measure measurement ☺ measurably

moderate medium, to reduce

moderate moderation ☺ moderately

odd strange ordinary oddity ☺ oddly

reflection image reflect ☺ reflected

supposedly presumably actually suppose supposition supposed ☺ sustained consistent temporary sustain sustenance ☺

symbols marks symbolize ☺ symbolic symbolically

synthesis combination synthesize ☺ synthetic synthetically

tangible concrete intangible tangibility ☺ tangibly

tightly firmly loosely tighten tightness tight ☺ Lesson 28

Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb aggravating irritating soothing aggravate aggravation ☺

amusement diversion amuse ☺ amusing amusingly

conceivably possibly unimaginably conceive conceivable ☺ convert alter ☺ conversion convertible

curative healing injurious cure ☺

debilitating weakening growing debilitate debility ☺

deplete consume ☺ depletion depleted

finite limited infinite ☺

perceive observe ☺ perception perceptive, perceivable

perceptively, perceivably

security safety danger secure ☺ secure securely

toxic poisonous harmless toxicity ☺

tranquility peacefulness uproar tranquilize ☺ tranquil tranquilly

trap retain release ☺ trap trapped

undeniably absolutely undeniable ☺ underestimated miscalculated overestimated underestimate ☺

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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym

commentary تحليل‘رساله essay, analysis conquest پيروزي victory defeat contemplation تفکر‘انديشه thought defeat شکست دادن overcome lose deity بت idol deprive محروم کردن provide dirigible سفينه فضايي airship dissertation رساله thesis, essay embody ابراز کردن represent, exemplify essay مقاله dissertation hearsay شايعه rumour, gossip fact imitation تقليد inscription كتيبه writing lobe تکه‘پره locust ملخ mercilessly صبعانه cruelly kindly mighty قدرتمند powerful weak overthrow مضمحل شدن remove from power prey صيد victim punctuation گذارينقطه rebel طغيان کردن go up against relief رهايي ‘آسودگي release scanty بسيار کم very little abundant sculpture همجسم statue snap ناگهاني sudden considered speculative تقريبي approximate definite supposition گمان guess sustain تحمل كردن suffer thresh کوبيدن‘از پوست درآوردن yardstick معيار measure

Lesson 28

Word Synonym Antonym bristle پرز‘مو hair chronic پايان بي‘ثابت constant, unceasing acute conducive مطلوب favorable conservationist محافظ environmentalist coral reef صخره مرجاني credit تحسين‘تشويق praise, acclaim blame debility ضعف weakness strength dump محل دفن زباله waste disposal site dynasty امپراطوري reign, empire embed فرو کردن insert facade نما‘ظاهر freight محموله تجاري shipment, goods inconclusive سوال برانگيز questionable conclusive incubation تکوين‘ نهفتگي‘كشيجوجه infection آلودگي‘عفونت contamination mild اليمم soft harsh mold كپک ostensible واضح‘ظاهري superficial, apparent real porpoise گراز دريايي priest روحاني‘كشيش clergy scholar محقق researcher sore throat گلو درد successive متوالي following tender دردناک painful

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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

acknowledge recognize deny ☺ acknowledgment acknowledge

acquire attain lose ☺ acquisition acquisitive

assimilate incorporate ☺ assimilation

assortment selection ☺ assorted

caliber quality ☺

condensed summarize full condense ☺

contradictory inconsistent consistent contradict contradiction ☺

disregard ignore heed ☺ disregard

precious cherished worthless ☺

prominent renowned unknown prominence ☺ prominently

requisite demanded require, requisition

requirement, requisition

unravel separate ☺ unraveling

vague unclear clear vagueness ☺ vaguely

vast huge small ☺ vastly

volume quantity ☺ voluminous voluminously

Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

charisma appeal ☺ charismatic

clever astute stupid cleverness ☺ cleverly

convince persuade ☺ convincing convincingly

endure persevere ☺ endurance endurable, enduring

forfeit relinquish continue ☺ forfeit

precarious hazardous safe ☺ precariously

severe intense gentle severity ☺ severely

sporadic erratic regular ☺ sporadically

superior exceptional inferior superiority ☺

wanton senseless ☺ wantonly

weak ineffective strong weaken weakness ☺ weakly

widespread extensive limited ☺

wisdom insight foolishness ☺ wise wisely

witticism humor wit, wittiness☺ witty wittily

woo attract repel ☺

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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym

acquisition دستاورد gaining loss aspiration آرزو hope assorted جور واجور various attribute مشخصه characteristic bind کردنوادار oblige breed زاد و ولد reproduce die off concede واگذلر کردن‘اعطا کردن grant, give up consciousness آگاهي awareness unconsciousness craft پيشه‘حرفه expertise, skill discount تخفيف reduction, money off draft طرح کردن outline, sketch out inventory صورت موجودي list, record merchant بازرگان trader monetary پولي financial obligation تعهد responsibility possession مالکيت‘دارايي ownership pronounced آشکار‘برجسته distinct, marked prudent با دقت‘محتاط careful, cautious reckless refuge پناهگاه shelter, sanctuary reign سلطنت rule, empire reside قرار گرفتن be located in ritualistic آييني ceremonial rug قاليچه carpet sentimental احساسي emotional subordinate تابع secondary main trespass تجاوز کردن‘تخلف کردن intrude tuck away ساسون‘تو گذاشتن put in, place

Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym

ally پيمان هم‘دوست friend enemy contingent محتمل ‘وابسته dependent, conditional decree فرمان‘حکم law, declaration erosion فرسايش wearing down fine جريمه punishment, penalty intimacy آشنايي‘نزديکي closeness, familiarity matriarchal مادرساالر omnipresence عمومي‘جهاني universal outspoken رک frank tactful proprietor صاحب امتياز property owner propulsion رو به جلو forward motion raid تهاجم attack, invasion rigorous دقيق‘سخت hard, exact shrewd زيرک astute, clever naive soundness صحت accuracy stem ناشي شدن surveillance نظارت observation tabloid روزنامه مصور tentacle شاخک حساس transaction معامله business waver دنبو دودل hesitate

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1

English Grammar

I/we/you/they do He/she/it does

1- I drive a bus. 2- She looks after patients. 3- What do you do?

.رودافتند به کار مي حال ساده براي بيان چيزهايي که عموميت دارند يا به طور مکرر اتفاق مي‐١

The earth goes around the sun.

.کنيم از حال ساده براي بيان چگونگي انجام کارها استفاده مي‐٢

I get up at 6 o’clock every morning.

.دهيم گاهي اوقات با بيان يک مطلب کاري را انجام مي‐٣

I promise/ I apologize/ I advise/ I insist/ I agree/ I refuse … etc

.کنيمهاي دائمي استفاده مي از حال ساده براي بيان موقعيت‐٤

John isn’t lazy. He works hard most of the time.

.وان استفاده کردتبه معناي فکر و عقيده باشد از حال ساده مي" think" هنگامي که ‐٥

I think Mary is Canadian, but I’m not sure.

از حال . توانيم استفاده کنيم هم مي.canاين افعال را با . بريمبه کار مي) و نه استمراري( را با حال ساده See, hear, smell, taste به طور معمول افعال ‐٦ .کنيم استفاده مي)feel(و يا چه احساسي دارد ) look(رسد ه يک شخص چگونه به نظر ميساده و يا استمراري براي بيان اينک

Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing)

I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

You look well today. Or You’re looking well today.

(Present Simple (حال ساده

I do

شتهگذ حال آينده

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2

English Grammar

Am/is/are + ---ing 1- I am trying to work 2- She is driving to work 3- Are you enjoying the party?

. ايم اما هنوز به پايان نرسيده استما کاري را آغاز کرده. کنيم از حال استمراري استفاده مي انجام يک عمل هستيمحين هنگامي که در ‐١

Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.

.ه کار بردب... و today/this week/ this year توان با حال استمراري را مي‐٢

You are working hard today. (not You work hard today.)

:بريم به خصوص با افعال زيردهد به کار مييان تغييراتي که نزديک به زمان حال رخ مي حال استمراري را ب‐٣get, change, become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve, begin, start

Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better?)

.بريمها و حالتهايي که موقتي هستند به کار ميان موقعيت حال استمراري را بي‐٤

I’m living with some friends until I find a place of my own.

:گيرندزمان حال استمراري مورد استفاده قرار نمي افعال زير در ‐٥like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, release, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem

.توان استفاده کرداز حال استمراري مي" فکر کردن"به معناي " think" هنگامي که ‐٦

I’m thinking about what happened.

)Present Continuous(حال استمراري

I am doing حال آينده گذشته

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3

English Grammar

I/we/you/they have done He/she/it has done

1- I have lost my key. 2- She has forgotten my name. 3- We have seen the film.

.بريمحال به کار مي ‘کنيمهنگامي که در مورد بخشي از زمان که از گذشته آغاز شده و تا به حال ادامه دارد صحبت مي *

.

Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)

Have you heard from Brian recently?

.اين معموالً يک خبر جديد است "چيزي اتفاق افتاده است"گوييم هنگامي که مي‐١

Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

.اي در زمان حال استعملي در گذشته داراي نتيجه. کنيم با زمان حال ارتباط وجود داردستفاده مي هنگامي که از حال کامل ا‐٢

Is Sally here? No, she has gone out. (=she is out now.)

به کار ببريمyet و .just, already توانيم حال کامل را با مي‐٣

Just = a short time ago Are you hungry? No, I have just had lunch.

Already= happened sooner than expected What time is Mark leaving? He’s already gone.

Yet= until now. Speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences.

Has it stopped raining yet?

I have written the letter, but I haven’t sent it yet.

been (to) و gone (to)فرق ‐٤

Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (=He is there now or on his way there) Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (=She has now come back)

.اگر در زمان صحبت اين بخش از زمان به پايان نرسيده باشد ر ببريمبه کا ... و today/this evening/this year توانيم حال کامل را با مي‐٥

I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you?

:افتداين اولين باري است که چيزي اتفاق مي: گوييم مي‐٦.

It’s the first time he has driven a car.

)Present Perfect(حال کامل

حال گذشته

a period until now

حال گذشته

Recently In the last few days

Since breakfast

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4

English Grammar

I/we/they/you have been doing He/she/it has been doing

1- I’ve been looking for you everywhere. 2- She’s been working very hard. 3- We’ve been waiting for an hour.

.وجود دارددر اينجا نيز با زمان حال ارتباط . بريم حال کامل استمراري را براي بيان عملي که اخيراً يا به تازگي تمام شده است به کار مي‐ ١

I have been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me.

.عمل در حال انجام شدن است يا به تازگي متوقف شده است. بريمبه کار مي how long, for … and since حال کامل استمراري را با ‐٢

How long have you been learning English? (=you’re still learning English)

.توانيم به کار ببريممي) و هنوز هم ادامه دارد(اي از زمان تکرار شده است حال کامل استمراري را براي اعمالي که طي دوره‐٣

Debbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight.

مهم نيست که عمل مورد نظر به پايان . در اين مثال عمل انجام شده مورد توجه ماست”She has been painting the ceiling“گوييموقتي مي: ١نکته . نتيجه عمل مهم است و خود عمل مورد توجه نيست”She has painted the ceiling“: گوييماما وقتي مي. رسيده يا نه

اما براي عملي که تمام شده است از حال کامل . بريمبه کار مي) براي عملي که هنوز در حال انجام است( به همراه حال کامل استمراري راhow long : ٢نکته .کنيماستفاده ميhow much, how many or how many times به همراه

How long have you been reading the book?

How much of that book have you read?

را در حال کامل mean وwant توانيم اما مي. شوندبه طور معمول در حال کامل استمراري استفاده نمي) know/like/believe مثل ( بعضي افعال ‐٤ .استمراري به کار ببريم

I’ve known about it for a long time. (not I’ve been knowing)

I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.

.کنيم کامل استفاده ميفقط از حالalways اما به همراه . توان استفاده کردميwork و live حال کامل استمراري و يا حال کامل را با افعال ‐٥

Julia has been living/ has lived in Paris for a long time.

I’ve always lived in the country. (not I’ve always been living)

…I haven’t done something since/for‘: گوييم مي‐٦

I haven’t seen Julia since Monday.

)Present Perfect Continuous(حال کامل استمراري

حال

I have been doing

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5

English Grammar

I/we/you/they did He/she/it did

1- I enjoyed the film. 2- She passed her examination. 3- Did you go to the cinema?

.شوندختم نمي ed–قاعده هستند و در زمان گذشته به اما بسياري از افعال بي. شوندختم ميed– اغلب افعال در گذشته ساده به ‐۱

The police stopped me on my way home last night.

I went to the cinema three times last week.

. استbe (am/is/are) ‘ was/were گذشته ‐۲

I was angry because they were left.

I/ he/she/it was doing We/you/they were doing

1- I was watching TV when you arrived. 2- She was walking home when she met Dave. 3- We were looking for you when you were in bathroom.

.يمکن عمل يا موقعيتي که در زمان گذشته شروع شده و هنوز به پايان نرسيده است را با گذشته استمراري بيان مي‐١

I waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking.

.:بريم اغلب حال ساده و حال استمراري را بيان اينکه عملي حين انجام عمل ديگر انجام شده است به کار مي‐٢

It was raining when I got up.

:کنيمعمل ديگر انجام شده است از گذشته ساده استفاده مياما براي بيان اينکه عملي بعد از

I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

.شوندبه طور معمول در گذشته استمراري استفاده نمي) want و knowمثل ( بعضي از افعال ‐٣

We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)

I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)

)Past Continuous(گذشته استمراري

I was doing

حال گذشته گذشته

I started doing I finished doing

)Past Simple(گذشته ساده

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6

English Grammar

I/we/they/you had done He/she/it had done

1- I had made a big mistake. 2- She had gone home. 3- We weren’t hungry. We had just had lunch.

.کنيم اگر بخواهيم در مورد عملي که قبل از زمان گذشته انجام شده است صحبت کنيم از گذشته کامل استفاده مي‐١

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

: مقايسه حال کامل و گذشته کامل‐٢

Who is that woman? I’ve never seen her before.

I didn’t know she was. I’d never seen her before.

: گذشته ساده و گذشته کاملمقايسه ‐٣

Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house.

Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother’s house.

I/we/they/you had been going He/she/it had been doing

1- I’d been working hard all day. 2- She’d been living there only a short time. 3- We’d been playing football.

).در زمان گذشته(توانيم بگوييم اتفاقي قبل از انجام عمل ديگر انجام شده است ما مي‐۱

We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

: گذشته کامل استمراري مقايسه حال کامل استمراري و‐٢

James is out of breath. He has been running. James was out of breath. He had been running.

: مقايسه گذشته استمراري و گذشته کامل استمراري‐٣

Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she’d been working very hard.

.شوندبه طور معمول در گذشته استمراري استفاده نمي ) like و knowمثل ( بعضي از افعال ‐٤

We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)

)Past perfect(گذشته کامل

)Past perfect Continuous(گذشته کامل استمراري